November 1983 USA $4.00
A WAYNE QREEN PUBLICATION
the magazine for TRS-80* users
Demystifying
BAR CODES
Also Inside:
Color Graphics
On Your Epson
Build Your Own
Home Controller
All About Unix —
A New Series
The World*s Best
n One-Line Games
-^si?^ "74470"65947'
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IE ' IBM-PC ' APPLE II • TRS-80 • R
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■'nii.jn T'R(,i>'i Ml <iM ivviAi i.>H>'oi</\ik^
Features
94. Helki Barcodes,
(ioodbye keyhoard?
Optical scanning for accurate data
entry— grocery stores are only the
beginning.
Hermes S. Mendez
Articles
Business
242. Stmddlc the Market
Challenge Wall Street with this in-
troduction to stock options.
John Bell
IKif.
look at industrial bar codes, with
three popular styles lor your Model
III and Epson MX-80.
Davey S. Thornton
114. Check-Oui IPCs
■^ Print out UPC codes with your Mod III
Davey S. Thornton
128. Decoding Har Cftdei!
Lj^l Not only can your III print bar codes.
it can read them with these
DOSPLUS 3,5 programs for RS-232
data transmission.
Robert S. Craft and Richard G.
Beplat
140. Graflnu An Paktte
II and an Epson can
team for full-color printouts.
Francis S. Kalinowski
^ Your Model
212. Using L nU-Xenix— Part I
First of a series on the 16-bit multi-
user standard.
James Hawkes
216. RMO-Worid Control— Part I
Make your Model III into a home safe-
ty watchdog.
David Englehardt
296. CJife l-lxprR«o
One-line games that astounded the
judges.
The Gamer's Cafe
Games
244. I>epth Charxc
Destroy undersea bases in under 2K
RAM
LB Cebik
256. Prime Mission
^~ If you hated prime numbers in math
class, here's your chance to gel even
Jeffrey O. Fisher
Review
176. I)ala-haw Duo
Header's Digest's ListMaker and
SofTrends' Promise!: two in-mem-
ory DBMS programs for fast filers.
Wynne Keller
Technique
234. Scrambled Alphabets:
Cnplulogj- Fart V
Instead of changing letters, our
cryptologist turns his hand to rear-
ranging them.
Karl Andreassen
Tutorial
228. Basic, KiLster and
Readable— l>ari 111
Save time by speeding up Basic
loops.
John Corbani
Model n/12/16
IK. Space Maker
234. Scramhkd Alphabets:
toplolop— Part V
238. RKM Remover
2&. Diredon A.sssUnce
Utilities
186. Space Maker
Spread out Model Il/12yi6 Basic
listings tor easy reading.
Jim Barbarello
202. ImUh- C'nnection
A test pattern program for accurate
color reproduction.
Danley E. Chnstensen
204. Make Your WonKs) Count
!i«iik *^°* '"^"^ '^ '^^' Scripsil file? Now
you can know in words instead of
characters.
Charles Knight
238. RKM Krmo\er
Take back your remarks to save
Model II diSK space.
Charles R. Perelman
248. Kxtend Radio Shack's
Kditur '.Assembler
Check your object code while using
EDTASM.
Robert J. Fleck
260. Dim-ton A»astancf
A cure for vanishing IL'12/16 disk dtrec-
tofies.
Les N Delmaner
Departments
6. Side Tracks
Why the Big Four are the Big Four,
Eric Maloney
8. PnKjf Soles
How to catch bar code fever,
12. Input
Tandy s cash registers. Reviewer and
designer discuss TRSDOS 6,0, CRT re-
assurance. Fixing Model I displays.
Kepner on piracy. STAR-DOS defense.
AIDS-HI addenda.
20. Glossan
22. Aid
CoCo RTTV wanted. Can you convert
Profile to Profile III Ptus? Model I
RSCOBOL expansion.
4 • 80 Micro, November 1963
24. Debug
Tidying up Pascal, ending "La Plume
de Ma Tante," and completing Model
II Casino.
26. The Next Step
Dent forget variables and arrays.
Hardin Brothers
36. The Color Key
Virtual disk programs for 64K cassette
users.
Scoff Norman
44. Reviews
Tandy's PC4. The Banner Machine.
LDOS utilities. Gridstar. DMP-2100
printer. TRSDOS SpeedJJp Kit. Finger
Print. Quill. Softcomm. Benchmark.
Draw and Kwikdraw. Electronically
Speaking. Games at a Glance.
89. Review Digest
Others' opinions of TRS-80 products.
264. C*Note$
A portable bonanza: Nag Analysis,
songwriters' aid, robot control, daily
numbers, and Model 100 correspon-
dence.
277. Calendar
278. News
Revised Radio Shack management:
an exclusive Inten/iew. Continued mi-
cro industry chaos. Oklahoma mo-
dem blues. A different kind of termi-
nal package. Radio Basic. Computer
haute couture.
■TRS-80, Scripsit, and
TRSDOS are trademarks
of Tandy Corp.
294. The Gamer's Cafe
Reunion in Baltimore and a Silver
sibling.
Rodney Gamblcus
199. Young Programmer's Contest
Last call to send In your masterpiece.
300. Fun House
Basic animation: growing trees and
playing games.
Richard Ramella
310. Fecdbadc Loop
Expert answers to techie questions.
Terry Kepner
322. Reload 80
Now Load 60 speaks both source and
object.
Amee Eisenberg
324. New Products
Model III/4 Pascal graphics. RSM3
monitor. 11/12/16 Profile transfer.
DOSPLUS IV. Using Scripsit. DBLTalk
for CompuServe. Surge Sponge.
PowerMall Plus. The Circuit Judge.
RS-232 Analyzer. New Tandy printer.
WordStar for LDOS. Strap your 100.
PUBUSHEFVPRESIDENT
Wayne Qreen
VICE PRESIDENT/GENERAL MANAGER
Debra Wethsrtiee
VICE PRESIDENT/FINANCE
Roger Murphy
ASSISTANT TO PRESIDENTWP
Matt Smith
ASSISTANT TO VP/FI NANCE
Dominique Smith
DWECTOfl OF MARKETING & SALES
David Schlftsler
CinCULATlON 603^4-9471
BULX & NEWSSTAND SALES MANAGER
Glnnie Boudiieau
1-80034*0728
ADVEmiSlNG, 603^4-7136
SbMb l^nager Edward Bornzo
Sales: Mary Hsrlwoll
Ad Coordinator Betty Butler
PUBUC RELATIONS
James Leonard
PRODUCTION
Manager Nancy Salmon
Assistant'. David Wozmak
Michael Ford. Marjorle Gillies,
Alfred Huston, Klmberly Nadeau,
Anne Rocchio, Kenrwth Sulci Ida,
Karen Wozmak;
Film Productlor\; Donna Hartwell,
Theresa Vervllle. Robert M. Vllieneuve;
Ad Coordinators: Palrlcia Bradley,
Paula Ramsey;
Assistant: Taylor Morris;
Adverllalng Production: Jane Preston,
Fiona Davles, Bruce Hedin,
Scott Phllbrick
PHOTOGRAPHY
Supervisor: Thomas Vllleneuve;
Sartdra Oukette, Nathaniel Haynea.
Laurie Jennlson. Sturdy Thomas
TYPESETTING
Supervisor: Sara Bedell; Darlene Bailey,
Prem Gonga|u, Lynn Haines,
Cynthia Leiourneau, Llndy Palmlsano,
Heidi Thomas, Sue Weiier
DESIGN
Supervisor: Joyce Plllarella;
Susan Donohoe, Holly Fuette,
Howaid Happ, Beth Krommes,
Dion Owens, Dianne Rilson,
Patrice Scrlbner, Susan Stevens,
Suzanne Torsheya, Sarah Wernlnger,
Donna WohKanh;
Copywriters: Louis Marlnl, Gall Morrison.
Dale Tietfen, Steve Tripp
DESIGN DIRECTOR
Christine Destrempas
Cover by Ertck Ingraham
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PraUwni wHtt Lotd X OrculaMn AdctaM oorrMpondvio* to Uxl
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dO M/cro, November 1983 • 5
SIDE TRACKS
by Eric Maloney
The microcomputer market has de-
veloped a reputation for shifting
like a sand dune. Certainly, the sum-
mer's shake-up in the low-end market
and accompanying dip in high-tech
stocks reinforces that impression.
But you get another perspective if
you step back and view the situation in a
historical context (however short that
history may be). The fact is that the
companies who were on top three years
ago are still there. And everyone else is
still scrambling to get a decent share of
the market.
In 1980, the leaders were Tandy, Ap-
ple, and Commodore. The only com-
pany since then to take a significant
portion of the market is, of course,
IBM. Others— Sinclair, Atari, Texas
Instruments, and Osborne, to name a
few — have had their chance. None has
done too well.
What's the secret? Why do the Big
Four enjoy continued success while
the rest flail around in apparent help>-
lessness?
To begin with, the leaders offer fun-
damentally sound machines that prom-
ise a certain amount of longevity. Note,
for instance, the number of TRS-80
Model I's still in use. Nearly half of 80
Micro's subscribers still own Tandy's
original micro, which hasn't been made
since 1981. Some of these machines are
six years old.
Contrast this with the fate of the
Timcx-Sinclair 1000, one of the hottest
consumer products of any kind in
1982-83. The odds are that most will be
junked or k)st in a closet within a couple
of years.
Second, the successful companies an-
ticipated and addressed future markets.
Tandy's Model 100 is an example; Tan-
dy saw the need for a truly portable
micro and filled the void. The 100 was
an instant success, both critically and
commercially.
Osborne, on the other hand, failed to
follow up quickly enough on their initial
success. They put out a transportable
that begged to be made obsolete, and
didn't have anything to take its place
when interest sagged and sales dropped.
Third, Tandy et al know how to mar-
ket their products. Say what you want
about Tandy's chintzy newsp^jer in-
serts — the bottom line is that the com-
pany has sokl a lot of computers. One
6 • 80 Micro. November 1983
wonders how effective TI's ^s— with
Bill Cosby mugging for the Jell-O and
Coke crowds — can be, or whether Atari
has taken the proper steps to unburden
itself of its image as a game maker.
Finally, the major computer manu-
facturers have managed to avoid some
of the effects of the faddism that has
aruck the industry. The average Tandy
customer puts thought into his pur-
chase, and knows what he wants to do
with his s^em. And he never has any
problems fmding new uses for it.
The average Sinclair customer, on the
other hand, buys a T-S 1000 because he
has vague thoughts of becoming com-
puter literate (whatever that means), or
because his kids want a microcomputer.
Eventually, the computer faUs into dis-
use because no one knows what to do
with it. The Sinclair is not a machine
that will engender a great deal of respect
among the buying public, any more
than the Chevy Vega will ever be con-
sidered a real car.
The moral of this story is that while
we can expect to see a general slow-
down in the entire micro market, we can
also expect that Tandy will continue to
be one of the more stable manufactur-
ers, and that the TRS-80 line wiU hold
onto a goodly portion of the market.
They, along with Apple, ComrrKxlore,
and IBM, stand head and shoulders
above the pack, and it will require a ma-
jor effort on Tandy's part to bungle
their share of the le^.
A Bttzzard of Paper
A recent report from International
Resource E>evelopment of Norwalk,
CT, confirms what we here have sus-
pected for some time — that while elec-
tronic mail may be faster and more ef-
ficient, it may not necessarily be more
effective. The reason, says the report, is
that e-mail is impersonal, and takes
"the humanity out of a commimication."
The result, it concludes, is that people
will turn to stationery and other forms
of more personal correspondence.
"[Paper] is a symbol of authority, it
dispels doubt as to the existence of a
transaction, it represents an extension
of the individual that necessarily — by its
very nature — is far more intimate than a
piece of computer hardware," says
IRD's press release on the report.
As members of CompuServe, we've
been receiving an increasing number of
query letters — letters in which authors
ask us whether we're interested in ar-
ticles they're working on — through
e-mail. And we've noticed that our
tendency is to pay less attention to these
letters than to personal letters sent via
the U.S. mail.
We don't do it on purpose. But all
e-mail looks the same. Each letter pops
up on the screen in the same fashion,
and each is dumped to the same printer
to be cranked out in the same dot-ma-
trix style on the same perforated paper.
A half-dozen such letters in a pile have
little to distinguish themselves from one
another.
A personal letter, on the other hand,
says a great deal about the author. The
envelope, the kind of stationery, the let-
terhead, the way in which the letter is
formatted, the signature — together with
the text, they sketch a portrait of the
author. And each portrait is distinct
from the next.
So the next time you're ready to send
out a letter electronically, think about it
first. Is the medium lessening the impact
of the message? If so, perhaps you shoukl
forego the wonders of the electronic na-
tion for the dependability of typewriter
and paper. It's a means of communica-
tion that will never outlive its effec-
tiveness. ■
r The Answer is...
MEWSCf?IPn
TM
k
THE WORD PROCESSOR
FOR BUSINESSMEN AND
PROFESSIONALS
With ongoing support directly
from us
A FEW OF NEWSCRIPT's 200
STANDARD FEATURES:
- KOKM l.Kl IKHSi U'lTli MKKt.INt. tlK NAMKS AMI AUUHhSStS
• GI\T.S SUPEHH A1'I'KAH.\N{ K lO VOIR FINAL DUCIMKMS
• (■()MFHKHKNSI\'t. MANL'AL WITH TITOKIAI. AM) KXAMl'LLS
■ CENTERING, TUP HOI 1 DM IIILKS, INDENTS PACINATKJN
• liNDKKMNlMi, KOLUKACE. DUIBLE WIDTH. IIAI.ICS-
■ SLTiSLTER S( FUPTS, HKiMI .H STIKIKD PHOPORTlDNAl.t
■ CRKAIKS lAHI.K OK CONTENTS. SORTED INDEX
■ "LEGAL" LINK NLMBERINC,
• SCRKKN (IKAFHICS, SPECIAL PRINTER SVMROI S-
• SEARCH REPLAfE GLOBALLY OH WllHlN LINES, COLLMNS
• BLOCK MOVE ( tIFV DKLEIE INSERT EILE MERGES
• AITOSAVE, WHOOPS UlRECTOKY. KILL
■ SLPPORT FOR ALL I.ISIEI) PRIMERS IS INCLLUFD •-
[NO PATCHES irrVOLVEDl "
■ SLPPLIED RKADV K) KIN (IN ' IINV ' DOSPLLS
■ ALSO HI NS INDER NEW DOS ^0. IDOS, MLl.lIDOS 1 RSUOS
Ife.
BUILT-IN SUPPORT 1
MOST POPULAR
PRINTERS', INCLUDING:
AnacUx Brother, fi-iiii imiis C Huh, Didhlo. Epson, Gemini.
Mil ruhiir, NEC. Pmwnier. Qumc. Radio Shack |LF' 1 H. DWJ. DMP
410, DWP 2(>0 21t)0i. SiiiiUi Ciirnii.i. Trlrlyp*-, Typewriter, anything
c ijrii|iiiiilj1f wilh iiiiy ul these, and miiny othrrs. parallel iiiiri KSJlVi.
SPECIAL AVAILABLE OPTION: Right justified
proportional for Diablo, F-10, Qumc, Spinwriter.
etc. Requires "Daisj'wheel Pruportional" Option
plus NEWSCRIPT.
REVIEWERS AND USERS AGREE
Q
NF.WSCRUn 7.1:
Mailinji I.ab(.'K<)ptiun;
Spttial:NK\\SC:Hiri ^ I.AHF.1.S:
HaisA whwl rroixirtidiial OpLidn:
"IVntil ScripMl"I''ilL'C;uii\vrlMr:
NF.\VSC:RIFI' Manual &HcfiTt'iitvtard onlv:
KkilricWebslrr + (orrttlion I'Valviri-:
II\ p!>fnalii>n IVaturc fcir F.lttlric \N L-bsU-r:
CraniiMulical Fcaturt- fcir Flwtrif \N t'l>j.ti?r:
Uotwritt'rlH.O:
DdUvritLT + Lolti-r ltilitif>:
8.0ri.rS-MSSM.)dfUutilit\ pak
-NEWSCRIPT ■ is Ihf best
word protrsor I have seen
. . . unsiirpassetl in printer
contrul , . . iiu utlitr
TRS-8U word pruvessur
ran match its ability to
iurniat text ... its editcir is
fust, easy, mid powerful."
(HO MICRO. Oct. 1982}
"Yiuir phfiiie information
system \ind the prompt
and courtfuus staff that
yoii prondc to help yuur
clients . are worth the
cost ol the system."
(VJiJi.l
■'Better than cold beer on
a hot day!! Thank voul!"
IR.S.J
"What a pioi^rauL So easy
to learn and easier to use
I waited too lonR before
ordcrintJ! ■ (P.J.M.
, , takes the TRS-80 to a
new level of text handling
. . . vcr>' uscr-fricndly . . .
superb documentation,
adaptability to many
printers and operating
systems ... a standard
against which other
TRS-RO word processing
programs will be judged.'
(SOFTSIDE. Dec. 19821
. . ongoing support
second to none, with
superb documen-
tation." ISO t'.S. Journal.
Feb. 19821
c
6
PRm
TERMS: \ibA M..iv
M'lttiiii 11 li.Jiu^. i'lrjii.
r.(ll*(l.l. SI^IM) (.\<-T-.r.i
1 ard rhri
.Ll\ I.,'
REgVtRED CONFIGURATION:
48K TRS-HO. MAX 80. I.NW. or
(■(impatiblc. with onr or more
disk drivts. Specify Model I or
Model 111.
t some features work only il your
printer has thr [iierhaiiiral
capability.
» ♦ Daisy Wheel Proportional is an
extra-cost option.
TO ORDER, CALL NOW,
TOLL-FREE: (800)
824-7888, Operator 422
For orders, intormatitin, or names of nearbv dealers:
[2131 764-3131. or write to us.
Order from your Software dealer or from:
Dep*t. C, Box 560 No. HoUywood, CA 91603
.irdii-,. (1)1) '
l-l'S 111 I -^ -V
^,ll^t K1X in i .ili
c[i'.til Muil oid.r
IHS lllur Label Add
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
WAYNE GREEN PUBLX^ATXJNS
Jeffrey D. DeTray
MANAGING EDITOR
Eric Maloney
SENIOR EDITOR (EDITORIAL)
Peter E. McKle
SENIOR EDrrOR (PRODUCTXXJ)
Deborah M. Sargent
NEWS EDITOR
Eric Grevstad
REVIEW EDITOR
Lynne M. Nadeau
NEW PRODUCTS EDITOR
S.F. Tomajczyk
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Amy Campbell
Susan Gubernat
Robert L Mitchell
EDITORIAL INTERN
Justina Alsfeld
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Bradford N. Dixon
Amee Eisenberg {Load 80)
Mare-Anne Jarvela
Beverly Woodbury
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Susan Gross
LAYOUT EDITORS
Joan Ahern,
Bob Dukette, Phii Geraci,
Maurelle Godoy, Sue Hays,
Laura Landy, Judy Oliver
PROOFREADERS
Peter Bjornsen,
Harold Bjornsen,
Robin Florence, Ellen Hardsog
EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATION
Carole MaclocI
PROOF NOTES
The editors look at the issues
The left bracket, [, replaces the up ar-
row used by Radio Shack to Indicate
expor>entlation on our printouts. When
entering programs published In 80
Micro, you should make this change.
80 formats its program listings to
run 64-characters wide, the way they
look on your video screen. This ac-
counts for the occasional wrap-around
you will notice In our program listings.
Don't let it throw you, particularly
when entering assembly listings.
Article submissions from our read-
ers are welcomed and encouraged, in-
quiries should be addressed to: Sub-
missions Editor, 80 Pine Street, Peter-
borough, NH 03458. Include an SASE
for a copy of our writers' guidelines.
Payment for accepted articles is made
at a rate of approximately $50 per
printed page; all rights are purchased.
Authors of reviews should contact the
Review Editor, 80 Pine Street, Peter-
borough, NH 03458.
What's black and white, read all
over, and has a temperature of
103? Bar code fever! If you haven't got
it yet, watch out— you can catch it from
these pages. In this issue we'll introduce
you to bar code technology, tell you
how to print and read bar codes, and
provide you with al! the good stuff you
buy 50 Micro for; utilities, tutorials,
techniques, games, news, reviews, and
soon.
Bar codes provide an efficient and
reliable means of data entry and trans-
fer. Already a familiar ^t at the
supermarket in the form of the Univer-
sal Product Code (UPC), bar codes in-
crease productivity, security, and data
integrity in controlling inventory and
maintaining records.
In addition to grocery and retail ap-
plications, bar codes are used increas-
ingly in industry, government agencies,
libraries, hospitals, and laboratories.
Computers read bar codes, a series of
bars and spaces, by several means. All
readers use a laser beam that scans the
message in the bar code and transfers it
to the computer. Sure to become most
popular with micro users is the hand-
held wand that gives bar coding the por-
tability and versatility to make it such
an attractive means of data input.
Although not a replacement for the
keyboard, bar code scanners are a sig-
nificant and time-saving alternative to
keyboard data entry. Best of all, read-
ing bar codes doesn't require a skilled
operator — it's so easy a monkey could
doit.
Here at 80 Micro, the fever has
everyone thmking of how bar codes will
someday improve our magazine. Im-
agine, if you will, opening your latest
issue of 50 Micro, picking up a pen-like
device attached to your TRS-80, and,
with a wave of your hand, transferring
entire program listings into the com-
puter quickly, accurately, and easily.
Imagine ^so using bar codes to enter
the table of contents into a file to build a
handy, complete index to 80 Micro sub-
jects and articles.
These aje just two potential bar code
^plications to make 80 Micro more ac-
cessible to you. We are so excited by it
aU that bar codes have become an ob-
session with many of us. Members of
our Softball team, the Generics, proudly
wear a large bar code emblazoned on
our uniforms. A few of us have even
thought about bar code tattoos.
This issue supplies you with enough
m^erial to bring on the initial symp-
toms of bar code fever. With the bar
code generators on pp. 104 and 114
you can use your Model III and a dot-
matrix printer to print four of the most
popular bar axles, including the Uni-
versal Product Code. And "Decoding
Bar Codes" on p. 128 lets your Model
III read bar codes.
Although you can ad^t many bar
code readers to TRS-80 computers, the
virtual lack of interfacing software
keeps many TRS-80 owners from jump-
ing onto the bar code bandwagon. We'd
like to hear from any of you who develop
bar code reader interfacing software. ■
~A.a
B • 80 Micro, November 1983
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INPUT
Radio Shack Rebuttal
I would like to respond to Charles
Austin's letter in Input (August 1983,
p. 16). While it is true that we find it
better to use sales tickets than to use a
cash register (for a number of
reasons), we certainly do use our own
computers in-house.
Our company-owned stores each
contain a Model III in what we call
our store operating system. This
system allows each store to do all of its
daily sales receipts, payroll, and
ordering via computer.
Once every day.all 4,5(X)-plus com-
puters communicate via a packet
switching network to our main com-
puter system in Fort Worth. We
dispatch orders for quick-ship items
within 24 hours of receiving the order.
In addition, we dispatch normal
ship time orders more quickly than
was possible when we did all of this
work by mail.
This system is capable of providing
us with day-to-day information on
sales from various stores, even to the
point of catalog numbers and sales by
store salesperson.
The Fort Worth computer can up-
date each store's inventory records
with price changes, availability, and
other information. We can also
automatically place into those records
new products as they are available in
our warehouses. To our knowledge,
this is the largest such computerized
system in existence.
Our warranties are good (on equip-
ment purchased from a Radio Shack
store or authorized dealer) anywhere
in the United States, and no warranty
cards are involved.
Your warranty is based solely upon
that Uttle old-fashioned sales ticket
that oiu- store personnel give you
when you make your purchase.
Were it not for that ticket, you
would probably have to return your
product to the store from which you
bought it, because only they would
know when you purchased it, and that
you were the original owner.
The ticket also keeps our mailing
12 • ao Micro, November 1983
list up to date so that we can send you
flyers announcing new and exciting
products to go with your existing
Radio Shack equipment.
So you see, there is a method to our
madness.
EdJuge
Director, Computer Merchandising
Radio Shack
1500 One Tandy Center
Fort Worth. TX 76102
NEWDOS/80 User's Group
I'd like to initiate a user's group
through which users of NEWDOS/80
can share and exchange ideas. Anyone
interested is invited to write. I'd be
pleased to hear any ideas on the best
way to set up an exchange, or any
other ideas, tips, or questions related
to NEWDOS/80.
Please enclose a self-addressed,
stamped envelope for repHes.
Jack D. Feka
P.O. Box 1717
Victoria, B.C. V8W2Y1
Canada
Fortran Addition
In 'Tortran Breakout" (July 1983,
p. 186). J.B. Harrell III wrote that
"Fortran has 'record directed' input
and output. This means each Read
and Write statement produces a new
record to be read or written. This is
the language's most serious defect on
the TRS-80— it is impossible, for ex-
ample, to position the cursor and
write at a speciflc location without
disturbing the rest of the screen."
While "Fortran Breakout" was a
Model I/III article, our Fortran Ex-
tension Library ($49.95) alleviates this
difficulty on the Models 11/12/16. I
realize that this is a new addition to
Fortran, but many readers have not
only seen our ad, but have purchased
and used the program.
Pierre H. Charrin
The Proper Touch
P.O. Box 13760, 0202
Houston, TX 77219
Model 4 Review
After reading Michael Vose's
review of the Model 4 ("Once More
With FeeUng," August 1983, p. 100),
I feel compelled to respond. As the
primary designer of the TRSDOS 6.0
operating system, I feel qualified to
address the following points.
Mr. Vose says that Model III soft-
ware manufactured by companies
other than Radio Shack might not run
on the Model 4. Has he any that will
not? Tandy exerted a tremendous ef-
fort to assure compatibility with its
Model III.
The Model III contains three ROM
chips that store the Level U Basic in-
terpreter as well as device Input/Out-
put (I/O) handlers. These ROMs are
designated A, B, and C.
The Model 4 uses a newer type of
video a>ntrol that necessitates a small
change in ROM C to initialize the
video chip. When booted with a
Model in operating system disk, this
is the only difference in ROM ap-
pearance.
Logical Systems Inc. (licensor of
TRSDOS 6.0) even requested that the
old Model I printer memory map ad-
dress of 37E8 hexadecimal still be ad-
dressable for the prints status input.
Mr. Vose says that the Model 4
bootstrap loader is different from the
Model Ill's. Except for the ROM
change associated with the video chip
initialization, loading is the same. It is
extremely difficult to imagine sc»ne
protected program's loading method
interfering with this change.
Concerning disk booting, when you
turn on the Model 4 or press the reset
button, the machine runs exactly like
a Model III with 14K of ROM.
This ROM has a disk bootstrap
loader that reads sector 1 of track zero
into RAM. Sector 1 contains the
secondary bootstrap loader common-
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INPUT
ly called Boot/SYS. Thus, a Model III
DOS disk boots exactly as it does on
the Model III.
The Boot/SYS contained on a
TRSDOS 6.0 DOS, however, has a
secondary loader that switches in the
full 64K RAM and converts the video
control over to an 80-column by
24-line display.
This is accomplished by means of
control bytes output to the memory
management port. It is this secondary
loader that reads in the entire track
zero to load the device drivers.
Basic 6.0 (*rops the CMD reserved
word, but substitutes SYSTEM in its
place. Without cassette I/O from
Basic, there is no need for SYSTEM
to be associated with machine lan-
guage tapes.
Also, although left out of the Radio
Shack manual, Basic does support
sound directly. The syntax is SOUND
followed by tone number and dura-
tion with the required space between
the reserved word and the lone value.
Tone ranges from zero to seven
while duration ranges from zero to 3 1 .
The Quick Reference Card included
with the Model 4 documentation
shows the Sound reserved word in its
table of reserved words. I don't
recollect a Level II Basic reserved
word. Rename, that Mr. Vose says
was dropped.
Basic 6.0 includes Name, which
allows you to rename files. A TRSEXDS
version 6.0.1 will be available to pro-
vide a memory size of 31932 when you
enter Basic with FILES = 0. This is ap-
proximately 3K greater than that
available under TRSDOS 6.0, and
stems from improved stack handling
during video and keyboard memory
management.
It is not true that you can only use
MEMDISK/DCT to simulate a disk
drive if the Model 4 is equipped with
the full 128K of RAM. MEMDISK
also allows the simulation of a disk
drive in a portion of the upper 32K of
standard RAM via a user option.
Also, TAPEIOO not only reads Model
100 tapes, but also writes them.
TRSDOS 6.0 is much more than an
upgrade of LDOS 5.x. The 6.0 system
is a low-memory resident DOS that is
accessed by supervisor calls (SVCs). It
is totally device-independent.
TRSDOS 6.0 offers complete com-
patibility of media with its forebears.
14 • dO Micro, November 1983
BD ALERT
Occasionally, 80 Micro receives
letters from readers who have had
difficulties with our advertisers.
Most of the time, these problems are
resolved to the satisfaction of all par-
ties, but some problems appear to be
insoluble.
As a service to readers and adver-
tisers alike, 80 Alert will pinpoint dis-
tributors who cannot be reached, by
readers or by our advertising depart-
ment, for customer service. Anyone
who has current information about a
manufacturer or distributor men-
tioned in the column is welcome to
write and update our data.
We have been unable to contact
Hurricane Labs Inc. (5149 Moor-
park Ave. Stc. 105, San Jose, CA
95129). The company's telephone
numbers have been disconnected,
and correspondence is being re-
turned. So far, we have not been
able to obtain any further informa-
tion.
Soft Sector Marketing Inc. (P.O.
Box 340, Garden City, MI 48135)
has gone out of business. President
Vic Andrews told 80 Micro on July
7 that the firm will sell its present
inventory to pay creditors, and will
answer mail inquiries through the
end of this year.
We have been unable to contact
E-Z Tax Inc. (2444 Moorpark, San
Jose, CA 95128). All phone
numbers are disconnected and we
have received no reply by mail. No
further information was available
at press lime.
Its command set is a superset of
earlier systems.
True, it is a powerful, complex
system; however, with no more effort
than that spent to learn a sophisticated
spreadsheet or word processing pro-
gram, you can master TRSDOS 6.0.
Roy Soltoff
President, Misosys
P.O. Box 4848
Alexandria, VA 22303
p
Q
PEQVQ
1
1
I
1
1
1
p
PIMPQ
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
Table I. Truth tables for EQV and IMP.
Vose Responds
Kudos to Roy Soltoff for the addi-
tional information about the TRS-80
Model 4. His willingness to share
these details further demonstrates my
article's point that an open door
policy regarding Radio Shack 's prod-
ucts is ultimately to their credit.
It's nice to receive information
from an insider; much of my original
information came from several har-
ried Radio Shack Computer Center
employees at the Boston Computer
Society's hectic Model 4/Model 100
introduction.
The Model 4 I reviewed for 80
Micro would not respond to the
Sound command described by Mr.
Soltoff. It's possible that the machine
was defective. Nevertheless, I was
unable to generate any sound. In addi-
tion, the absence from the Model 4
manual of a syntax description for the
sound commands is another instance
of its inadequacy.
In my review I listed Rename as a
dropped keyword because I did not
have access to an LDOS manual and
couldn 't remember if Rename was an
LBASIC enhancement; the TRSDOS
6.0 manual lists Rename as an unsup-
ported keyword.
I feel confident that 80 Micro will
print a letter or article detailing the
function of the Boolean operators
IMP (implication) and EQV (equiva-
lence). (Table 1 is a truth table for
those of you who can't wait.)
TRSDOS 6.0 is not as easy to
master as a sophisticated spreadsheet
or word processor because of its con-
fusing documentation. But my main
objection to TRSDOS 6.0 is that it is
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Using LSI (large scale integration) and
custom circuits, Newclock-80 provides
MO/DATE/YR.HR;MN:SECplus
AM/PM and day of week and even takes
care of leap years! It continues to keep time
and date with quartz accuracy when the
computer is turned off or experiences a
power failure. A single battery lasts over 2
years
Compatibility: Newclock 80 is
compatible with any operating system,
including DOSPLUS, NEWDOS, LDOS,
With its fully decoded circuitry it will work
with any other hardware you may own.
Bus expanders are available.
Installation is very simple, no tools, no
disassembly, no soldering Just plug it in,
that's all. There is no power supply or
messy cable. Newclock-80 plugs into the
rear of the keyboard © or side of the Exp,
Int. ©. Model 111 Newciock fits the 50 pin
card edge (underneath)
The Software: Newciock-80 is as easy to
use as it is to install, "SET", a Basic
program, is used only once to set the time
and date and select 12 or 24 hour formal,
"TIMESTR", also in Basic, patches your
computer "TIMES" function to read
Newclock-80. It also adds "TIMES" to
keyboard-only systems, a short routine is
simply "poked" into low memory,
Newclock-80 uses 12 ports (176 to 188) :
6 for the time. 6 for the date The data is
conveniently stored in decimal form, no
conversion is needed You can read or
modify any digit using simple Basic "INP"
and "OUT' statements
No risk trial. Order your Newclock-80
today, sec how easy it is to install and
operate then decide within 30 days if you
want to keep it. If for any reason you arc
not delighted with its quality and
performance, you may return it for a
prompt and courteous refund .
Your unit will come complete O ^i'^
software on tape, detailed instructions,
handy reference card, and a 90 day
warranty Specify Model I ot III. Software is
also available on disk: add $5.
Lithium battery (not included) available
from RADIO SHACK (*23-162) or add
S 1 , 50 to your order ,
Thanks to outstanding engineering and
efficient manufacturing, ALPHA Products
is once again able to offer a great product at
a surprising price. Order your Newclock-80
at no obligation today
Toll Free Order Lirte
aOO-221-0916
.My ALPHA
79-04 Jamaica Ave.. Woodhaven. NY 11421
0){0_
(212) 296-5916
ADD S2 50 PER ORDER <=OR SHIPPING AND HANDLING
WEACCEPTVISA MASTERCARD CHECKS WO
COD ADD S3 00 EXTRA
NVREStDENTSADD SALES TAX.
OVERSEAS. FPO, APO ADD 10%
DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
H
INPUT
In "Once Morc» Wtth FecUng"
(August 1983, p. too), in the
sidebar, **S«ni-Custom Logic Cir-
<mits" (p. 106), the Model 4 is er-
roneously described as containing
VLSI seiat-custom logic dtips. The
^ebar shoidd have read, "The
McNld 4 makes use of new, MSI
(metUum scale integration (over
1.000 transistors on a chip)) semi-
custom
i to @w "ftjyw's Guide to CoCo
Utimfefi" (July 1983, p. 212), Data
Is omftte4 fronJ th^ Company
Name colimin~ under General
Utilities. Data Comp (5900 Cassan-
dra Smith R<md, Hixsm, TN
37343, 615-842-4«)I) markets the
following products: Basic Precom-
pil« ($50), F-Mate FLEX Utilities
C$75), FLEX F-Mate ($69.95),
¥-Mme FLEX Diagnostics ($75)^
F6ur Drives From Two ($19.95),
and Tmmnal CoCo ($19.95).
not an operating system that will ap-
peal to a computer user.
Programmers may love it, but it's
unnecessarily complex for the average
person. My hope is that programmers
can eventually design shells — or
transparent operating systems like the
Model lOO's — to make learning a
complex system program a thing of
the past.
Finally, the program I couldn't
load into the Model 4 was Adventure
International's Sea Dragon.
G. Michael Vose
13 Mountain View Drive
Peterborough, NH 03458
CRT Radans Insignificant
In my article, "Making a Weak
Link Stronger" (July 1983, p. 286), I
omitted an item of some significance.
The Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) study cited, in which some
monitors were emitting X-rays at
levels above the .5 microradans/hour
standard, was done with machines
16 • 00 Micro. November 1983
10 CLS:FOR X=15361 TO 15422!POKE X,13l!NEXT
20 FOR X-16321 TO 16382:POKE X,176:NEXT
30 FOR X=15424 TO 16256 STEP64!POKE X,149:NEXT
40 FOR X=15487 TO 16319 STEP64!POKE X,170!NEXT
50 POKE 15360, ISliPOKE 15423 , 171 :POKE 16320,181 iPOKE 16383,186
60 GOTO60
100 REM USE THE ABOVE PROGRAM TO DRAW A BOX ON YOUK CRT FOR
ALIGNMENT PURPOSES. INSIDE THE KEYBOARD CASE, ON THE RIGHT-
HAND SIDE, THERE ARE TWO POTENTIOMETERS (POTS) THAT YOU MUST
ACCESS TO MAKE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE VIDEO OUTPUT.
200 REM REMOVE THE SCREWS FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE KEYBOARD AND
LIFT THE TOP OF THE KEYBOARD CASE UP SO THAT THE POTS CAN BE
TURNED USING A SMALL SCREWDRIVER.
300 REM THE FRONT POT MOVES THE DISPLAY UP AND DOWN ON THE
CRT AND THE REAR POT MOVES IT RIGHT AND LEFT. ADJUST THE POTS
SO THAT THE SQUARE DRAWN BY THE PROGRAM IS WHERE YOU WANT IT
TO BE LOCATED,
400 REM I USED A SMALL, ROUND FILE TO MAKE SEMI-CIRCULAR HOLES
IN THE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE TOP HALF OF THE CASE, IN LINE WITH
EACH POT. THIS WAY, I DON'T NEED TO TAKE THE CASE APART TO HAKE
THESE ADJUSTMENTS.
500 REM SOMETIMES A JITTERY SCREEN CAN BE CURED BY SPRAYING A
CLEANER LIKE TUN-0-WASH OR SIMILAR TV TUNER CLEANER ON THESE
POTS AND ROTATING THEM BACK AND FORTH A FEW TIMES.
600 REM BE SURE TO TURN THE KEYBOARD OFF BEFORE USING THE SPRAY
CLEANER, GOOD LUCK,
Program Listing. Display repair.
operating under stress conditions,
with line voltages at higher levels than
are encountered during normal opera-
tion. The goal was to simulate an
equipment malfunction to determine
if terminals produce X-rays when they
break down.
I was relying on a union report of
the FDA study, because the FDA was
no longer making the information
available. Since that time, I've learned
that the machines were made to fail.
The current state-of-the-art moni-
tors emit so little radiation when prop-
erly operating as to be negligible. Of
course, properly operating DC-lOs
don't faJl out of the sky either.
Wherever there's technology, there's
the potential for failure — but the risk
to terminal operators from X-rays,
relative to current standards, is small.
Thomas Hartmann
South Garland St.
Plymouth, NH 03264
Display Adjustment
I wrote Program Listing I in
response to Mr. Frank Denigan's re-
quest in Aid (August 1983, p. 24). Mr.
Denigan's display on his Model I had
moved up so it was hard to read the
top line.
Many Model I users might not be
aware o^this simple procedure.
Chuck Webb
P.O. Box 338
Prairie Grove, AR 72753
Powersoft and Piracy
Roxton Baker's letter in Input
(August 1983, p. 12) takes Powersoft
to task for protecting their programs
for the sole purpose of making a sale
in any manner possible. Isn't the pur-
pose of marketing to make a sale in
any manner possible, as long as you
don't misrepresent your product or
defraud your customer? If the
customer doesn't like the product,
most companies will let him return the
software for a refund.
I. too, wish that all protection
schemes would go away and let me
make copies of my programs, but I'm
also realistic. Big Five Software, the
Model I/III arcade-type program
publisher, has decided to drop out of
the market because program theft is
high, and they can't sell enough copies
of their programs to recoup their pro-
gram developing and advertising in-
vestments. Their last release crossed
the country on the stolen program cir-
cuit faster than UPS could deliver the
programs to the stores.
I know a kid who went to computer
camp and came back with a Model III
disk loaded with arcade programs, in-
cluding all the Big Five programs. He
paid $5 for the disk. About one hun-
dred kids attended that computer
camp. Not all these kids would have
bought all the programs, but if each
had bought only one program (instead
of stealing 18), that would amount to
a lot of sales.
IMO\A/ MODEL I AND MODEL III •
Now Model III users can take advantage of the ALPHA I/O system too. Our new
MOD III/I BUS CONVERTER allows most port based Model I accessories (such as
our ANALOG-80, INTERFACER 2 and INTERFACER-80) to connect to the Model III
bus. MOD III/I BUS CONVERTER, complete with all connectors, only $39.95.
2 Printers'
irc9'
PfllHTSWITCH
Hjve i pfinlets on une ») iii iime$ ana select QrlnMc 1 or
2 txf means ol a conveniently locilKl switch. End Itie proOlem
ol constantly plugging anO unplugging printer cables PRINT-
SWITCH IS 3 oompaci moOule tUl plugs orHo ttie parallel printer
port ot your TRS-SO and provides an edge connector lor eacti
ol you' two printers It works wilh any two types of primers.
M matnx. daisy wtieei. plotters. TRS-SO converted selecincs.
etc Assemeied. tested, ^eady to use wnn connector and in-
structions ForModenorlllipieasespecily) ONLY S59 00
OE ^ M>P^r {p CABLES
©a 34P.^4i• ra m
«© 34Pfc.84- ra 03 ra 03
® ^J 34 Ph. 411 O^
®S
40 Ph z B 4 n.
P-
SUfflllOR OUALin 8EPUCEMIENT k EXTENSION CABLES
Hignest quality cable and higti lorce. gold plated contacts
ensura Itie uinrasl in connection reliaoiliiy
• KEYBOARD TO EXPANSION INTERFACE 121
• DISK DRIVE CABLE FOR } OR 2 DRIVES S32
• DISK DRIVE CABLE FOR 3 OR 4 DRIVES . 145
e DISK DRIVE CABLE EXTENDER .... 122
• PRINTER CABLE EXTENDER $24
• 40 PIN BUS EXTENDER -2 tl . K? 4lt J24
Custom cable contiguiations are also available Call us
<t.^
:5 YA XS X2
TOUASKEDFORIT EXfAHDABUS XI X2 XI AHD X4
CON'JEC-' A.. VOUB :hs 80 DEVICES SiMULlAtlEOUSLY
on ine 40 pin iftS-SO bus An^ device inai normally plugs
into ttw kerboard edge connector wiit aiso plug <nio trie
EXPANOABUS' Tne X4 •i snown witn proteclrve
covers lincluOeOI Tne TRS-80 keyburd contains tne bus
drivers I74LS3671 lor up to 20 devices nwt inan you win
ewneed UsingititE/i ilplugseilherbeiween KBandE"
Of in the Screen Printer oort Prolessionai guaiiiy gofQ
plaHd contacts Can>ouie< grade 40 conducWriDoon cable
X! 129 XS (44 X4 S59 X5 tM
Custom conliguialians aie also available call us
AHALOS-aO A HKMID Of NEW APPDCAIWNS POSSIBLE
S DIGITAL MULTIMETERS ClUGGEO INTO YOUR IRS 80'"
Measure lemperaiure VHiage Cutr«ni Liqni Pressure etc
Ve'v easy to use lO'eumpie lei j read input ciunnei «4 lO
Oul ' Selects input '4 and also sians the conversion 20
A = iNP(Oi Puis tne result >n variable A Vona'
Soeciticaiions input range SV to 50DV Eacn cnannei
can DC set to a Oitleieni scale
"esoiuMn 20mviiin5v rangei Accuracy itxKt i%l Pen
Add'n; lunipe' selectable Plugs >nio ItayDoard bus or E'l
'Screen ^tiinier peril Assembled ana tested 9D(Uywa"aniy
.Lc^plrlf ixlti power supplv connector manual 1139
SPECIAL THIS MONTH!,
$Q95 n
DISK DRIVE EXTENDER CABLE
FREE VOUR MINI-DRIVES
End tbe daisy-cnam mer-
,jii mini-
dnves Percom, Aerocomp -
Visla.
Perlec. Swneni, BASF Easr
■-■-■ i'ive
cove', plug in the EXTENOEP
- ■
Now you can cKange anc
assembly Keep the cover on j
- - , - 1-^ :,
gold plated contacts, computer grade j4
conductor cable
Tested and guaranteed
Get one toi eacn drive
ONLY
. $8 9S
TIMEDAIE SO REAL-TIME CLOCK/CALENOAR MODULE
Ki^lis i;i,.i'l|- .11 i:iir.(r.> lime 'o' "i ye.if. I'l ? repl.ics.i!il<'
ftiA Mrienei .no: nduoec:- tinej MLI lii.it 'M IWt -y
WEEK HR MiN SEC ana AM.'PM Featutes ii»TEiLiGENT
CALENDAR and even provides tof Leap Year Tnis compact
module simply plugs into teat ol KeyOoard or skM ol
Eipansion inteitace imay be supped mstOe E/li Includes
cassette soltware lor selling cloci> and paicnmg lo any DOS
(including NEWDDS 80 2 Ol Optional V connector allows
lO' luittwr e«pansion For Model i Fully assembled and
tested Complete wnn msiruclkjns and casselte ONLY
S'*'^ "" V onim" .1(101'? no
power relays ui
your
gg^ ,'
■s
^p"
?
H
s
IHIERFACER-BO tne -Oil wMvefu' Se-5e Cwitroi moouie
•8 I'HlusliiaiO'ade relays smi^.e pale Oouu.e ttiron <soiaied
contacts 2Am(i is i?b Volts TIl laictieoouiDuisaieaiso
accessible to drive eiieinai KMid slate 'eijrs
•Sconveneni LEDs constaniiy display tne relay states
Simple OUT commandstm basicio)ntroitne8'elays
■ 8 optically isolated mpuls lor easy direci interfacing to
eitefnai switches pnoioceits keypads sensors etc
Simple INP commands read ine Status Oi tne B mputs
Selectable port address. Clean compact enclosed design
Assembled tested 90 days warranty Price mciuOes power
Supply cable connecior sucteio use' s manual S>M
GREEN SCREEN
\A/ARIMIIMC3
IBM ano aw trie uiggies are using green sceen moniion
■11 aflvan.iages are now wioeiy aoveriiseo We teei inai every
TRS-80 i.ser sfiouid enjoy tiie Denehts it ptirvioes But
WARNING ai' C-'een Screens are rtoi created equal Here is
wnai we tound
•Sever-at are luit i iiai piece o' iUnoato coHxeo Lucita Ttii
green tmi was not made 'or tnis purpose and is judged by
many ID be 100 dark Increasing ttie prigntness control will
result in a lu;^y display
•Some are simply a piece ol mm plastic turn taped onto a
cardboard name Tne color is satistaciory but ttie woDDly turn
gives It a poor appearance
•One optical titter ' is m (act plain acfyic sneenng
•False claim A lew pretend to ' reduce glare m tact ttien
tlat«nd sKiny surtxes (botti film and Ludte type) ADO men
own reliections to Itie screen
•A lew laughs One ad claims to reduce screen contiast
Sorry gentleman liut it s iusl tne opposite One oi ttie Green
Screen s ma|or Dene'its is lo increase tie contrast between
me text and Itw DackgrounO
•Drawbacks Most are using adnes've sinps id <asten theif
screen to tlie monitor Tnis metnod makes il awkward lo
remove loi necessary periodical cleaning Ail (e«cept ours I
are uai Lignt pens will not work reliably because ot tne big
gap between me screen and ine lube
Many companies riave Mtn manulKtunng video line's tor
years Wearenouhe Itrsi (somemmk ihey are) but we nave
done Our riomeworii and we tnmk we man u tact ure me best
G'een Screen Meieiswny
•It fits ngnt onto tne picture tube Hke a skin because it is me
only CunvED screen MOLDED eiactiy to me piciu'e tube
curvature 11 IS Cul precisely lo cover ine e>posed area of me
picture luOe Tne fit is sucn that me static eiecincity is
surticieni to keep it in place' We also include some invisible
reusable tape tor a rT«re secure laslening
•the inter material ttiat we use is |usi 'igni not too dam nor
too lignt Tne result is a realty eye pieasmg display
We are so sure tt>at you will never take your Green screen oH
trial we olfer an unconditional money Oack guaramy iry our
Dreen Screen tor )4 days il tor any reason you are not
oelignteO witn n return it tor a prompt refund
A last word We tUmk mat companies like ou's. wRo are
selling mainly by man should dist tneir street address^ve a
pnoiie number (lor questions and O'dersVaccept CODs not
every one likes to send ctiecks to a PO bonwfter tne
convenience ol cnaiging tlieir purctiase to maror credit cards
How come we are me only green screen people doing il'
Order your ALPHA fiREEH SCREEN today 1T2 60
IMl ALPHA Products
400 a bU PER ORflER FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING
ALL ORDERS SHIPPED FIRST CLASS MAIL
WEACCfPTVISA IHASTERCHItltGF CHFrKS Hfl
COD ADDS? OOflTHH
OUANIIiy OlSCDUNIS 4V4IIABLE
H r RESIDENTS ADO SALES TAX
79-04 Jamaca Ave., Woodhaven. N.Y. 11421
Inlo and order (212) 296«5916
INPUT
User's Groups Update
80 Micro frequently receives in-
formation about user's groups
from all parts of the country. The
list below contains current infor-
mation about these groups; it is ar-
ranged alphabetically by stale.
Topeka Computer Club
c/o Kevin Cronister
2224 Hope
Topeka, KS 66614
913-272-1353
Southern Maine TRS-80
User's Group
c/o Anthony T. Scarpelli
82 Wellington Road
Portland, ME 04103
Kansas City TRS-80 User's Group
300 N.W. 83rd St.
Kansas City, MO 64118
Bug-80 User's Group
P.O. Box 62
Glen Gardner, NJ 08826
Midlands Computer Club
c/o Jerry Kilpatrick, President
P.O. Box 7594
Columbia, SC 29202
San Antonio TRS-80 User^s
Group
c/o Gerry Sharp, Secretary
14310 Pembridge. 782
San Antonio, TX 78247
Mid-Cities TRS-80 User's Group
c/o D.D. Freeman
334 Fieidside Drive
Garland, TX 75043
214-637-4510
Daltrug TRS-80 User's Group
c/o Bobra Shaeper
Rt. 2 Box 374-D2
Frisco, TX 75034
214-370-2432
Fort Worth TRS-80 User's Group
c/o Pal Coyne
2001 Beach St. #626
Fort Worth. TX 76103
817-429-7055
Dal-Cliff TRS-80 User's Group
c/o David Gattis
14523 Hague
Dallas, TX 75234
214-243-6764
Radio Shack TRS-80
MODEL 4 UTILITIES
an FOI HDOCL 4 OMEU
HDdtL in H
iBcraaM iMir rrooaaalag 3p**4 (* Mi)
Tail ntmarj (Up u> l?W) toulIM
Clear tliiiii loutlM
IBmb)
DilK'tIr
na.M
SUPERSCRIPSIT
PRINTER DRIVERS
itiln an «LPS prlntar ariitr i sur>.>>a>-t- . YOti itr
sitacd yuur ;.rinnr ID in» SupBrSCRIPSIT wtra
procesger. -ler SO prlni.eri now LpporLatl. CiU
or write lor latest product tsiieu Sr.eet. t^g
Mail I Phona Ordars Accaptad
ALPS
33 Angui Rosd
Wsfran, Naw Jcrxy 07D60
201 ' 647-7230
- Proleasionai -
REAL ESTATE SOFTWARE
(or IBM. APPtE, IRS-80 and CPM Computers
• PFOPEHTT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM; IS25
leniM Intarmlitin Ooniii Rc|ih1
Lala Aint R«port pan ting Suttmant
Vicincv Hcpvl Pnnti Chtcki
Eipirafl liiiti flani Htct-pti
Rem Stiiimanli CsnisMiIid Riparis
GitpriKl tASV TO USt
- PBOPEFTY LISTINGS COMPAPABLES UlS
SCREEN BT *~
7? lUmi/Liiling
PropcrlY Cgniplfisoni
Mil /Mm P'lU
City'Mamai/Codci
Mil Pncc/lncimi!
Mil PTK(/Sq Fm(
Mm CiiHIMm
REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS MODULES: ISO-ModuU
Loin Silti/Purcftlli
Home Purchase
iBComt Prop »«llYlll
Pieviitr Siki
DtpttCJitisn/tCHS
WOHD PBOCESSOB
Lwn Wilp Relurn
III (htfiiail Ciena nge
APT! Loan Analysis
Lun kfflartiillion
Cwiil'iiilicn Casl'P'otil
WORD STAfl: i29S
•ally llampany oian^i'niMi .■■. ^
Suit! KM )9Z6 S Pjtiiic Com H«t Hcdenili] Scalh C* M?77
If I had my way, software protec-
tion wouldn't exist because it
wouldn't be necessary. But it is
necessary. Some people can't seem to
understand that good software takes
time and money to develop. They
assume that software magically ap-
pears for them to take and copy as
they wish. 1 wrote software, but I
couldn't make a living at it because
more people had copies of my pro-
grams than my publisher sold.
It's a problem when software is pro-
tected to the point where 1 can't make
back-ups, but I understand why it's
protected. When I break the protec-
tion, I don't spread free copies
around; I use them only for myself.
I'm indebted to WittSoft for their
Super Utility Plus (SU + ) back-up
program, but that doesn't mean that
I'm handing out duplicate programs
to all my friends. SU + is a very useful
program and Kim Watt deserves his
royalties.
Perhaps the solution is to make all
software programs as cartridges. Il
would make them expensive, but the
publisher would know the programs
wouldn't be illegally copied, and the
purchaser would know the program
wouldn't self-destruct.
Terry Kepner
P.O. Box 481
Peterborough, SH 03458
Scripsit Part II Tips
Craig Lindley's article, "Inside
Scripsit Part 11" (October 1982, p.
276) is excellent. However, beware of
these problems:
• Do not use the QD or Query func-
tion with NEWDOS.
• Never hit the break key when you
are querying a directory in TRSDOS
or your Model I goes nowhere.
• In Hne 2730, put four spaces behind
the last asterisk or you'll get some sur-
prises. Check the location where the
buffer starts; if il is 8342 hexadecimal,
then your program works.
Jan Vromant
P.O. Box 1023
Monrovia, Liberia
West Africa
Name Correction
My compliments to Alan Neibauer
18 • fiO Micro, November 1983
CITOHProwriter$375
CITOHProwriterll$649
CoCo Drive $329
CoCo Drivel $235
DWP210$629
BUY DIRECT
Here are just a tew of our fine offers . . .
cail TOLL FREE for full information.
COMPUTERS
R.S. Modem II
160
DISK DRIVES
ModeM264K1 Drive
$2699
R.S, DC-1200
565
RS. Model IV Drive
515
ModeM2 64K2Drive
3375
PRINTERS
Color Computer Drive
329
Model IV 16K
849
Smith Corona TPID.W.
469
Color Computer Drive 1
235
Model IV MK
Silver Reed EXP500D.W.
430
Primary Hard Disk M12
2689
2 Disk & RS232
1699
Silver Reed EXP550D.W.
665
Primary Hard Disk Mill
1799
Color Computer IM6K
185
Daisy Wtieel II
1745
ETC.
w/16Kext. basic
245
DWP210
629
CCR-81 recorder
52
wiMKext. basic
305
DWP410
1159
CO. Joysticks (pair)
22
Pocket Computer 2
165
CGP115
159
16K Ram Chips
25
Model16B1Dr256K
4249
DMP100
315
64K Ram Chips
75
ModeM6B2Dr256K
4915
DMP120
395
8K Por/Par Microfoser
135
ModeM008K
679
DMP200
520
Parallel printer cables are
ModeM00 24K
835
DMP400
1010
available for most computers
MODEMS
DMP500
1219
SOFTWARE
Lynx Ml/Mill
235
DMP2100
1745
CoCo FHl Flex D.O.S.
69.95
Hayes Smarlmodem tl
235
Gemini 10X
315
R.S. Software 10% off list.
Hayes Smartmodem 1200
,SA.S
Gemini 15
425
Send for listing of
Novation Smartcat 1200
459
CITOH Prowrlter
375
brond nome software.
Novation J-Cot
125
CITOHProwrlterll
649
R.S. AC-3
129
Okidata
CALL
R.S. Modem (
89
Epson
CALL
We have the lowest possible
Fully Warranteed Prices AND
a full complen)ent of Radio Shack
Software.
^Ices subject to change without notice.
Not responsible for typographical errors.
TRS-SO li a registered trademark of Tandy Corp.
TOLL FREE
1-800-S43-8124
com
P.O. BOX 1094
460 King Street
Littleton, MA 01460
617-466-3193
SINCE 1975 —
US
I Write tor your
tree catalog ^ u
..' See Usi ot Airmnisen on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 19
INPUT
Bulletin
Board
Update
80 Micro frequently receives in-
formation about bulletin boards
from all parts of the country. Start-
ing this month, from time to time
we will publish bulletin board
notices that we receive.
TRS-80 Bulletin Board
Clark Smilh II
Sioux Cilv, lA
712-274-1933
SanfEarnet Bulletin Board
Bary I.. Davis
Greenville, NC
919-758-5261
Johannesburg Bulletin Board
Johannesburg, South Africa
International dialing code 0027
011-834-5135
Durban Bulletin Board
Durban. South Africa
International dialing code 0027
031-66356
Cape Town Bulletin Board
Cape Town, South Africa
International dialing code 0027
021-457750
TRS-80 Country
Reseda, CA
213-996-1977
Model 100 software available
on his informative article, "A History
of Programming Languages" (July
1983, p. 228). i would like to make
one minor correction, however. Dr.
Hooper's name is Captain Hopper;
she is a retired U.S. Navy officer.
t'd Sargent
6431 H. 74 Ave.
Arvada, CO 80003
STAR-DOS Review
I would like to thank Scott Norman
for his favorable review of STAR-
DOS (April 1983, p. 54). However.
Mr. Norman tends to make STAR-
20 • 80 Micro. November 1983
DOS look like a poor cousin to a true
operating system when it is in fact a
true operating system.
STAR-DOS comes in two versions:
one for systems with 16K or 32K
RAM. and the other for systems with
64K RAM. Neither version prevents
ihc use of ahernalive, high-level
languages.
Also. STAR-DOS places no limita-
tions on the .\ssembly-Ianguage user
ai all. Since the Color Computer is
unique in running Basic programs
without additional DOS, this place-
ment also avoids any conflict with
Basic.
Peter A. Stark
STARKils
P.O. Box 209
Ml. Kisco, .\'Y 10549
AIDS III Correction
In mv AIDS III articles (March
1983. p. 136. and April 1983. p. 168),
pressing the up-arrow key produces a
left bracket instead of skipping back
to the previous entry line. This is
because the program checks whether
the key is within a valid range of
characters.
To eliminate this problem, make
the following changes to! he AIDS III.
MAPS III. and CALCS III programs:
Bool up the AIDS III program and
change hne 170 to:
IW II INSIKirtS.KSl.Ml nilN 2<XI:
RlM—lllUK l()K(ON^lKOI Kl V
Then save the program back to disk.
To correct M.APS Hi. load the pro-
gram and change line 930 lo:
V.W ir INSTRirCSKSlXJTMr.N 1000:
RIiM"*(llUKIOKC'ONIROL KEY
Save the corrected program to disk.
Boot up the CALCSIII program
and change line 12 to:
i;{.<)Sl Bn: II INSTR.»XSKS»<>iHl;\
lis: klM*" cHr< K lOR COMROl
KEY
Next save the program to disk.
• Robert A. tiorelli
Softrends Inc.
26111 Brush Ave.
Euclid. OH 44132
Glossary
Below is a glossary of acronyms
frequently used in 80 Micro.
ASCII American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange. Character
code that refers to the
computer's internal rec-
ognition of letters, num-
bers, and symbols.
CP/M Control Program/Moni-
tor or Control Program
for Microcomputers. A
disk operating system
produced by Digital Re-
search.
CPU Central Processing Unit.
Computer module that
retrieves, dcx'ixles, and
executes instructions.
CRT Cathode Ray lube. Ihe
television tube used to
display pictures or
characters.
DIP Dual In-line Package. A
standard integrated cir-
cuit package with two
rows of pins at ITO-inch
intei\als.
IX)S Disk Operating System,
such as DOSPLUS.
NEWIX)S80. TRSDOS.
andl.IX>S.
EPROM Erasable Programmable
Read Only Mcmorv. Us-
ually refeiN to a PROM
that can be reused sever-
al times. It's erased with
ultraviolet light and then
programmed with a spe-
cial PROM programmer.
K Kikibytes. IK = I024
bytes. Used in referring
to computer storage
capacity.
RAM Random .Access
Memop.'. This is the pri-
mary storage area of a
computer. The informa-
tion in R.\M is lost
when pwwer is discon-
nected.
ROM Read Only Memory.
This information cannot
be changed and is not
lost when the power is
off.
EPSON
FX, RX & MX
The FX-80 features 1 60 cps, a
correspondence font, to. 1 2 S 17
cpi, italics, double-strike/width/
emphasis, etc , dot graphics, friction/
pin feed {the adjustable tractor is
optional) 4 a 2K buffer The 256
programmable characters use the
2K buffer space. The PX-100 is the
136 column version & includes an
adjustable tractor
The RX S«ria» replaces the MX. &
offers 1 00 cps print speeds, but
nothing more remarkable
RX-80 tsfts.aa
MX-80 F/T 9499.BB
r^x- 1 00 •ee4.8S
FX-80 tSM.M
FX-80 Tractor •».«•
FX-100 *709.8«
C ITOH
Prowriter
C Itoh's venerable Prowrtt«ir has
spee(J(120cps).a buffer(l,5i<). 10.
1 2, & 1 6 cpi (plus a proportional font
with correspondance quality) and
dot graphics ( 1 60x 1 44 dpi) The
Prowrttsr S is the 136 column
version
Prowriter tSftft.SS
Prownler 2 . tTI 0.86
STAR MICRONICS
Gemini 10X/15
Delta 10/15
The 0*mint10X features i20cps,
1 0, 1 2, 1 7 cpi. italrcs, a corres-
pondence font, dot graphics & a 1 K
buffer Frictton/tractor feed Use
plain spool ribbons. The Ovmlnl IB
is the 1 32 column version. The
Smith-Corona
Memory Correct ill Messenger,
Here's the printer you've been
waiting for. The Smith-Corona
M*mory C»rr*ct III M«»»*n9*r
IS ideal tor the home or small
office. II combines ihe features of
an electric typewriter mnd a letter-
quality printer. And it's designed lo
handle both jobs with ease.
Features 12 cps. 3 pitches (10.
1 2 & 15). vanabie line spacing,
10 5" writing line, backspacing &
auto-correction Comes complete
with parallel/serial interlace.
Memory Correct III Messenger $629.88
TP-1/TP-2 WALL
D«lta 10 has all the features above
plus parallel & serial interfaces. 1 60
cps prml speed, an SK buffer The
D«lla 18 IS the 136cotumn i/ergion
Gemini 10X S309.88
Gemini '5 . S4S9.88
Delta 10 S929.88
Delia 15 tCALL
OK I DATA
Microline Series
Th« Microline 02 (80 col) S 93
(132 co1( are ideal for word pro-
cessing. They offer a 1 60 Cps draft
mode, a 40 cps correspondance
mode, 1 0. 1 2 & 1 7 cpi (w/double-
widlh), pin/ffiction leed (tractor ts
opitonal on the 92) S dot-address-
able graphics (1 20 x 1444) Cen-
tionics parallel interface is Standard
The MiGrolin*84(132col) is the
Step 2 version, featuring 200 cps ai
10. 12,& 17 cpMw/double-width), all
wilh a correspondance mode & dot
addressable graphics. Parallel
interface are standard issue
The Microline 82A is a data
cruncher with 1 ?0 cps. 10 S 1 7 cpi,
double-width, fnction/pin feed on 80
columns. The Microlino 88A is the
136 column version Oot-addtess-
abt« graphics are optional
Microtlne e2A . 8389.88
82A/g2 Tractor 889.88
Microline d3A . S899.88
Okigraph I Dot Graphics
ROM (S2A/83A) $49.88
Microline 92 $489.86
Microline 93 $759.88
Microline 84 $1024.88
MANNESf^ANN TALLY
MT-160 L
The HT-1 80 L ( 1 80 cps) has 8
fonts, parallel & serial interfaces,
friction/iractor feed, & menu-driven
installation from Ihe control panel.
The print quality is superior. The MT-
180 L IS the 136 column version
A new. low cost draft printer, the
Sprrto (80 cpsi. is also available.
MT-160 L $879.88
MT- 1 80 L $849.88
MT-Spril6 $329.88
We sell other dot matrix printers.
including the Anadox WP-8000,
IDS's Priem 80, Priam 132 8
MicroPricm ^ 'he Inforunnor
Ritomart Cal! («03) 881-9898 for
technical details. For prices or to
order, call (800) 343-0728.
Letter-Quality Printers
C. ITOH
Starwriter
SILVER REED
EXP-550
The C. Itoh Slarwrilar o'lers top
speed 140 cps) at a good price.
Starwritars use Diablo code,
wheels & ribbons. 1/48" line space.
1/120" horizontal spacing — ideal for
proportional modes (For hitjh speed
output, there's the Printmaatar at
55 cps Same specs as above,)
Starwriter Parallel $1219.88
Printmaster Parallel $1879.88
The Silver Reed EXP-SBO is a 1 6
cps, 132 column letter-quality
printer wilh frue Diablo 1610/1620
emulation (sub/super scripts &
underlming). making it compatible
with most word processing software.
It's Ideal for medium duty office
work For light duty, there's the
EXP-900at 12 cps (too col).
EXP-550 (Parallel) $710.88
EXP-500 (Parallel) $488.80
We sell a variety of leller-quality
printers, including the Comrax
ComRHar. Diablo 820 A 830. the
NEC 203O, 3830 A 7730. the
Qumo Sprint 1 1 -f
STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS
Microterm
Mlcrotarm supports auto-dial/
answer modems like the Hayes
Smartmodem Features pre-pro-
grammed dial & transmit, direct file
transfer. 34K capture buffer and a
certified 2400 baud Operation rate.
Specify Model I or Model III when
ordering.
Microterm . . ... $79.88
DC Hayss Smart modems
<300 baud) 821 8.88
{ 1 200 baud) $939.88
Novation Modems
J-Cal(300 baudi . . $139.88
SmartCal (300 baud) $199.88
SmartCat( 1200 baud). ..$499.88
Information/Orders:
(603)881-9855
Ordara Only: (800) 343-0720
No Hidden Charges:
We pay UPS ground shipping on
all our orders, and we never charge
extra for credit cards We accept
CODs & add a $1 fee per order. We
have 3 $50 minimum order Personal
checks are cleared in 3 weeks
All our equipment is shipped
factoryfresh, with lull warranties
Were authorized for warranty work
on a number of printers, & we also
offer extended warranty plans for
those printers.
Sorry, we Cannot accept open POs
or extend credit/terms at these
prices APO and foreign orders are
not accepted
We prepared this ad in Septemt>er
& prices do change, so call to vertty
them.
Our Computar Showroom is
now open in Amherst, NH.
HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES ^^
THE BOTTOM LINEB
IMILFORD, NH 03055-0423 G TELEPHONE (603) 881-98551
r- Sm» List of A(h«rfissrs on Pag» 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 21
AID
Save Me from Work!
Has anyone developed an RTTY
program for the Color Computer us-
ing the Baudot Code for input and
output? A copy of this program
would save me weeks of work.
B. Kevin McCarthy
U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station
St. Paul Island, AK 99660
A Protective Case
I'm searching for a protective case
for my Color Computer keyboard so
that I can use it with hotel systems on
trips. Does anyone know where I can
find such a case?
Stan Williams
Route 1. Box 94-70
Manakin-Sabot. VA 23103
Searching
for
answers
Transferring Profile
Our organization has several large
Profile files that we'd like to convert
to Profile III Plus without having to
reenter all the data. We would ap-
preciate any information on a Basic
Model III program that would allow
such a transfer.
Richard J. Paul
Regional Emergency
Communications Network
1200 Meadowdale Drive
Carpentersville, IL 60110
New Features
I'd Hke to hear from anyone who
has found a way to add a sort verb, a
search verb, and exponentiation to
RSCOBOL for the Model I with
NEWDOS80.
Jeff Carver
P.O. Box 1049
APO, NY 09063
GO
WORD PROC KSSINC
With Crayon De/uxe & Scrip/r
Crayon De/uxe is a complete Bit-Image word/graphics processor which creates stunning visual effects using custom text and
graphics. Use ii with the '7on/ma^er to create your own SPECIALITY FONTS, Logos, Mail Labels, Charts, Graphs, Letters,
Cartoons & Basic Screens. It features underlining, wide printing, overlays, reverses, justification, centering, custom graphics,
foreign languages, logic seeking, line drawing and fancy borders with over 100 commands all in Z-80 Machine Language for
speed and ease of use. The C(/i/or is the most sophisticated FULL SCRF.EN EDITOR ever written for the TRS-80.
AVAILABLE NOW for the following printers:
All MX + FX printers with Graphtntx - All PR OWRITER and 8510A and All GEM INI 10+15
COMPLETE 70 page manual, 2 disks - samples - FONTMAKKR - UJigj^aiMjIilllPAi^EEMIMLa - with over 600 characters.
300 character fonts are $15.00 - Fonts available are DIGITAL — ELITE — HERITAGE — Comes with Outline and Italics,
J^rush
Jieriiage
Digital
Ouifi
'me
LBorod
orders
SA
apes
AEC
I
atiisda
abcdef
D
ai)
I DO
4vn— r
SCRLEIIZBO
RCME
Scfjp/r - Turns Scnphi/ into a full word processing system by providing complete printer support for the following printers
MX 80 + FX 80 - LP-4 + 8 — DMP 200 + 400 — DW2 — PROWRITER — CIOTH 8510A — GEMINI — MICROLINE
— FEATURES on most versions include Emphasized, Double Strike, access all available lypestyles, change character widths,
sub and super script, pausing, dot linespacing changes. Editing, Macro's, DOS Reentry, Send any Code to printer. Supports
{ALL Graphtrax Functions, — most Mid-Line), DIAL-A-PRINT, Form Letters, Print to video only for trial pagination and much
much more. Available with versions for VX^QSE&EjllluiuSLlLiduiatt^^^^S ^''^ teaching programs and a 66 page manuai.
• •
QUALITY ~~ INNOVATION — SUPPORT — PRINT SAMPLES AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
• •
Free Brochures
PIONEER SOFTWARE
I /4b N W. 55th AVE. No. 204 Lauderhill. FL 33313
Phone i305( 739 2071
Check (•) 160
Chochs/Money Orders/COD s accepted
22 • 80 Micro. November 1983
SPECIALS OF THE MONTH!
INTRODUCING THE IMPROVED
LNW 80 MODEL 11
...AT AN UNBELIEVABLE PRICE!
This computer has it all! TRS-80'" Model I and CP/M® software
compatibility with two operating systems; DOSPLUS 3.4 and CP/M
2.2. The LNW 80 MOD II can read and write the 5W disk formats of
several CP/M computers including: OSBORNE, KAYPRO, XEROX 820,
CP/M 86 as well as standard 8" IBM formal. Standard features: %K
of RAM, parallel and serial ports,
cassette and joystick ports, RGB and
Composite Color interfaces, H1-RE5
graphics and much more! Six
month warranty.
LNW-80
MODEL II
JJSI9S!
Now included, over *2000 of softwarel
Word proceuing, spread sheet, communications,
graphics, and complete accounting software.
Call for unpublished
loWr low price!
SYSTEM SPECIAL!
Complete LNW 80 Model 11 system includes:
Enhanced LNW 80 MOD II »1995.
New 12" HI-RES green phosphor monitor
with tilting stand »259.
SUPERS" data base management software,
13 times faster than dBASE II "* »299.
AOOC *2553.
PRINTER SPECIALS!
New TOSHIBA P1350 dual mode
printer • TOO CPS letter quality and
160 CPS draft quality MS9S.»»
C.ITOH EPSON
F10 40 CPS • bi-directional MX 80 ft »469.'>*
daisy wheel printer *1195.»« MX 100 »M9.**
GORILLA BANANA . »209 « FX 80 «569."
PROVVRITER 8510 . . •399.»« FX 100 »789.»«
MORE PRINTERS!
ACCESSORY
SPECIALS!
OKIDATA 82 $CAU
OKIDATA83 $CAU
OKIDATA 84 $CAIL
OKIDATA 92 $CAIL
OKIDATA 93 $CAU
OKIDATA 94 $CAU
TALLY
MT 160L $CAU
MT 180L $CAU
SILVER REED
EXP 550 $699.««
EXP 500 $CAU
One year extended warranty available
everything we seH. Call for prices.
on
mm
We're the helpful, friendly computer %vholesalers thai sell direct
to users by mail only. No showrooms. No toll-free numbers.
fust the best prices youti find anywhere.
M59.«
LNW H doubler
LNW H doubler with
DOSPLUS 3.5 *179."
LNW expansion II *329."
MONITORS
12" HI-RES green monitor with
swivel stand '159.'
BMC 12A M29.«
BMC 12EN M69.'
USI 12" green M69.«
USI 12" amber M79.*
AMDEX COLOR II »549.<
All prices quoted are ca«h discounted prices. We also honor
Mastercard, Visa, American Express and Company purchase orders.
1100 EAST HECTOR STREET
CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428
215-664-5383
CP/M rt t lr*d«nufk ol Oigilil R«M(c^ to'p IKS>«> n j irjdrnurk ot Tandy Corp.; dlASt II It « IrMtenurli of Athinn-T*w. SUPtK it a traderfurk of I-&-A, Inc
frim ar« tub|e(i to dMoge without notice. Qu«ntii»« are llmiKd.
DEBUg
What Is It?
In the Program Listings for J.B.
Harrell's **A Pascal Primer" (July
1983, p. 94), you can easily mistake
the lowercase I's for numeral I's. If
you encounter problems in determin-
ing whether you should enter a
number or letter, contact our
technical department. They will pro-
vide you with a clearly marked pro-
gram listing.
For those of you contemplating sub-
mitting a Pascal article for publication,
please do not use the letter 1 as a vari-
able. Thanks. — Eds.
Better Solutions'
I found and fixed some bugs in
Wayne Thume's "Better CoCo
Graphics ' ' program listing (June
1983, p. 164).
First, in line 1170, change the '*P'*
to an **S". This is the line that checks
to see if the key you pressed is the one
to set a point, which is S. The new line
should read:
1170 IF CB$ = "S" THEN
(LL + JJ,MM + KK)
CC = I:PSET
If you try to transfer a section on
either the extreme left line or the ex-
Flaws
and
fixes
treme top line, you'll get an Illegal
Function Call error. This is because
the computer tries to get and put
points at coordinate -4. Removing
the -4*s from lines 260, 300,310, and
380 fixes this bug without changing
the transfer block.
Andy Dater
2847 La Mirada
Medford, OR 97501
Try It My Way
The debug to the OV error in line
1160 of Lee Morgenstern's "Dual-
Voice Music Synthesizer" (June 1983,
TOP QUALITY
TRS-60 SOFTWARE FOR
BUSINESS ft HOME USE
PnOQRAM I.D.
Mailing List,
(Alpha Sequence)
Mailing List,
(Zip Sequence)
Data Bank System
Loan Amortization
Inventory Control
Desk Calendar
Wall Calendar
Ho<M III*
175 00
225 00
275 00
115.00
225 00
49 95
49.95
McmMi
2/12/W
200 00
250 00
295 00
125 00
275.00
49 95
49.95
'Shipping Costs Included
For Additional Information send for
User Documentation — $15.00 per copy.
CDP
Route 3, Box 1
Homptonville, NC 27020
919-465-2113
8 am-5 pm Eastern
^66
t :^
MEM<
FLEXIBLE DISCS
WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-
SOLDR Call Free (800)235-4137
for prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited and COD's
accepted.
PACIHC
EXCHANGES
100 Foothill Bivd
San Luts Obispo. CA
93401 In Cal. call
(800)592-5935 or
;805)543-1037
^207
p. 22) is not recommended. Instead,
rewrite line 1 160 to read: 1 160 READ
Q:PRINTQ;:POKEP,Q:P = P-(-l:
NEXT and add line 1035 to read: 1035
POKE16553,255. Some Model I's
won't read data statements properly
after cassette I/O. Instead, they ex-
ecute a Restore command before each
Read statement. The above line revi-
sions and additions take care of this
problem.
Rob Rosenbrock
1215 Echo Lane
Bluff ton, IN 46714
Put an End to It All!
There's a problem with Program
Listing 4 in Philip Martel's *'La
Plume de Ma Tante" article (July
1983, p. 78). The program doesn't end
since line 430 does not allow entry of
number values greater than 19 but hne
380 requires a number value of 99 to
end the program. To correct this
problem, reenter line 420 as both 365
and 465, and then remove line 420
altogether.
Oscar Abraham
955 East 12th St.
Brooklyn, NY 11230
Sketchpad Line!
A line is missing in Larry CoUe's
"Color Sketchpad" program listing
(June 1983, p. 110). The missing line
to be added is:
95 1FA$ = "P"THENPAINT(X + 3,Y)
.C,C:F = C
—Eds.
Misdeal
The following lines are missing
from Program Listing 4 of Byron
Lott's "Model II Casino" article
(August 1983, p. 148).
NTCHR$(1);:RETURN
1240 PRINTCHR$(2);:L = 683:GOSUB
1230:RX = R6:GOSUBI160:T$=M$
(R6):GOSUB1200:PRINTCHR$(1);:
RETURN
—Eds.
24 • 80 Micro, November 1983
THE RESULTS ARE IMPRESSIVE.,."
— Dennis Kitsz. 80 Microcomputing: 1 2/ 82
Langley-St. Clair's* Soft^View
Replacement CRTs
eliminates the strobe,
flicker and fatigue
from TRS-80's:
Now you can upgrade your monitor with
the new medium persistence green or
amber phosphor tube.
State-of-the-art systems such as IBM'"
and Apple III'" do not use the less costly
"P4" B&W display tube because it is
actually intended for TV viewing and its
rapid strobes (60 times per second)
cause irritating eye fatigue.
No amount of "green plastic" will solve
this problem. But the new Soft'View
CRT display tube from Langley-St. Clair
will.
• Available in slow decay Green or medium decay
"European Amber" (the standard in Europe*
► Made with Lead Strontium impregnated glass that
stops X-ray emission.
• Of high-contrast face glass that also stops most
G.V. radiation.
• Available in frosted glass with extra Anti-Glare
benefits.
• Easily installed. ..comes with pre-mounted
hardware.
• Warranted for one full year against manufacturing
defects or tube failure.
• The finest quality' double-dark glass phosphor
fields to produce dramatic contrast.
> Ideal for Word Processing and Programming, yet
fast enough for Games and Graphics.
LSIS Soft-View CRTS
3 "GN42 Green Phosphor ?79.95
H ''GN42G Green Phosphor w Anti-Glare ^89.95
3 *OR34 ,Vnber Phosphor ^89 95
a "OR34G Amber Phosphor w, Anti-Glare ^99.95
also available:
3 *R22G Red Phosphor * Anti-Glare 513995
a "B22G Blue Phosphor w Anti-Qlare s 139.95
Plus: S7.OO for packing and UPS Shipping
S 1 7.00 for Overseas. Parcel Post or GPS Blue Label
Add Sales Tax wtiere appllcable.
'Inquire about the CRTs ^Ae have available for
many other computer models)
For MasterCard and Visa Orders only, call
800/221-7070^89^76.
:• Langley-St Clair Instrumentation Systems. Inc.
* 132 West 24th St.. Mew York. IN.Y. 10011
iiii^S
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* \V<tfl(l'-i 1;]rf>rsi Mipplier iit upfjradrd rrplncMiwnt CKT's.
r .ti>'IT;tnclvri<
THE NEXT STEP
by Hardin Brothers
Not long ago, a friend was modifying
a complex Basic program he had
written. He needed a new variable for
his modification but couldn't remember
which variable names he had already as-
signed and he didn't feel like wading
through pages of program listings to
find out what he had used. This month,
I'll describe a solution to this problem.
Whether or not you want a utility
that displays currendy active variables,
you should find the memory structures
and ROM routines I'll discuss useful for
many programming projects.
TRSDOS 1.3 has a weak CMD"X"
function to search for variable names,
but it doesn't differentiate between a
variable and a literal, string. However,
with the use of low memory pointers, a
knowledge of how Basic stores vari-
ables, and some help from ROM rou-
Displaying
active
variables
tines, you can easily create your own
programmer's utility to display all cur-
rent variables and arrays.
Physical memory top
40BI hex always points
to the top of memory
avaib^le to Basic
(4049 hex & 44 11 hex are
used by Mod I & III
DOS to reserve high
memory, but not by
Bask tx Disk Basic).
See Figure 3:
See figure 2:
From here down, each
area has an absohite
address, so no
pointers are used.
4(Slhex=
40A0hex =
Reserved High Memory
used for machine-language programs,
and the like
String variable storage —
this area's aze is set
with the Clear command
Basic's stack spact
Free Space
4aT)hex= = >
Array VariaUe Table
(AVT)
4(ffBhex= = >
Simple Variable Table
(SVT)
40F9hex =
40A4hex'
Resident Basic Program
>
4000 hex
3C00hex
3800 hex
0000 hex
Disk Basic (if loaded)
DOS Kernel (if loaded)
"Low Memory" tables, and the like
Memory-mapped video diqjlay
Meroory-m^ped keyboard
Unused Spa(%
Mod I's Disk & Printer I/O
ROM
Figure 1. TRSSO memory usage and pointers.
The lowest section of general-pur-
pose RAM, from 4000 hexadecimal
(hex) up, is reserved for use by Basic.
This area contains the restart vectors,
device control bk>cks, and a wide range
of buffers, pointers, and temporary
values. Though the Models I and III
handle parts of this region of RAM dif-
ferently, most of it is the same on the
two machines. They also construct
identical tables of variables during exe-
cution of Basic programs.
Figure 1 shows the general layout of
memory. Except for ROM, the screen
and keyboard, and the reserved low
memory area, everything in the memory
map is movable. Basic keeps track of it
all with pointers; the values at the side
of the map show these pointers' loca-
tions. The Basic interpreter is flexible
enough to let each section of the map be
any required size (until memory is full).
It only needs to keep track of the
various areas by adjusting its own
pointers.
Of interest this month are the simple
variable tabte (SVT) and array variable
table (AVT). Both tables are built and
filled during execution of a Basic pro-
gram; both are obliterated (i.e., the
pointers set to "no table length") dur-
ing programming, editing, and with the
Run and Clear commands.
Whenever your computer encounters
a new simple variable in a program, it
checks free space, moves the AVT up in
memory to make room for the variabte,
adds the variable to the end of the SVT,
and adjusts the pointers. When the
computer encounters a new array vari-
able, it checks free space, adds the array
to the end of the AVT, and adjusts the
pointers. In both cases, Basic must first
scan all the variables already in the
tables to decide if you're using an okl or
new variable.
Figure 2 shows the structure of each
entry in the SVT. The first byte of each
variable entry is a code that identifies
the variable type and equals the length
of that entry after the 3-byte header:
2 represents an integer variable (^)
3 represents a string variable (S)
4 reiH^sents a single-precision variable (!)
8 represents a double-precision variable (#)
After the variable-type code, 2 bytes
26 • ao Micro. Novembmr 1983
THE NEXT STEP
show the variable's name, but in re-
versed order. For example, CA%
would be represented as "2 A C." The
names of numeric variables are fol-
lowed by their values. The names of
string variables are followed by 3 bytes
indicating the string length and its loca-
tion in either the program (for a literal
string) or high memory.
The structure of the AVT is some-
what different (see Fig. 3). The first 3
bytes of each entry are the same as in the
SVT: type code and reversed variable
name. Bytes 3 and 4 contain a 2-byte
offset which, when added to the address
of byte 5, points to the next array
variable entry in the table. Byte 5 holds
the number of dimensions in the array.
Following byte 5 are values showing
the maximum size of each dimension in-
dex plus one; however, the first size in-
dicator is for the dimension index at the
extreme right and the last indicator is
for the one at the extreme left. Finally,
the actual values are stored. Basic must
calculate the location of each array ele-
ment from the above information be-
Progjnai
Statraient
M«Dory
Locatloa
Hex
Vdac COBUDMt
ABVt = 1
6715 hex 02 Type Marker (40F9 hex poinu hen)
42 2nd letter of name (B)
41 1st letter of name (A)
01 Value
6719 hex 00 Value (nqiressed as integer)
CS= "THE NEXT STEP"
671 A hex
03 Type Marker
00 No second letter in name
43 1st letter of name (Q
CD String length (13 characters)
DB LocaticMi of string
67IF hex 66 in xaancxy {66CF hex)
FLAG! = 1
6720 hex 04 Type Marker
4C 2nd letter of name (L)
46 1st letter of name (F)
00 Value
00 Value
00 Value
6726 hex 81 Value (expressed as single-
precision value)
Figure 2. Exrnnpks of Basic's technique for storing sunpk variabies.
MICRO-DESIGN
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80 Micro, Nowmb0r 1983 • 27
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THE NEXT STEP
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NEW!! POINTER VARIABLES!
Prop«m Memofy Hex
SUIminit LocatkMi Vilue Commeat
DIMXY^(I,2,3)
6727 hex
672Chex
02
59
58
37
00
03
04
00
03
00
02
00
00
DIMZ$(5)
6763 hex
6768 hex
03
00
5A
15
00
01
06
00
00
Type Marker (4(FB hex points here)
2nd letter of name (Y)
1st letter of name (X)
Offset to next array
(672C hex + 0037 hex = 6763 hex)
Number of dimensions
Maximum vahie of right -most
index + 1
Maximum value of middle
index + 1
Maximum value for left-most
index + 1
Space for values
(2»3»4»2 - 48 spaces)
Type Marker
No second letter in name
la letter of name (Z)
Offset to next array
(6786 hex + 0015 hex = 677D hex)
Number of dimensions
Maximum value for
index+ 1
Space for values
(6*3 = 18 spaces)
677Dbex
Be^nning of free space
(4CIPD hex points here)
F^rv 3. Exampks of Basic's technique for storing array variables.
cause no other marker bytes are in the
array.
The three important pointers for
handling variables are stored at suc-
cessive locations:
4W9 hex points to the SVT
4CFB hex points 10 the AVT
40FD hex pcrints to the b^iraiing of free space
Because space is never wasted in either
the SVT or AVT, the pointer at 40FB
hex also indicates the end of the SVT,
and the one at 40FD hex indicates the
end of the AVT.
Armed with the structure of the SVT
and AVT, as well as their related
pointers, you should have little trouble
following this month's program (see
Program Listing). Any time you press
the shift, down-arrow, and V keys si-
multaneously, the program displays all
active simple variables and all active ar-
rays. The array display includes the
maximum index values for each dimen-
^on.
The first block of the program, Bnes
590-670, is similar to the SETUP rou-
tine in my August column (p. 30). It
hooks the program into the keyboard
driver (unless it is ah^ady there) and
protects the program in memory. Then
control returns to either IX)S or Basic.
The second block, Test, interrupts
every call to the keyboard driver to see if
you pressed the appropriate keys. If
not, control passes to the regular key-
board driver. If you press the shift,
down-arrow, and V keys, the variable
display program takes control. These
first two sections should look familiar
to regular readers.
Actual procesang begins in line 870
with a call to the subroutine PUSHAL,
which saves all current registers, except
AF, to the stack. Then the program
saves the screen and the current cursor
position. By the end of this block of
28 • 80 Micro. November 1983
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THE NEXT STEP
code, the program saves everything
needed to return to a running program
either in buffers or on the stack. Finally,
the program calls the ROM routine at
01C9 hex to clear the screen, and the
cursor is moved toward the bottom of
the screen.
The fourth program block, starting
on line 1010, establishes three pointers;
IX points to the simple-variable table,
HL points to the present screen loca-
tion, and lY indexes a table of variable-
type indicators. The program maintains
these three pointers throughout the
simple-variable section of the program.
The main loop of the simple-variable
display starts with VARIO is line 1040.
First, the program compares the AVT
pointer with the present value of IX to
determine if all simple variables are
displayed. The RST 18 hex instruction
calls a ROM routine that performs a
16-bit compare of HL and DE and sets
the status flags accordingly. If DE is
larger than HL, the carry flag is set to
indicate that more simple variables have
to be displayed; otherwise, control
passes to the array-variables display.
In line 11^, the program loads the B
register with the variable's type code.
Then the A register picks up the variable
name and displays it on the screen at the
present HL position. If the variable has
a sin^letter name, the place for the sec-
ond letter in the SVT will contain a
zero which the program won't display.
After the name, the program needs to
display the variable's type symbol: Vo,
$, !, or #. It finds the symbol by using
the lY pointer plus an offset based on
the present value in B. The Z80 chip
doesn't support this kind of indirect in-
dexing, but the indexing is a powerful
tool in many programs.
After the computer displays the vari-
able and its type symbol, it updates the
IX and HL registers and checks HL. If
it finds the current line full, it adjusts
HL to point to the next line. If the
screen is fuU, the program waits for you
to press the enter key before it con-
tinues. Otherwise, the loop repeats and
the program displays the next simple
variable.
The array-variables display works a
little differently. IX is still used as a
pointer to the array table (now the
AVT), but instead of using HL to point
to the screen, the program uses the regu-
lar ROM display routine at 033A hex.
The advantages are that ROM deter-
mines print positions and you can use
30-80 Micro, November 1983
Program Lisiing. Current variables display.
e33A
2B75
eic9
eA9A
BACC
IfBD
4B16
4B2B
3eB4
3B4e
3BBB
3cee
3FBB
3FC8
4BF9
4IFB
4eFD
BA52
BA52
BA55
BA5 8
BASS
BASB
BA5E
BA6 2
BA63
BA67
BAeA
BA6D
BA6F
DA7:
BA7 4
BA7 5
BA77
DA7A
BA7C
2A164a
116ABA
DF
2Bec
227DBA
E053164e
IB
ED531144
C32D40
3A4a3e
E610
28eB
3A803B
B7
2805
3A0438
E6 4B
CABBBB
BA7F
BA82
BA85
BA88
BA8B
BA8D
BA90
BA9 3
BA96
BA99
BA9C
BAA0
BAA3
BAA7
BAAB
BAAA
BAAB
BAAF
BAB0
CD92BB
IIFLBB
21003C
010004
EDB0
2A2040
22FEBF
CDC9ai
21CB3F
222040
PRINTl
PRINT
CLS
HLACUM
ACIN5N
ACUSTR
SVT
AVT
FREE
D[)2AF940
21flfl3C
FD21F7BB
E5
DBE5
El
EQ5BFB40
DF
El
00100
00110
00120
00130
00140
00150
00160
00170
00180
00190
00280
00210
00220
00230
00240
002^0
00260
00270
00280
00290
00300
00310
00320
00330
00340
00350
80360
00370
00380
00390
00400
00410
00420
00430
00440
00450
00460
00470
Be4BB
00490
00500
00510
00520
00530
00540
00550
eesee
00570
005B0
00590
00600
00610
00620
00630
00640
00650
00660
00670
006 80
006 90
00700
00710
00720
00730
00740
00750
00760
00770
00780
00790
00B00
00810
00820
00630
00840
00S50
O0B6 ,-
00870
00BB0 SAVE
00B90
00900
00910
00920
00930
00940
00950
00960
00970 ;
009B0 I No<.
00990 ; e<
01B00 ;
0iei0
01020
01030
01040
01050
01060
01070
010B0
01090
Current Variable Display
On <ShiEt> <Dwn-arrow> <V> '
shows two screens (or more)
1st -- all defined, simple '
var jables
2nd — all defined array
variables
Listing of routines and addresses;
EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
KBDVft EQU
CURSAD EQU
R0W3 EQU
R0W7 EQU
ROWS EQU
VIDEO EQU
ENDDSP EQU
PRTPOS EQU
e33AH
2B7 5H
01C9H
0A9AH
0ACCH
BFBDH
4BieH
4B2BH
38B4H
3840H
38SBU
3CCaH
3FBBH
JFC8H
jPBINT 1 CHAR.
; PRINT STRING
jCLEAR SCREEN
jHL"> HAM ACCUMUUVTOR
jACCUM. VALUE INT->SINGLE
jACCUM -> ASCII STRING
jKB DRIVER ADDRESS
jCURSOR POSITION ADDRESS
(P-W KEYBOARD ROW
J ENTER i ARROWS KB ROW
(SHIFT KEYBOARD ROW
fTOP OF SCREEN
;LAST LINE FOR DISPLAY
fADDR. FOR PROMPT DISPLAY
MEMTOP EQU 4411H ;MEMTOP FOR MOD. Ill DISK
■jse 4049H for HODI Disc, 40B1H for tape systems
EQU
EQU
EQU
4BF9H
4BFBH
4BFDH
iBEG. OF VARIABLE LIST
{BEG. OF ARRAY LIST
;BEG. OF FREE SPACE
First, patch routine into Keyboard
driver, being careful to save current
driver address, and reset MEMTOP.
ORG aBA52K jCIIANGE ORG TO RELOCATE
this address for top ot 32K RAM
■GET CURRENT DRIVER ADDR,
iGET ROUTINE ADDR.
J COMPARE DE k HL
jGO IF ALREADY SET
jSET RETURN ADDB.
■SET 'TEST- AS KB DRIVER
;DE-TEST-1
;SET MEMTOP
; RETURN TO DOS
Line 67fl should be JP 1A19H for tape systems
Now test for <SHIFT> <DOWN-ARROW> <V>
LD
HL,(KBDVR1
LD
DE,TEST
RST
18H
JR
Z,SET10
LD
(RETURN+1) ,H
LD
(KBDVR) ,DE
DEC
DE
LD
(MEMTOP) ,DE
JP
402DH
TEST LD
AND
JF
LD
OR
JR
LD
AND
RETURN JP
A , 1 R0W7 )
1011
Z, RETURN
A, (ROWS)
A
Z, RETURN
A, (R0W3)
40M
Z,0000H
[GET DWN-ARW RCW
;IS IT DWN-ARW?
;GO IF NOT
|GET SHIFT ROW
J SET FLAGS
;G0 IF NO SHIFT KEY
;GET P-W ROW
; CHECK FOR V
;SETUP PUTS VALUE HERE
<shi£t> <down-ar row> <V> have been pressed.
Save all registers.
Save screen k then clear it.
VARll
CALL
PUSHAL
LO
DE,SCRBUF
LO
HL, VIDEO
LD
BC,4fl0H
LDIR
LD
HL, (CURSAD)
LD
(CRSBUF) ,HL
CALL
CLS
LD
HL, PRTPOS
LD
(CURSAD) ,HL
t list
of simple (r
on the
screen.
LD
IX, (SVT)
LD
HL, VIDEO
LD
lY, TYPES
PUSH
HL
PUSH
IX
POP
HL
LD
DE , ( AVT)
RST
ISH
POP
HL
jSAVE ALL REGISTERS
;DE--> SCREEN BUFFER
;HL--> SCREEN
;BC - SCREEN LENGTH
jMOVE SCREEN
;GET CURRENT CURSOR ADDR.
;AND SAVE IT ALSO
;CLEAH THE SCREEN
iGET PRINT POSITION
(MOVE CURSOR AWAY
J IX='>VARIABLE LIST
jHL--> SCREEN
,iy.-> VAR. TYPE TABLE
;SAVE SCREEN PTR.
[MOVE VAR, LIST PTB
1 TO HL
(GET END OF VAR. TABLE
,CP HLlDE
J RECOVER SCREEN PTR.
Lisring tronimued
THE NEXT STEP
Listing continued
BABl
3a3E
01100
01110
JR
NC , ARRAY
;G0 IF NO MORE VARIABLES
BAB3
DD460e
01120
LD
B,(IX)
fGET VARIABLE TYPE
BABG
DD7E02
01130
LD
A,(IX+2)
;1ST LETTER OF VAR. NAME
BAB 9
77
01140
LD
{HL) ,A
jPRINT IT
BABA
23
01150
INC
HL
;BUMP POINTER
BABB
DD7Efll
01160
LD
A,(IX*1)
;2ND LETTER OF VAB . NAME
BABE
B7
01170
OR
A
;SET FLAGS
BABF
2882
01180
JR
Z,VAR20
I GO IF ZERO
BACl
77
01190
LD
(HL) ,A
;ELSE PRINT IT
BACZ
23
01200
INC
HL
;AND BUMP POINTER
BAC3
78
01210
VAR20
LD
A,B
;GET VARIABLE TYPE
BAC4
3D
01220
DEC
A
jDECBEASE BY TWO TO
BAC5
3D
01230
DEC
A
ALIGN WITH TABLE
BAC6
32CBBA
01240
LD
aYPTR + 2) ,A
;USE FOR OFFSET
BAC9
FDTEBB
01250
lYPTR
LD
A, (IY + 0)
;GET TYPE SYMBOL
BACC
77
01260
LD
(HL) ,A
;PUT ON SCREEN
BACD
23
01270
INC
HL
;BUMP POINTER
BACE
23
01280
01290
INC
HL
;AND AGAIN FOR SPACE
BACF
DD23
01300
INC
IX
.-GET PAST HEADER
BADl
DD23
01310
INC
IX
; WITH THREE
BAD 3
DD23
01320
INC
IX
; INCREMENTS
BADS
DD23
01330
VAR30
INC
IX
jMOVE PAST VAR. INFO
BAD7
IBFC
01340
01350
01360
;Check
DJNZ
screen
VAR30
; DEPENDING ON VAR. TYPE
J IX=-> NEXT VARIABLE
BADS
11BB3F
01370
LD
DErENDDSP
jLAST PRINT POS.
BADC
DF
01380
RST
leu
;CP HL:DE
BADD
D4A4BB
01390
CALL
HC.EKDSCR
;G0 IF SCREEN FULL
BAEB
7D
01400
LD
A,L
jGET LSB OF SCREEN PTR.
BAEl
E63F
01410
AND
3FH
jMASK BITS G L 7
BAE3
FE3C
01420
CP
3CH
;END OF LINE?
BAE5
38ce
01430
JR
C,VAR10
; RETURN IF NOT
BAE7
ineea
01440
LD
DE,40H
:LINE OFFSET
BAEA
19
01450
ADD
HL,DE
:HL==> NEXT LINE
BAEB
7D
'01460
LD
A,L
;GET LSB
BAEC
EGca
01470
AND
0C0H
;MASK OUT BITS 0-5
BAEE
6P
01480
LD
L,A
;KL»=> START OF NEXT LINE
BAEF
18B6
01490
01500
JR
VAR10
;GET ANOTHER VARIABLE
01510
! Now show array
B
01S20
BAFl
CDA4BB
01530
ARRAY
CALL
ENDSCfi
;NEW SCREEN FOR ARRAYS
BAF4
DD2AFB4a
01540
LD
IX, (AVT)
;IX=->ARRA¥ TABLE
BAF8
DDE 5
01550
ABB10
PUSH
IX
; TRANSFER PTB TO
BAFA
El
01560
POP
HL
; TO HL
BAFB
ED5BFD40
01570
LD
DE.IFREE)
|DE-=>END OF ARRAYS
BAFF
DF
01580
RST
18H
jCP HL;DE
BBSB
3075
01590
01600
JR
»C,DONE
;G0 IF END OF TABLE
8802
DD46B0
01610
LD
B, (IX+0)
;GET VARIABLE TYPE
BB05
DD7E02
01620
LD
A, (IX + 2)
;1ST LETTER OF VAR. NAME
BBSS
CD3AB3
01630
CALL
PBINTl
iPBINT A
BBSB
DD7E01
01640
LD
A, (IX+1)
;2ND LETTEB OF VAR. NAME
BB0E
B7
01650
OR
A
;SET FLAGS
BBBF
2B03
01660
JR
Z,ARR20
:G0 IF
BBll
CD3A03
01670
CALL
PBINTl
;ELSE PRINT IT
BB14
7a
01680
ARR20
LD
A,B
;GET VAR, TYPE VALUE
BB15
3D
01690
DEC
A
; SUBTRACT TWO TO
BB16
3D
01700
DEC
A
; ALIGN WITH TABLE
BB17
321CBB
01710
LD
(IYPTR2t2) ,A
;ADDBESS TABLE
BBIA
FD7E00
01720
IYPTR2
LD
A,(IYt0)
;GET TYPE SYMBOL
BBID
CD3A03
01730
CALL
PRINTl
;AND PRINT IT
BB2a
3E2e
01740
LD
A,'( ■
;PAREN. CHAR.
BB22
CD3Ae3
01750
01760
CALL
PRINTl
;AND PRINT IT
BB2S
DD4ee5
01770
LD
C,(IX*5)
;GET t OF DIMENSIONS
BB28
DD5E03
01780
LD
E, (IX + 3)
;DE WILL HAVE OFFSET
BB2B
DQ5604
01790
LD
D, (IX + 4)
i TO NEXT ARRAY
BB2E
DDE5
01800
PUSH
IX
jTRANSFEB IX VALUE TO
BB3e
El
01810
POP
HL
; HL REGISTER
BB31
19
01820
ADD
HL.DE
;ADD OFFSET
BB32
110508
01830
LD
DE,5
jOFFSET FOR HEADER
BB35
19
01840
ADD
HL.DE
;HL--> NEXT ARRAY
BB36
E5
01850
01860
PUSH
HL
;SAVE ADDRESS
BB37
0606
01870
LD
B,6
;BU«P IX 6 TIMES
BB3 9
DD23
01880
ARfi30
INC
IX
J SO IX==> SIZE OF
BB3B
IBFC
01890
01900
DJNZ
ARR30
J 1ST DIMENSION
BB3D
41
01910
LD
B,C
jGET t OF DIM.
BB3E
CB20
01920
SLA
B
;MULTIPLy BY TWO
BB4a
DD23
01930
ARR40
INC
IX
;BU«P POINTER
BB42
10FC
01940
01950
DJNZ
ARR40
jUNTIL PAST DIM SIZES
BB44
41
01960
LD
B,C
;GET t OF DIM. AGAIN
BB4S
DD2B
01970
ARR30
DEC
IX
jDROP IX UNTIL IT
BB47
DD2B
01980
DEC
IX
; POINTS TO NEXT DIM.
BB49
DD6E0e
01990
LD
L, (IXf0)
;GET LSB OF DIM SIZE
BB4C
DD6601
02000
LD
H, (IX*1)
; AND MSB
BB4F
2B
02010
DEC
HL
; CORRECT FOB ELEMENT
BBSe
CDCEBB
02020
02030
;
CALL
ASCPRT
;PRINT AS ASCII
BB33
3E2C
02040
LD
A, ' , '
;CET COMMA CHAR.
BB55
CD3A03
02050
CALL
PBINTl
jAND PRINT IT
BB5B
10EB
02060
02070
DJNZ
ARB50
;REPEAT FOR ALL DIM.S
BB^A
212040
02080
LD
HL,CURSAD
;HL-->CURSOR POS'N
BBSD
35
02090
DEC
(HL)
(MOVE BACK OVER LAST ' ,'
BBSE
3E29
02100
LD
A,') '
jGET CLOSE PABEN.
BB60
CD3A03
02110
CALL
PRINTl
jAND PRINT IT
Lining continued
ROAR!
Do tricks with your computer wiihout
breaking your wiillefs spir/U A subscrip-
tion to Chromasette gets you a tape or
disk full of quality programs delivered by
First Class Mail every monthi Write for
more information or. better yet, try a Back
Issue. At S6.00 for 6 to 8 programs on
tape ISII.OOon disk), you'll see just how
good and inexpensive ChronMSCtt*
software is.
The Bonom Line: Ihpm OMc
I year (12 issues) S50.00 595.00
6 months (6 issues) S30.00 S55.00
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N Amei tx^iiOeti Ovfie^^Md ^lOlostJbscripiionsantJ SI :o
iiqif iSiuTi Soil AO rae Ail iMtk iiiuei fiom Jur, IWl *. ii.
^4^ -^ik Icn I'M Piogi^fni aft to !he E^Jenoet] BASK! rTyx>p.
^WcvTuzAeMe
; -' 'J
RO Box 1087 Santa Barbara, CA 93102
(805)963-1066
80 Micro, November 7993 • 31
Langley-St. Clair
Gets Mail
From unsolicited letters of testimonial
I have just received one of
your SOFT-VIEW CRT's and I
wanted to write you to tell you
that I am impressed. I ordered
the CRT by phone on Wednes-
day afternoon, and I received
it this morning (Friday) by
UPS. When the UPS truck
pulled up, I commented that it
would be weird if that was the
CRT, figuring that it would
show up in about a week. That
was the fastest shipment from
a telephone order I've ever
got!
I should also mention that I
was pleased to find that the
people I talked to on the phone
were very nice and friendly, a
quality lacking ih many com-
panies I have dealt with by
phone....
I have Jnsta
and two disk
Model III and
doing so I could have used
directions as good and ade-
quate as I got with the CRT. I
congratulate the writer of the
instructions for doing a very
good job. The directions were
intelligent, well-written and
described the operation very
well without becoming dull or
technical....
....By the way, this is the
first letter I've written to a
supplier of computer hardware
that was in praise. I have told a
few off by mail, but this is the
first time I have been this
pleased with a company sup-
plying hardware for my com-
puter. 1 only hope that your at-
titude is contagious.
Sincerely,
W.B.
Albemarle, NC
THE NEXT STEP
led RAM chips
drives on my
many times in
LSIS'i NEW SOFT-VIEW
REPLACEMENT CRT
f OH THE m^
FULL STORY
SEE PAGE 25
Lansley-St.Clair
Instrumentation
Systems. Inc. ■■■■
132 West 24th St NY. NY 10011
1-800-221-7070
32 • 80 Micro, November 1983
Litlint conlmued
BB63 3E2B
B2120
LD
A, ' ■
NOW AN ASCII SPACE
BBe5 CD3A03
02130
CALL
PRINTl
AND PRINT IT
BSeS 2A2e40
B2140
LD
HL, (CURSAD)
GET CURSOR POS'N
BB6B 11BB3F
02150
LD
DE,ENDDSP
END OF PRINT AREA
BB6E DF
02160
RST
18H
CP HLjDE
BB6F D4A4BB
02170
021B0
CALL
NCENDSCR
GO IF SCREEN PULL
BB72 DDEl
02190
POP
IX
IX"> NEXT ARRAY
Bfl74 C3FBBA
02200
02210
JP
ARR10
GO TO WORK ON IT
BB77 CDA4BB
B2220 DONE
CALL
ENDSCR
ASK FOR ENTER
BB7A 21FEBB
02230
LD
HL, SCRBUF
HL">SCREEN BUFFER
BB7D 110B3C
02240
LD
DE, VIDEO
DE-->SCREEN
BBse eieeB4
02250
LO
BC.400H
BC - SCREEN LENGTH
BB83 EDBB
02260
LDIR
MOVE TO SCREEN
BB85 2AFEBF
02270
LD
HL, (CRSBUF)
GET OLD CURS. POS'N
BB8B 222040
02280
LD
[CURSAD) ,HL
AND RESTORE IT
BBBB CD9BBB
02290
CALL
POPAL
RESTORE REGISTERS
BB8E Al-
02300
XOR
A
A i Z-FLAG SHOW
BBBF C37CBA
02310
02320
JP
RETURN
RETURN TO BASIC
BB!i2 E;3
B2330 PUSHAL
EX
(SP) ,HL
HL ON STACK; SAVE RET
DB93 C5
B2340
PUSH
BC
SAVE ALL REGS
BB94 D5
02350
PUSH
DE
BB95 DDE5
02360
PUSH
IX
BB97 FDE5
02370
PUSH
lY
BB99 E5
02380
PUSH
HL
ORIG. RET ADDR.TO STACK
BB9A C9
0239B
B2400
RET
BB9B El
02410 POPAL
POP
HL
GET RET. ADDfi.
BB9C FDEl
02420
POP
lY
RESTORE ALL REGS.
BB9E DDEl
B243B
POP
IX
BBA0 Dl
02440
POP
DE
BBAl CI
02450
POP
BC
BBA2 E3
02460
EX
(SP) ,HL
GET ORIG. HL
BBA3 C9
B247B
0248B
B249B
RET
BBA4 CD92BB
B2500 ENDSCK
CALL
PUSHAL
SAVE REGS.
BBA7 21C83P
02518
LD
HL.PRTPOS
HL=PRINT POS'N
BBAA 222B40
B2520
LD
ICURSAD) .HL
MAKE CURSOR POS'N
BBAD 21E4BE
02530
LD
HL.MSG
HL==> MESSAGE
BBBB CD752B
02540
CALL
PRINT
PRINT MESSAGE
BBB3 CDCBBB
02550
CALL
GETENT
GET ENTER KEY
BBB6 CDC9ei
0256B
CALL
CLS
ROM CLS ROUTINE
BBB9 CD9BBB
B257B
CALL
POPAL
RESTORE REGS.
BBBC 21883C
B258e
LD
HL, VIDEO
HL--> TOP OF SCREEN
BBBF C9
B259B
26BB
BET
AND RETURN
BBCB 3A403B
02610 GETENT
LD
A , ( R0W7 )
GET ENTER ROW
BBC3 E601
02620
AND
0IH
CHECK FOR <ENTER>
BBC5 28F9
02630
JR
Z, GETENT
LOOP UNTIL FOUND
BBC7 3AFF3B
02640 GET10
LD
A,(3BFFH}
CHECK FOR NO KEYS
BBCA B7
026 5
OR
A
SET FLAGS
BBCB 2eFA
B266B
JR
NZ,GET1B
LOOP UNTIL NO KEY
BBCD C9
0267B
0268B
B269B
BET
THEN RETURN
BBCE
B27B0 ASCPRT
ECU
s
PRINT HL VAL ON SCREEN
BBCE EB
02710
EX
D£,HL
SAVE HL REG.
BBCF CD92BB
02720
CALL
PUSHAL
SAVE REGS.
BBD2 EB
02730
EX
DE.HL
RECOVER ORIG HL VALUE
BBD3 CD9A0A
B274B
CALL
HLACUM
HL"-> ACCUMULATOR
BBD6 CDCCBA
B275B
CALL
ACINSN
ACCUM INT-> SINGLE PREC,
BBD9 CDBDBF
02760
CALL
ACUSTR
MAKE ACCUM INTO STRING
BBDC 23
02770
INC
HL
SKIP LEADING SPACE
BBDD CD752B
02780
CALL
PRINT
PRINT VALUE
BBES CD9BBB
02790
CALL
POPAL
RESTORE REGS.
BBE3 C9
02eBB
02610
02B20
RET
02630
Now taOle, message, 4 buffers
02640
BBt.4 50
02650
1SG
DEFM
'Press <ENTER> .
. . •
72 65 73
73 20
C 45 4E
54 45 S:
2E
6BF6 BB
3E 2B
IE 2E 2E
B2e60
DEFB
00H
END OF HSG MARKER
02370
BBF7 25
02S6B
rVPES
DEFB
'\ '
LIST OF VARIABLE TYPE
BBF8 24
02890
DEPB
■s-
MARKERS
BBF9 21
029BB
DEFB
' 1 '
BBFA BBBB
0291B
DEFW
00H
PAD WITH 3 SPACES
BBFC BB
B292B
DEFB
Ben
BBFD 23
B293B
0294B
DEFB
'•■
B4eB
02950
B2960
SCRBUF
DEFS
40BH
BUFFER FOR SCREEN
e0B2
02970
02980
:rsbuf
DEFS
2H
jBUFfER FOR CURSOR POSN
BA52
02990
END
SETUP
END OF PROGRAM
BBBBB TOTAL ERRORS
ROM prinf routines; the
disadvantage
is
The first part of the array sequence is
that the information fo
some variables
similar to t
lie k)^ in the simple-vari-
might be broken betwet
n twc
) differe
nt
able routin
e: The name and type of
screen lines.
variables are displayed. But starting
THE NEXT STEP
with line 1770, the program includes
some new logic to display the maximum
value of each element of the array.
The C register holds the number of
dimensions (1-255). Then the offset
value plus five is added to the current
value in IX to determine the starting ad-
dress of the next array in the table. The
program stores this new address on the
stack.
By adjusting the IX register, the
computer loads each dimension size in-
to the HL register and prints it on the
screen, followed by a comma. Because
the program stores the dimension in-
dicators in reverse order, the routine has
to go through some contortions to keep
the IX register correctly aligned. Final-
ly, the program checks the current print
position on the screen and then the rou-
tine loops back to display another array
variable.
The last program section, Done,
restores the original screen and the
original cursor position. All original
registers are popped off the stack and
control returns to the regular keyboard
scan routine and Basic. The Basic pro-
gram continues functioning as if it were
never interrupted.
The program's subroutines show
some interesting programming tech-
niques. PUSHAL and POPAL push or
pop all registers at once. They cut down
the length of the overall program.
The problem with using subroutines
to push all registers is that you can bury
the normal return address in the stack
beneath the register values and the pro-
gram won't know where to go after the
return instruction. PUSHAL avoids
this problem by first exchanging the
return address for the value in HL, then
saving all other refers, and finally
putting the return address back on the
stack.
The trade-off is that this subroutine
changes the value in HL. If you want to
save all registers but leave HL unchanged,
the calling routine must save the HL
value in another register, call
PUSHAL, and then reclaim the HL
value from that other register. The be-
ginning of the ASCPRT routine shows
how to do this.
ENDSCR saves the registers, moves
the cursor position to the last line, and
prints a message. Then it checks to see if
you pressed the enter key, clears the
screen, points HL to the top of the
screen, and returns. Notice that the
message is displayed by using the ROM
Print routine at 2B75 hex.
GETENT is a simple subroutine that
waits until you press and release the
enter key to continue. It is important
for the computer to check for the key
release; otherwise, the program may go
charging ahead before you have time to
let go of the key. GETENT reads the
keyboard directly; it doesn't use a ROM
routine to read the keyboard because of
a possibility that you might again press
the shift, down-arrow, and V keys and
cause the entire program to loop back
on itself recursively.
"PUSHAL and POPAL
push or pop
all registers at once.
They cut down the length
of the overall program. "
The most interesting subroutine is
ASCPRT, which takes the value in HL
and displays it on the screen in unsigned
integer format. It does so by using three
crucial, though little-known, ROM rou-
tines: HLACUM (0A9A hex), ACISIN
(OACC hex), and ACUSTR (OFBD hex).
Basic maintains a buffer inside low
memory called an accumulator that it
uses every time it manipulates a data
value. ROM routine HLACUM (0A9A
hex) loads the current contents of HL
into that accumulator and sets a flag to
indicate that it's an integer value.
Next, ACISIN (OACC hex) changes
the integer value into single-precision
form. It is the routine Basic uses for the
CSNG function. However, when used
this way, ACISIN treats the value in the
accumulator as an unsigned integer
(between 0-65535) instead of the more
normal signed integer value (-32768-
32767).
FinaUy, ACUSTR (OFBD hex) takes
the current value in the accumulator
and turns it into an ASCII string so the
number can be displayed on the screen.
The program puts the string in another
low-memory buffer at 4130 hex. Then
the program returns the address of the
beginning of the string in HL. Normal
display format includes a leading space,
which can be avoided by incrementing
HL once before printing the string.
Notice that ASCPRT uses the Print
routine to display the number; an
ADD
CHANGE
DELETE
E SORT
SELECT
SAVE
PRINT
COMPUTE
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..-492
ao Micro. November 1983 • 33
found
y«ars
Your
Word Machine
Program is ttM
bast bargain I've
In my t¥K>
of personal
computing.
Free "Jumpy" arcade game
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•Lower case support for unmoaitied Mod I S
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•Access 10 D O S with warm start re entry
• Scroll upfdown teit • Save/load disk dies
• inseri'deisie cha'acte'SJimes • String search
•Set up to litteen lab slops
•Center te«t • Imbed codes 0-265 in line
■ Insert ariother Me mio te't • word wrapping
• Edit any ASCil file (up to 80 char. Ilr\es)
•23000 char, buffer for 48K vwsion
•Pause for keyboard entries during printout
• Print multiple copies ot tett
•Printer ifiaeper>defit • Simplified commands
• Twenty four page typeset rr^anual with command
summary sheet (manual FREE with S A S £ )
For Mod I/Ill 32(48K Disk only AJQ QQ
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tcflciFr U<Hfti I H' III ifHO' dull Pitcti lubitci t^criang*
THE NEXT STEP
ASCII string is an ASCII string—
whether it contains letters or numerals,
you can use the same display tech-
niques.
The three ROM calls used in
ASCPRT make up a very powerful,
simple method for displaying any 1- or
2-byte binary value in ASCII. Together,
they are much slower than a traditional
routine that subtracts successive powers
of 10 to translate binary to ASCII, but
they operate fast enough to satisfy most
uses and only require 9 bytes of pro-
gram space to f>erform the conversion.
To use the variables display program,
enter it from DOS READY or with
SYSTEM after you have assembled it.
You can then observe the currently de-
fined variables at any time a Basic pro-
gram runs or after it completes running
and returns to the READY prompt.
This program does not search your
Basic program to look for the variables;
instead, it uses the tables in memory to
determine which variables are defined.
The variables aren't displayed until
your program starts to run.
Next month I'll add the capability to
display the current values of each vari-
able by using other ROM routines, and
I'll discuss ways to speed up your Basic
programs by using the information
shown in the variables displays.
CompuServe Notes
Two pieces of exciting news for
readers who subscribe to CompuServe.
First, you may now take part in open
discussions of topics covered by "The
Next Step." GO PCS-117 to the Soft-
ware and Authors Special Interest
Group (SASIG) and leave your ques-
tions or comments addressed to me on
the message board. Feel free to join in
any discussions started by other readers,
also.
Second (I assume you'll be reading
this in October), all this month, Eric
Maloney, 80 Micro's mana^ng editor,
win be a special quay guest on SASIG,
discussing this magazine and its
policies, and the microcomputer world
in general. If you have any questions
about 50 Micro, here's your chance to
have them answered. ■
Write to Hardin Brothers at 280 N.
Campus Ave., Upland, CA 91786, or
contact him through CompuServe. Use
GO PCS-U7for a public response; for
private corre^X)ndence, use his e-mail
address, 72165,735.
34 • SO Micro. November 1983
6«f-^
Guaranteed to make your TRS-80 Color Computer' siz-
zle with color, HOT CoCo magazine Ls informative, inter-
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look forward to HOT CoCo montJi after month because it
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the expert. HOT CoCo gives you:
•PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES & TUTORIAI^—
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PLUS
• BUSINESS PROGRAMS— sure to make you a star at
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•FEATURES ON COLOR APPLICATIONS- make
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monev's worth from vour machine.
•BU^'ER'S GUIDES & PRODUCTT REVIEWS- now
vou can stop running around comparing prices and
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• HOME & HOBBY APPLICATIONS— exciting ways
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having vour own private consultant — free!
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A 13th Lssue ls yours EREE with pre-paymcnt (check or
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See List ol Atftwfisers or Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 35
THE COLOR KEY
by Scott Norman
This month I have two innovative
utility programs, Larry Preble's
VDOS and Hal Snyder's MDISK. Both
are virtual disk programs that let you
store other programs and data in RAM
for high-speed recall at a later time.
Both address the question of how a cas-
sette-based Color Computer can use a
64K memory expansion.
Floppy disks have a couple of well-
known advantages as information stor-
age media: They are relatively fast, and
they permit random ao^ss. Since mov-
ing parts are involved, the access and
transfer of information is always far
slower than the operating speeds of
computers linked to disk drives.
Computer users are never satisfied
with a system's speed, so it was proba-
bly inevitable that people would hit on
the idea of using blocks of RAM to sim-
ulate disk operations.
In principal, you can store informa-
tion in RAM using a disk format. You
can have a solid state analog of the di-
rectory track, file headers formatted
just as they are on disk, and storage as-
signed in discrete grans, sectors, or
whatever the computer's normal disk
operating system uses.
Of course, the data is volatile, 6Jsap-
pearing when you turn off the power,
but you can handle that by backing up
the virtual disk to a real disk or to tape
whenever appropriate.
This idea has been around for a while
now. A number of add-on memory
boards, enable of emulating very fast
disk drives, are available for computer
systems that use the S-100 bus.
Color Computers are somewhat lim-
ited in the amount of memory they can
address. Nevertheless, you can apply
the concepts of RAM disk emulators, or
virtual disks.
That's where VDOS and MDISK
come in. For a modest price, they give
the CoCo user the ability to load several
files into RAM and forget about them
until he needs them.
The files can be Basic or machine-
language programs, or data files. You
can access them in any order, and trans-
fers to and from active memory are
usually fast enou^ to be considered in-
stantaneous from the user's point of
36 • ao Mfcro, November 1963
Virtual disk
systems and
connectors
view. Neither utility is all powerful, but
both deserve a look.
VDOS and VDUMP
As I write this, VDOS 1.0 is only
available on cassette (Dr. Preble's Pro-
grams, 6540 Outer Loop, Louisville,
KY 40228, $49.95). Its primary intent is
to give cassette users a taste of the speed
of disk operation.
Its name stands for Virtual Disk Op-
erating System, indicative of the ven-
dor's intention to support it with
enough utilities to make it into a real
system. Meanwhile, a disk version is
also in the works to serve as an
additional high-speed "drive" for disk
users.
Although you could set aside any
part of RAM for use as a virtual disk,
the best idea is to use the upper 32K of a
64K machine. This is the so-called Page
1, the area not normally accessible to
the Radio Shack operating system be-
cause of address conflicts with the Basic
ROMs. It represents the largest single
block of space the CoCo can free up.
In any case, VDOS itself determines
the size of the memory in its host ma-
chine, and locates itself near the half-
way point. Ail the memory above
VE)OS is available for file storage, while
you can use everything below in the
conventional fashion.
In a 64K cassette system, the default
partitioning is 24,733 bytes for pro-
gramming, and 30,407 bytes for VDOS's
f^ (ass&ming four gr^hics pages and
200 bytes of string storage). If nec-
essary, you can e?q)and the VDOS area to
around 54K at the expense of user RAM.
Once you toad the program, you in-
voke it with the VDOS command — a
new Basic command, in effect. A simple
menu appears: You can view the VDOS
file directory, save a Basic or machine-
language program from user RAM to vir-
tual disk, toad a program back the other
way, kill a VDOS file, or exit to Bask.
The routine for loading a series of
Basic programs into the virtual disk
area is to return to Basic from VDOS,
load the first program, and invoke
VDOS. Then select the Save a Basic
Program option. Once you've saved the
file, go back and repeat this whole se-
quence as often as necessary. The first
and fourth steps require only single-dig-
it commands.
You can save machine-language pro-
grams in much the same way, except for
a couple of potential complications.
Many machine-language utilities are
supposed to load into high RAM; you
must be certain that they don't overlay
the area used by VDOS itself.
VDOS helps by informing you as to
the top of available memory when you
first load it. This is address 32,642 in a
64K system. You can use the default
start, end, and transfer addresses re-
corded along with machine-language
routines on tape, or specify your own.
Even if a machine-language program
seems to fit in the space below VDOS,
be cauttous. Some routines need stack
space that interferes with VDOS's
pointers, located just above user RAM.
1 ran into this situation with my relocat-
ed version of Master Control, as I'D
describe later.
Once you actually get a collection of
programs into VDOS, it's a simple mat-
ter to pull them out into Page zero (the
user-accessible part of RAM) and run
them. You merely get into VDOS,
choose the Load a Basic Program or
Load a Binary File option, and specify a
file name.
Then exit to Basic (even for machine-
language programs) and Run or EXEC
as appropriate. When you're through
with one program, end it and return to
VDOS to select another.
In general, it's unnecessary to clear
Page zero between programs. I feel un-
comfortable using VDOS with pro-
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80 Micro, November 1983 • 37
THE COLOR KEY
grams that disable the break key, since
at best that leaves only the reset button
to return control of the computer to me
for further work. Although VDOS
seems to survive a reset, I prefer less
drastic methods for regaining con-
trol — especially since reset doesn't work
with some routines.
Programs with automata k>aders that
seize control of the computer aren't
good candidates for use with VDOS. It
might be possible to load such beasts
with offsets so they don't take over, and
then get them into the VDOS area, but
this can be touchy.
I've found VDOS to be most useful
when loaded with a few of the more
tractable utilities or games. However,
that might reflect the complacency of
someone who already has a couple of
floppy drives and uses programs that re-
quire all 64K of RAM.
If you have a favorite bunch of rou-
tines to use with VDOS, you probably
won't want to load them one at a time
very often— say more than once. A
VDOS utility called VDUMP takes care
of that.
It lets you dump everything in your
virtual disk onto a single tape file, and
reload the same way. Dr. Preble sells
VDUMP for $14.95.
You load VDUMP after everything is
in the VDOS area. !t has only two op-
tions: Dump and Load. To store your
virtual disk, cue up a blank tape and
press the D key. The tape records only
the portion of RAM actually used for
VDOS files.
When you want to rctoad for a new
session, load VDOS, k>ad and execute
VDUMP, put the file tape in the record-
er, and hit the L key. VDUMP destroys
itself afterwards and returns you to the
BasK command nxxie so you can enter
VDOS.
A hitch to all of this came up during
my experiments with Master Control.
That utility was written for a 16K
machine, with start and finish addresses
of I5I04 and 16380. Standard practice
with 32K of available RAM is to load
Master Control with a 16,000-byte off-
set, putting it between 31 104 and 32380.
Those were the addresses I specified
when I loaded it into VDOS, and every-
thing seemed OK. Master Control
worked, and the VDOS directory listed
the offset addresses as it should. In
partKular, no conflict appeared with
VDOS's lower limit of 32643.
A problem developed with VDUMP,
38 • fiO Micro, Novembw 1963
though. When I tried to dump the
VDOS area to tape, the recorder never
stopped. Larry Preble suggested that
interference was affecting some of the
VDOS pointers (like the one that de-
fmes the top of the virtual disk).
He was probably right. Everything
"The general idea
of virtual disk storage
is a good one,
and it might make life
quite a bit easier. . . "
worked well when I later loaded Master
Control with 8K of offset to leave plen-
ty of room at the top.
The moral here is that you might
have to experiment a little with your fa-
vorite programs to sec what works. The
general idea of virtual disk storage is a
good one, and it might make life quite a
bit easier for cassette system users.
MDISK
MDISK 1.1 (Skyline Marketing
Corp., 4510 W. Irving Park Road,
Chicago, IL 60641) provides an in-
teresting contrast with VDOS. VDOS
works with any memory size from 16K
up, but MDISK is intended for use with
64K Color Computers alone. It only
stores 15 files, too, while VDOS ap-
parently handles as many as fit into
available memory.
On the other hand, you can readily
interface MDISK to Bask so one pro-
gram can call another from the virtual
disk area. It automatically executes pro-
grams called up in this way, too, al-
thou^ this function has a small bug.
MDISK also features a built-in RAM
test routine to ensure that Page 1 is
functional. The program is available on
tape for S27.95, and on disk for $29.95.
The disk version of MDISK consists
of a sin^ two-granule file. Before
loading it, you must reserve space at the
top of the Page zero RAM with a
CLEAR 200, &H77FF command; the
program issues a warning if you've set
aade insuffjcienl space.
Despite their great differences,
MDISK and VDOS actually work simi-
larly. Both have a single command
menu plus a file directory display, and
both have commands for saving, rc-
kjading, and killing Basic or machine-
language files.
MDISK's default storage area is
somewhat the larger of the two: just
over 32. 5K at startup. A couple of
prompts on the main menu inform the
user of the number of files stored and
the remaining virtual disk space.
MDISK commands consist of a single
letter, sometimes followed by user re-
sponses to screen prompts: D brings up
the directory of stored files, E exits to
Basic command mode, S saves a file
from Page to Page 1, and so on.
The cycle for loading the virtual disk
area is similar to that of VDOS, except
the method of reentering the utility
itself. MDISK requires an EXEC <x>m-
mand; if you've loaded a machine-lan-
guage program into Page zero in prep-
aration for aorage, you must use
EXEC &H7800 to ensure that you ex-
ecute fvlDISK rather than the other
program.
Since you have only one command to
save a file and one to reload it into user
RAM, MDISK queries you about the
nature^Basic or machine-language —
of any program you want saved or load-
ed. If you work with a machine-lan-
guage file, you have to specify the start,
finish, and transfer addresses as four-
digit hexadecimal (hex) numbers.
After stuffmg a half-dozen or so utili-
ties into Page 1, I notked a significant
deftciency in MDISK: It doesn't have a
way to save the virtual storage area to
tape or disk. That's a flaw in VDOS
too, but Preble's program has VDUMP
to help out.
I hope that MDISK author Hal Sny-
der or someone else will remedy the situ-
ation in a hurry. A dump-to-magnetic-
medium routine should be an integral
part of any virtual disk package.
To invoke a saved program from
MDISK's manual mode, you must
download it to Page zero with the
L(oad) command and then issue a R(un
Basic) or a G(o to machine language).
An alternative is to call MDISK and
perform the download from within a Ba-
sk program. The key is to use another
MDISK entry point, &H7803. This sup-
presses the usual menus and prompts,
and kts the program accept commands
from a Basic string.
Load MDISK in the usual way, stor-
ing whatever you want in the virtual
disk buffer. Then load and run the Ba-
sk program that will eventually call
something from storage.
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80 Micror November 1983 • 39
THECOLORKEY
This program should define the entry
point with DEFUSRO = &H7803, and
should execute the call with X$ = USRO
("..."). The argument of that USR
function is a string that mimics the
MDISK commands you'd normally is-
sue in manual mode.
To check this out, I loaded MDISK's
storage area with a game called Joust. 1
then typed the calling program into
Page zero:
10 DEFUSRO = &H7803
20 CLS: PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO PLAY."
30 I$ = INKEY$: IF « = "" THEN 30
40 X$ = USRO("L JOUST. B R")
The entries between quotation marks
in the USR argument are, respectively,
the Load a Program to Page zero com-
mand, the program's name (the period
is an optional MDISK delimiter), the
BasK identifier, and the MDISK com-
mand to run any Basic program in Page
zero.
Pressing any key should have re-
placed my little program's message with
the opening of Joust. It didn't work
that way. Instead of the game, I got
MDISK's menu, a signal that 1 had
reached the end of my command string
while MDISK was still executing —
downloading the Joust file. I had to hit
the R key again to run the game.
"OK," I thought, "Joust is a 4-gran
file, and maybe it takes a little too long
to transfer something that size. I'll try it
with a smaller routine in virtual disk."
No luck. I couldn't get automatk
downloading and execution for any file
down to a few dozen bytes in length.
Terry Haas at Skyline Marketing assured
me that this feature worked perfectly in
earlier versions of MDISK intended for
smaller-RAM Color Computers.
It turns out that the INKEYS func-
tion messed up the timing. Automatic
downloading and execution worked
perfectly well when I did away with
keyboard scanning, like this:
10 DEFUSRO = JH7803
20 CLS
30 PRINT "HERE WE GO..."
40 FOR T= 1 TO 500: NEXT
50 X$ = USRO("L JOUST. B R")
Actually, the sample program in the
MDISK documentation uses this sort
of syntax. People writing their own ap-
plications programs ought to be aware
of the bug, though. Keyboard scanning
40 • m Micro. Nowmbw 1983
routines should probably branch to a
short timing loop to get things into
sync for a file transfer.
It's also possible to have a Basic pro-
gram reserve memory, load MDISK,
and upload a file to Page 1. The in-
struction leaflet shows how to do this
for a machine-language utililty, and I
found I could upload the calUng pro-
gram itself:
10 CLEAR 200, &H77FF
20 LOADM "MDISK"
30 DEFUSRO = &H7803
40 X$ = USR0("STESTPRO. BE")
50 CLS
60 PRINT "I JUST UPLOADED MYSELF!"
70 GOTO 70
The final E command that normally
causes an exit to Basic also returns con-
trol to the calling program when you're
in the automatic mode. I don't have any
idea why you'd want to have such a pro-
gram save itself to the virtual disk area.
This exercise shows that MDISK can in-
deed store Basic routines in this way.
Both VDOS and MDISK are rather
interesting programs, especially for
those who intend to stay with cassette
storage. My feeling is that some sort of
cross-bred virtual disk would be even
better: a VDOS with automatic execu-
tion capability, perhaps, or an MDISK
with VDUMP on the side.
Going for the GoM
In the June edition of The Color Key
(p. 32), I mentioned that I was looking
for gold-plated connectors for my Col-
or Computer's disk controller. Oxida-
tion of the base metal contacts on the
controller's printed circuit board is a
major cause of CoCo disk drive mal-
functions; mine usually act up after I've
finished pwlishing a long piece of text.
Out of the west rides the U.S. Caval-
ry in the person of Ed Pruett of the
E.A.P. Company (P.O. Box 14, Keller,
TX 76248). Ed manufactures the Gold
Plug 80 series of add-on connectors that
solve many a Model I problem, and his
new product line should be a hit with
any CoCo disk operator capable of a lit-
tle soldering.
Items in the E.A.P. lineup include 34-
and 40-pin male fittings for either end
of the disk controller and for the drives
themselves^ female connectors for the
CoCo's main circuit board, and two-
drive and four-drive cables with gold-
plated connectors of their own.
Since the controller to computer con-
nection is the weak link in my system, I
opted for installing only the 40-pin
adapter on my controller board.
It's not an especially difficult job, but
it's a bit tedious. You remove the disk
controller from its case, insert the card-
edge connector into the open tabs on the
rear of the Gold Plug, align one circuit
trace to a tab, and solder away.
The tricks are avoiding solder bridges
between tabs and applying enough heat
to do the job without lifting the traces
from the printed circuit board. If
you've never worked with a fine-tip sol-
dering iron and a PC board, you might
practice on something like a Radio
Shack Experimenter's Board before
attacking your computer.
One additional complication is asso-
ciated with the 40-pin connector. As the
instruction sheet explains, four ground-
ing tabs are on the controller board: one
on either surface of the board and on ei-
ther end of the connector.
These make contact with ground con-
nections inside the computer's cartridge
slot. E.A.P. furnishes four separate ex-
tensions (base metal — not gold) that
you have to solder to these tabs, if you
are to keep radio frequency interference
to a minimum.
This can be tricky, since you have to
align the extensions with both the PC
board connections and the Gold Plug it-
self; the extensions must protrude no
more than Vi inch from the board's
edge if everything is to make contact
when you reconnect the disk controller
to the computer.
It's not an impossible task, though,
and the increased reliability of my sys-
tem makes it all worthwhile. I don't get
those maddening I/O ERROR indica-
tions any more.
Gold Plugs are available individually
or in combination packages, at prices
from $9.95 to $19.95. Get in touch with
E.A.P. for the details.
Incidentally, E.A.P. has a very civi-
lized policy: If you buy connectors then
get cold feet when the soldering job con-
fronts you, you can return the undam-
aged hardware for a refund. I guess Ed
understands that some computer users
didn't come up through the ham radio
ranks. ■
Scott Norman y/ekomes reader re-
sponse to The Color Key. Write c/o 80
Micro, 80 Pine St.. Peterborough, NH
03458.
pboSoctJ
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Drive a Hard Bargain
TM
s
We have rewritten the book on Hard Drives. Our hard drives are the fastest, the
most versatile (Newdos* Dosplus," and Ldos'^drivers), the most adaptable, (runs
on the Model I, Model III and Model IV using the same adapter), but, we must
admit, it is the lowest (in cost that is) starting at $995.95 for a 5 meg.
(formatted) primary and $695.00 for a secondary system. All systems come
complete with power supply, case, cables and Instapatch™ software drivers for
fast-trouble-free installation and operation. Nothing else to buy!
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Specifications:
Se{fTest • Automatic Diagnostics Error Correction -ECC
Access Time Track-to-Track 3 ms Average Access Time 72ms Daisy Chain up to 40 Megabytes
Warranty — ONE FULL YEAR. Call for more details
TOLL FREE ORDERING GENERAL AND TECHNICAL
1-800-343-8841 1-617-872-9090
Dealer inquiries invited.
SOFTWARE SUPPORT, INC.
s
One Edgell Road, Framingham, MA 01701
Hours: Mon. thru Fn. 9;30 am to 5:30 pm (E.S.T.)
(617)872-9090
Sal. 10 am to 4:30 pm
TERMS:
M.C/Vist/Amex tnd personal
check* accepud ic no extra charge
COD. please add $3.00
Shipping: Please call for amount.
Nol responsible for typographical errors
Canada
MICRO RG.S. INC.
751, CARRE VICTORIA. SUITE 405
MONTREAL QUEBEC. CANADA H2V 2J3
Regular Tel. (51 4) 845-1 534
Canadian Toll Free 800-361 -51 55
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0)
sBAiua >isia S3Aitia >isia sbmhq xsia sbaiuq >4Sia SBAido xsia SBAido xsio SBAido xsio sbaiuq xsia
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B "MlcfMysttmt Software I
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® Copynghl 1983
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42 • 80 Micro, November 1983
DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES DISK DRIVES
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Super Sale on New Disk Drives
Starting at $199.95 complete
with Power Supply and Case!!
Tandon — Siemens — Remex — MPI — Teac — Shugart — Tabor
All of Our Drives are Capable of Single AND Double Density Operation!
RADIO SHACK — HEATH/ZENITH — APPLE/FRANKLIN*
IBM/PC-TEXAS INSTRUMENTS''& MOST OTHER COMPUTERS
Drive a Hard Bargain!!"
5 M.B. - 1 2 M.S. with Power Supply Case, Cables & Software
Complete Systems from $999.95
Dual sided 40 TK or 80 TK drives with Power Supply and Case— Call Toll Free
Diskette Breakthrough — 10 Pack in Library Case — $18,95
TOLL FREE ORDERING GENERAL AND TECHNICAL
1-800-343-8841 1-617-872-9090
Model l/lll/IV Drives (0 12 3) Mtmrtingmt SI 75.00
Color Computer Drive (1 2 3) SCall Toll free
Apple/Franklin Compatible Add-On Drives with Case & Cables. $21 9.95
Apple/Franklin Compatible Drives with Controller S259.95
Model I/I ll/IV Memory Upgrade CallTofl-Free
Printers — Daisywheel/Dot Matrix SCalf Toll Free
Diskettes in Library Cases $1 8.95
Casesand Power Supplies — (Single-Dual-1/2 Height) starting at $49.95
Printer Buffers 8Kto512K sianmgai $ 1 43.95
Percom Double Density Controller (Model 1) SCall Toll Free
Holmes Model I/Ill Speed-up Mod-VID/80 »«rtMp .($90.00
Gold Fingered Edge Card Extenders jf«rtms«!$1 3.00
Cables — Printer/Disk Drive »«rf/nB«f S25.00
DOSPLUS SSoecial Prices
RepairServicesNowOftered — fasrTurn-a-RoL/nd SCall Tolf-Free
Warranty on Disk Drives — 6 Months — Extended Warranty $ Call Toll Free
SOFTWARE SUPPORT, INC.
^32'
One Edgell Road. Framingham. MA 01701
Houre: Mon. thru Fri. 9:30 am to 5:30 pm (EST.)
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(617)872-9090
Sal. 10:00 am to 4:30 pm
1 Domimr Inquirims InvitBd.
fc"TERMS: MirRn B f5 Q IMP ' -TANDY COflPOflATION _
I M^C/Visa/Amex ana parsonal 78v'?I?r1^.c?or',X-9U,TE*05 I :J??:;Vo*m*puVeVI£'«P ^
Q Checks accepted at no extra charge MONTREAL QUEBEC, CANADA. H2Y 2J3 4 'frankun COMPUTER iNC CO
^ C.0.0 please add S3.00. ReOUlar Tel. (51 4) B45-1 534 5 "'BM CORPORATION □
t/jShlpping: Please call for amount. /*--Jji--t*»ii b\*-. ftrtft.'»«4 «< «■ 6 -texas instruments ^
5 Not responsible for typographical errors | Can«dlarTToll Fr— 800-361 -51 55 | . Cooyr.gh, 1983 ^
s3Aida xsia S3Aiaa msiq saAiua ys\Q sbaiuq ><sia saAido >isia saAiua ><sia saAiua ><sia sbaihq ><sia
^ Sm U»i ol Aumtlmft on P99f 307
BO Micro, November 1983 • 43
REVIEWS
edited by Lynne M. Nadeau
%
:■■■■.■'. ii^nVf yiLiii^' yt.id3 '■■'xit ■.'■jci
^
'^WM^SM:^
• •••
Gridstar
GridSoft Inc.
7777 Keele St., Unit 8
Concord, Ontario L4K 1Y7
Canada
Models I and m
48K, one disk drive
$195
by Avery Jenkins
Cleats thudding on turf. Linemen's
grunts as they force open a hole.
The thrill of victory ... the agony of
defeat.
Sportswriters would have you believe
that those are the reasons football is
America's fall passion. Actually, the at-
traction is much more elemental: mon-
ey. Football is a gamble on which any
sentient human can at least break even.
It is for the weekend warriors of the
bookmaker's line that GridSoft intro-
duced Gridstar — a convenient, fairly ac-
curate, and versatile football data base
and betting analysis program.
The data base contains the outcomes
of a 10-year span of games, from 1973
to 1983. Information stored on the data
base includes home and away team des-
ignations, the score, and the betting line
for each game. The date and the day
and week in the season are also included
in the 16-byte record for each game.
Each logical record contains infor-
mation for 16 games, and is accessible
either by record number or by a week/
year specification. A two-letter abbrevi-
ation specifies teams: AT for the Atlan-
44 • SO Micro, November 1983
ta Falcons or NE for the New England
Patriots.
Included in the package is a data-base
manager that lets you update, scan, or
search throu^ the data. The search fimc-
tion is unusually complete — it lets you
specify 20 search parameters and displays
all games that meet your criteria.
That's a tot of information to have
on hand if you're used to basing your
strategy on what you can remember of
last year's season and naked intuition.
To get the feel of what's in the data
base, I began by scanning it 10 games at
a time. The games flash by quickly un-
less you stop the display by hitting any
key. Don't expect it to be easy to read
until you know the format.
To add records, specify the last rec-
ord number plus one for the edit mode,
and add the new information. After
completing your update, you have to
manually call for an index update. The
system is a trifle crude, but it gets the
job done.
Putting It Together
Trying to make all this information
coherent is a little like balancing your
checkbook for the first time in 10 years.
Unless you're looking for data on a spe-
cific game (never a bad route to a free
beer or two) or refreshing your mem-
ory, the data base is useless without
some analysis. Programs that do this
form the second part of Gridstar.
Using a limited amount of informa-
tion for each game, Gridstar's develop-
ers came up with a multifaceted betting
strategy. They include all the angles that
performed better than 60 percent over
Review Contents
Gridstar 44
PC-4 45
Softcomm Smart Terminal . . .48
Games at a Glance 50
The Banner Machine 54
Electronically Speaking 57
LDOSUtiUties 61
Quill 68
Radio Shack DMP-2100 69
Speed-UpKit2.X 72
What Do You Do After
YouPlugltIn? 76
The Benchmark 77
Fingerprint 82
Guide to Micro Books 84
Draw/Kwikdraw 86
Review Digest 89
Our reviewers use a five-star rating system.
One star represents the low end of this spectrum,
while five stars represent the spectacular and high
end of the spectrum.
10 years with no low seasons, and that
had some sort of logical backing.
The simplest of these is the point
spread analysis. Granted, the results are
often a matter of common sense — large
home underdogs are frequently a good
play, as are home-team bets on an even
game.
But the analysis points out that the
half-point can make a difference, some-
thing I haven't previously counted on.
The only season where this strategy pro-
duced less than a 60 percent suo^ss was
1982, and that's a forgivable error.
The second analysis is a study in
Monday Night Football. Again, this
technique relies on some common
sense: The home team is a good bet on
Mondays, given the special event feeling
these games have.
However, the Gridstar system doesn't
include the "week-after" syndrome, a
long-time favorite. Statistically, Grid-
Soft says, the theory that teams perform
poorly the week after a Monday night
game is not bom out. Caveat bettor.
Perh^js the strongest ^proach Grid-
REVIEWS
star uses is a power rating system that
you can then use to create a line more
accurate than the betting line. Power
rating is based on previous perfor-
mance, and is a recursive function tak-
ing into account the opponent's chang-
ing power rating.
Unfortunately, the system doesn't
come into its own until late in the sea-
son. Also, unlike the betting line, it
doesn't take injuries into account. Your
compensation spears in a linear regres-
sion that the program performs on the
10 years of information in the data
base, which it also incorporates into the
results.
Time Out
AH this analysis takes a long time —
about an hour — but is a sight better
than trying to work it out in your he^.
A quicker ^proach is the head-
to-head analysis, which relies on only
the previous three years of games be-
tween any two teams.
The program calculates a short-form
power rating from this information,
weighted according to the game loca-
tion and the previous number of games
played.
The combination of these methods
makes the Gridstar analysis a fairly po-
tent system. Like all systems, it has pit-
falls resulting from season events — in-
juries, weather, and so on — that it can't
take into account. And although the
manual doesn't mention it, the data-
base search procedure provides a good
way to get information for a manual or
more intuitive analysis.
One way might be to write your own
analysis program that uses the data
base. The documentation provides all
the technical details you'd need to inter-
face your own program with the data.
Then, by testing the results for success
over the 10-year span, you could refme
both your personal techniques and your
use of the Gridstar system analysis.
I wouldn't rely solely on Gridstar to
determine my betting strategy for me.
The system does allow for season bud-
geting, most useful if Gridstar plays a
large part in your strategy. Without it,
you'd send up a lot of trial balloons be-
fore finding a profitable level.
But if you combine this software with
some soimd judgment and you're willing
to go against the calculations for devi-
ant circumstances, you could make next
season pretty profitable. ■
^ SeeUslot Advertisars on Page 307
• *••
Pocket Computer Model PC-4
Tandy/Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
$69.95
by David Goodwin
The Radio Shack PC-4 is an ultra-
compact , expandable computer
that's perfect for someone who wants
computer power to go. It's less expen-
sive and more powerful than a pro-
grammable calculator and it supports
Basic, not some unique mnemonic lan-
guage.
The PC-4 has 544 program steps and
26 variable memories (see Table 1). You
can expand the memory to 1,568 steps
with the optional IK memory pack.
You can partition the program steps
into variable memories at the ratio of
8-to-l, and set up your own memory
space. Powered with a two-year battery
for long life, the PC-4 retains all pro-
grams and variables when you turn
it off.
An optional battery-powered cassette
tape interface is available for $39.95, as
well as a printer attachment for pro-
gram listings ($79.95).
The PC-4 uses a 12-character liquid
crystal display (LCD) that acts as a win-
dow on a line that can be up to 62 char-
acters long. The full set of keys is closely
spaced and unsuitable for touch typ-
ing — not a serious problem on this type
of machine.
The keyboard supports both upper-
and lowercase letters, and single-key en-
try of common Basic keywords. The
PC-4 also has a set of graphics and spe-
cial characters.
The PC-4 uses a derivative subset of
standard Basic. The list of commands
(see Table 2) is quite complete.
The only complaint I have is the in-
clusion of the CSR option in Print state-
ments. The ROM space this command
occupies could provide more common
commands such as ASC, STR, and so
on. I haven't found any use for a dis-
play positioning command on a 12-
character display.
Another small handicap is that the
length of string variables is limited to
seven characters. The special siring vari-
able $ stores one string of up to 30 char-
acters. I think two sp>ecial string vari-
ables would have been a better idea.
PC-4 Basic has all the usual functions
of Basic and some that are more com-
mon to a scientific calculator. Table 3
lists the available functions. It has flow-
ing point arithmetic with 12-digit pre-
cision.
The PC-4 supports array variables,
although not in the usual manner. Ar-
rays use up memories in order, so that
A(l) is memory A, A(2) is memory B,
and so on. The PC-4 supports only sin-
gle-dimension arrays.
PC-4 Basic isn't elegant, but it gets
the job done anywhere you might hap-
pen to be.
Keyboard: Chiclet type, 53-key, multi- function, single stroke
keyword entry.
Display: One line, 12-character LCD with horizontal scrolling
and predefined graphics.
Menwry: 544 steps, optionally expandable to 1,568 steps maxi-
mum. 26 variables standard, expandable to 94 or
222 with expanded memory.
Precision: tO digit mantissa, or ei^t digit mantissa with two
digit exponent, on display. 12 digit internal calcula-
tion.
Nesting: Eight levels of subroutines. Four levels of
For.. .Next loops.
Power: Two Lithium batteries, approximately 360 hoiu^ of
continuous use.
Size: 3/8 inch high by 6 1/2 inches wide by 2 3/4 inches
deep. 4.1 ounces with batteries.
Expansion: Optional IK RAM module. Optional cassette inter-
face. Optional thermal printer.
Table I. PC-4 specifxatums.
80 Micro, November 1983 • 46
REVIEWS
star uses is a power rating system that
you can then use to create a line more
accurate than the betting line. Power
rating is based on previous perfor-
mance, and is a recursive function tak-
ing into account the opponent's chang-
ing power rating.
Unfortunately, the system doesn't
come into its own until late in the sea-
son. Also, unlike the betting line, it
doesn't take injuries into account. Your
compensation appears in a linear regres-
sion that the program performs on the
10 years of information in the data
base, which it also incorporates into the
results.
Time Out
All this analysis takes a long time —
about an hour — but is a sight better
than trying to work it out in your head.
A quicker ^proach is the head-
to-head analysis, which relies on only
the previous three years of games be-
tween any two teams.
The program calculates a short-form
power rating from this information,
weighted according to the game loca-
tion and the previous number of games
played.
The combination of these methods
makes the Gridstar analysis a fairly po-
tent system. Like all systems, it has pit-
falls resulting from season events — in-
juries, weather, and so on — that it can't
take into account. And although the
manual doesn't mention it, the data-
base search procedure provides a good
way to get information for a manual or
more intuitive analysis.
One way might be to write your own
analysis program that uses the data
base. The documentation provides all
the technical details you'd need to inter-
face your own program with the data.
Then, by testing the results for success
over the 10-year span, you could refine
both your personal techniques and your
use of the Gridstar system analysis.
I wouldn't rely solely on Gridstar to
determine my betting strategy for me.
The system does allow for season bud-
geting, most useful if Gridstar plays a
large part in your strategy. Without it,
you'd send up a lot of trial balloons be-
fore finding a profitable level.
But if you combine this software with
some soxmd judgment and you're willing
to go against the calculations for devi-
ant circumstances, you could make next
season pretty profitable. ■
^ See List ot Advenisers on Page 307
• •••
Pocket Computer Model PC4
Tandy/Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
$69.95
by David Goodwin
The Radio Shack PC-4 is an ultra-
compact, ejq^andable computer
that's perfect for someone who wants
computer power to go. It's less expen-
sive and more powerful than a pro-
grammable calculator and it supports
Basic, not some unique mnemonic lan-
guage.
The PC-4 has 544 program steps and
26 variable memories {see Table 1). You
can expand the memory to 1,568 steps
with the optional IK memory pack.
You can partition the program steps
into variable memories at the ratio of
8-to-l, and set up your own memory
space. Powered with a two-year battery
for long life, the PC-4 retains all pro-
grams and variables when you turn
it off.
An optional battery-powered cassette
tape interface is available for $39.95, as
well as a printer attachment for pro-
gram listings ($79.95).
The PC-4 uses a 12-character liquid
crystal display (LCD) that acts as a win-
dow on a line that can be up to 62 char-
acters long. The full set of keys is closely
spaced and unsuitable for touch typ-
ing — not a serious problem on this type
of machine.
The keyboard supports both upper-
and lowercase letters, and single-key en-
try of common Basic keywords. The
PC-4 also has a set of graphics and spe-
cial characters.
The PC-4 uses a derivative subset of
standard Basic. The list of commands
(see Table 2) is quite complete.
The only complaint I have is the in-
clusion of the CSR option in Print state-
ments. The ROM space this command
occupies could provide more common
commands such as ASC, STR, and so
on. I haven't found any use for a dis-
play positioning command on a 12-
character display.
Another small handicap is that the
length of string variables is limited to
seven characters. The special string vari-
able $ stores one string of up to 30 char-
acters. I think two sf>ecial string vari-
ables would have been a better idea.
PC-4 Basic has all the usual funcrions
of Basic and some that are more com-
mon to a scientific calculator. Table 3
lists the available functions. It has float-
ing point arithmetic with 12-digit pre-
cision.
The PC-4 supports array variables,
although not in the usual manner. Ar-
rays use up memories in order, so that
A(l) is memory A, A(2) is memory B,
and so on. The PC-4 supports only sin-
gle-dimension arrays.
PC-4 Basic isn't elegant, but it gets
the job done anywhere you might hap-
pen to be.
Keyboard: Chiclet type, 53-key, multi-function, single stroke
keyword entry.
Display: One line, 12-character LCD with horizontal scrolling
and predefined graphics.
Memory: 544 steps, optionally expandable to 1,568 steps maxi-
mum. 26 variables standard, expandable to 94 or
222 with expanded memory.
Predsion: 10 digit mantissa, or ei^t digit mantissa with two
digit exponent, on display. 12 digit internal calcula-
tion.
Nesting: Eight levels of subroutines. Four levels of
For. , .Next loops.
Power: Two Lithium batteries, approximately 360 houn of
continuous use.
Size: 3/8 inch high by 6 1/2 inches wide by 2 3/4 inches
deep. 4.1 ounces with batteries.
Expansion: Optional IK RAM module. Optional cassette inter-
face. Optional thermal printer.
T(Ale 1. PC-4 specifications.
80 Micro, November 1983 • 45
Tired of swapping Disks from Inventory to Accounts Receivable
to Accounts Payable etc.? Now, one system does it all.
Introducing
The M.B.S.
Business Management System
At last a completely Integrated, Menu driven System for:
INVOICING
Opens Customer Files
Opens A/R Accounts
Updotes Inventory
Stores Moil List Files
Stores Soles Records
Computes Soles Tax
CUSTOMER FILES
Maintains Order Status
Prints tobels
Prints Customer Balances
Stores Order Amounts
Stores Order Payments
MAIL LABELS
Stores by Variable File Nomes
Sorts by Zip Code
Sorts by Name
INVENTORY
Sets Upper and Lower Limits
Generates Purchase Orders
Lists Inventory by Vendor
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Open A/R Accounts
Generates Monthly Statements
Interest and Non-Interest Accounts
Listing of Accounts Balances
Manually Enter Charges and Payments
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Enter Charges to Accounts
Enter Payments to Accounts
List Payable Balances
CHECK WRITING
Print or Record Checks
Maintains Bank Balance
Records Deposits
Credit Accounts Payable
Stores Expense Totals
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Prints Soles Reports
Prints Operating Statements
Prints Receipts Reports
Modifies Expense and Soles Totals
Yej, now there is Q complete business system for the small business man. With ou-r Business Management System, you con increase soles with our mail label function.
Complete your Schedule C in os little ai 15 minutes. Know what your business is doing, and maintain other important business functions.
This easy to use system comes complete with instruction manual, and diskette on Dosplus mini TDOS operating system with extended Basic, ond one yeor support. All
programs ore in Basic, and require two disk drives ond 48K RAM. It you hove wolfed for the right business software for your business, your wait is over. Our current
users love our system and you wilt too.
Special Introductory Price $249.95
Specify Model I, Model III or LNW
Dealer Inquiries Invited
PRINTERS
Prowriter $ 389
Prowrifer 2 S 689
Starwriter FIO SI279
Okidata 82A $ 429
Okidato 83A $ 689
Okidato 92 $ 539
Okidato 93 S 939
MODEMS
Hayes Smortmodem $ 219
Hayes 300/1200 $ 539
Hardware and Software
LN.W.
LNW80 II $1595
LNDoubler */b S 199
System Expansion S 339
MONITORS
Amdek 300 Green $ U9
Amdek 300 Amber S 159
Amdek Color I $ 359
Amdek Color II S 719
BMC Green S 89
Toxon RGB I S 319
Taxan RGB II $ 549
Toxan RGB III $ 619
SOFTWARE
DOSPLUS 3.5 $ 129
DOSPLUS IV S 129
MTERM $ 69
TRSDOS 6.0Enhanc 1 $ 27
TRSDOS 6.0Enhanc 2 S 27
TRSDOS 6.0 Both S 45
Newscript 7. 1 S 109
Newscript w/labets $ 119
Trashmon S 35
Faster $ 27
RPM $ 22
Tollymoster $ 69
(TIBS
9
(0
'<-ss s-<^
v" See Ust oi AOMfHsers on Page 307
Microcomputer Business Systems
14030 South Springfield Road
Brandywine, Maryland 20613
l-«00-638-1857
in Maryland 1 (301) 372-8555 — Washington, D.C. Local Call
80 Micro, November 1983 • 47
SOFTWARE
for INVESTORS
1 STOCK MARKET ADVISOR
,^ SYSTEM — SMAS 2.0
SMAS employs both fundamental and
advanced technical analysis. Its refined
procedures that correlate three moving
averages and other factors have been
validated by applications to both stocks
and portfolios.
• Sophisticated procedures yield weekly
appraisals of market trend and adviso-
ries (with action price ranges) to buy, to
sell, to hold, and not to buy specific
stocks.
• Data base includes 196 stocks, A/D file,
and 4 indexes.
• Data base stocks were selected on
fundamentals.
• You can use SMAS' results the very first
week.
• Metropolitan papers print data required
by SMAS.
• SMAS is menu driven, with both built-in
checks for accuracy and efficient utility
routines.
• SMAS is especially valuable to inves-
tors seeking long-term capital gains.
Minimizes emotional involvement.
• SMAS works with Nebula and printer;
with TRSDOS, LOOS. NEWDOS/80, &
DOSPLUS on TRS-80 (TM Tandy Corp.)
Models I and III (48K). SMAS version
2.0 only $169.95 + $3.00 for shipping.*
* NEBULA STOCK
'^ DATA RETRIEVAL
Nebula (Model 1, 48K, one drive, 300
baud modem, RS232, optional printer,
TRSDOS 2.3 or LDOS 5.0) retrieves
stock, bond, option, and T-Bill prices from
Dow Jones Service. Stores symbols in
data statements and returned prices &
volumes on disk in data file. Automatically
disconnects. Does not need a terminal
program. Dates & times are logged for
reconciling service bill. Available either
for independent operation ($52.00 +
$3.00 shipping) or for use with SMAS
(Special 1983 combination offer: Only
$199.95 + $6.00 shipping for SMAS 2.6
and Nebula together).'
r ANDROMEDA STOCK
.^ TRADER & CALCULATOR
Andromeda records transactions, includ-
ing purchase/sale prices & dates, divi-
dends, total cost & net realization. An-
dromeda does not use special com-
mands. Learning time is nil. When posi-
tions are closed, it posts transactions to
the sales file. Reports include Active
Security and Security Sales Summaries,
Portfolio Summary, and a summary table
(either 80 or 132 col.) for use with IRS
Schedule D. Requires TRS-80 Model I,
48K, one drive with TRSDOS 2.3 or
LDOS 5.0. Andromeda is regularly only
$51.95 plus $3-00 shipping,
SAVE — Special Introductory Price
through Dec. 31. 1983: Andromeda only
$32.50 + $3.00 shipping.'
'Refnittance by VISA. MASTERCARD, cashier's check,
or M.O. brings prompt shipment. Shipment is made
after personal checks dear (atxxit 3 weeks). Software
IS sent insured
SPIRA
-92
NTERPRISES
REVIEWS
Pttone your order rtow: («17) 441-«Mn
RO. Box 5219, Fort Worth, TX 761<M
308 Crown Row], WIHow ParK TX 760M
ii
charger. You can't charge while the
printer is connected to the PC-4.
The printer drains the computer's
battery if it's left connected for an ex-
tended period. It must use the power
from the PC-4 to determine that the
computer is connected, since it won't
print if it's unconnected, or if the com-
puter is off.
A paper feed key manually advances
the paper. The printer uses paper made
by Casio for their CP-10 Card Printer
calculator.
You can use the printer for listings or
calculation results. Switch it on and off
with the PC-4 mode key. Mode 7 is
Print On; Mode 8 is Print Off. You can
also use these mode changes vrithin pro-
grams for selective print control while a
program executes. You can print all the
PC-4 characters.
The only problem I have with the
printer is that it sometimes doesn't
make a good connection with the ex-
pansion port, and the system returns an
Error 9— No Printer Connected mes-
sage. A small adjustment of the printer
connector usually solves this problem. ■
SIN Sine
ASN Ajxsine
COS Cosine
ACS Arcosine
TAN Tangent
LOG Logarithm
LN Natural Log
EXP Exponential
SQR Square Rooc
SGN Sign
RAN^ Random Number Generator
RND Rounding
ABS Absolute Value
INT Integer
FRAC Remainder
Table 3. PC-4 Intrinsic Basic functions.
• •••
Soflcomin Smart Terminal
Stewart Software
P.O. Box 573
Memphis, TN 38101
Models I and m
32Kdisk
$49.95
by Mel Patrick
Softcomm 3.0 is a smart terminal
program that adds communications
capabilities to your computer system.
Smart terminal programs allow options
like saving and loading files for upload-
ing and downloading, changing RS-232
parameters, and programming buffers
for auto log-on or simple text trans-
mission.
As with all smart terminal programs,
Softcomm has a command mode and a
communications mode. The command
mode seleas one of many optional
functions, such as loading a file in prep-
aration for transfer to another system.
You enter the command mode by
pressing the clear key. You return to the
communications mcwJe when you hit the
break key or when the program com-
pletes the option you've selected. Table
4 provides an overview of the available
commands.
Using Softcomm
Any software with complex options
available has room for improvement,
and Softcomm is no exception. A situa-
tion I found particularly annoying is
when you have information stored in
the main buffer that you want to re-
view.
At present, Softcomm won't let you
view the contents of the main buffer. To
gel around this problem, I save the
buffer to disk and, since Softcomm sup-
ports DOS commands, I use List to see
the file.
Softcomm also has many advan-
tages. One is its ability to transfer bi-
nary (/CMD) files without additional
utility programs for file conversion be-
tween two systems (as long as both use
Softcomm).
Also, you can use the programmable
buffers as a phone number directory
(since you can save them, it's possible to
have multiple directories), and dial the
Hayes Smart Modem or the Radio
Shack Modem II.
You can also use the buffers to sim-
plify leaving a message on a remote bul-
letin board system. The buffers allow
255 characters (with carriage returns
where necessary) and most bulletin
boards use the message format of 16
lines with 64 characters p>er line.
It's a simple task to program the mes-
Conlinued on p. 54
48 • 80 Micro. November 1983
I
I
PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL ANALYSIS SYSTEM
THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM
— NOW AVAILABLE FOR 1983
At the controls ol lHe most sophislicaled football
analysis software, your personal computer can
make (he upcoming football season the most
exciting ever!
GRIDSTAR", the professional football analysis
system, is comprised of four main components'
* PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL DATA BASE -
File comprised of 2184 regular season games,
1973 to 1983 inclusive
• DATA BASE MANAGER
— Comprehensive utility to display, edit. 8r»d
search your Data Base
• WEEKLY HANDICAPPER
— This program handicaps a full week of games
using the GRIDSTAR'" STRATEGY
* GRIDSTAR" DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS —
All programs used to develop and test the
GRIDSTAR- STRATEGY.
Profestional Football Data Base
At your disposal, ft complete history of America's
No 1 Sport — 1 1 years of game data Each 16-
byte game record includes home and away
teams, home and away scores, the closing line,
day week and date
Data Bate Manager
To keep your Data Base current tor years to
come, full EDIT FUNCTION allows you to
change or add any game record The
sophisticated DISPLAY MODE lets you scroll up
and down through your Data Base The
extensive SEARCH FUNCTION is a serious
analytical tool. Set any combination of 20 search
parameters and invoke a search lor qualified
games Automatic won.'loss analysis can be
inslanlly displayed
Weekly Handlcapper Using Ihe GRIDSTAR'*
STRAT8GY
This IS your Sunday morning predictor program.
The program applies Ihe GRIDSTAR"
STRATEGY to each upcoming game and tells
you which teams to bet. It will indicate 5 to tO
bets each week determined by the five analysis
angles of the GRIDSTAR" STRATEGY Your
only n -■' -, - •- ■■-'■-- 'he Data Base
ciJtrf md scores each
week
The GRIDSTAR" STRATCGV
Employing advanced stalisiicai techniques, out
development team has researched numerous
methods of predicting winners against the
spread Of these, five approaches proved
effective enough lo be incorporated into the
GRIDSTAR" STRATEGY
• POWER RATING ANALYSIS
• STREAK ANALYSIS
• POINTSPREAD ANALYSIS
• HEAD-TO-HEAD ANALYSIS
• MONDAY NIGHT ANALYSIS
Each of the above approaches, taken separately,
has proven to be a consistent winner But when
combined into a comprehensive handicapping
system, Ihe GRIDSTAR" STRATEGY, the results
have been consistently spectacular, year after
year. The following table presents the
GRIDSTAR" STRATEGY s record versus the
spread over the last decade
THE GRIDSTAR"
STRATEGY
10-YEAR
PERFORMANCE
VS.
THE SPREAD
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Perlormarxe Absolutely Verifiable
All the programs used lo develop the
GRIDSTAR" STRATEGY are included in the
package. You can run these programs, verify the
results, and trace the entire developmental
process The seven strategy development
programs not only provide proof of performance,
but can form the basis for further research
Complete Oocumerttallon
The accompanying OPERATIONS MANUAL is
extensive Over 100 pages of text take you
through the Data Base layout, operation of each
program, and the fine points ot computer sports
analysis Over 30 charts and illustrations
highlight Ihe presentation.
System Requirements
TRS-eO- MOD I or MOD III. 48k, 1 Drive
IBM PC", 64k, 1 Drive
Every program in Ihe GRIDSTAR" package is in
BASIC, structured, modular, and fully
commented Easy to use, each program is user-
fnendly, menu-driven, with air tight
error-trapping
Complete Package S195.00
■ Regiwe'M Traoemark oi Tandy Corporaiion
" Reg<at«r«a Trsapmin" nt ihm coiporstion
^36B
^m^
7777 Keele Street, Unit •
Concord, Ontario, Canada
L4K 1YJ
I
I
I
I
I Address
I City
L4K 1Y7
ORDER BY MAIL or PHONE: (416) 738—1700
GrldSott Inc., 7777 Keele Street. Unit 8. Concord, Onlarlo. Canada L4K 1Y7
Yes' Rush me the complete GRIDSTAR" package at a cost ol S195 00
Please check program required: L' IBM PC" D TRS-80 MOD. I' n TRS-80 MOD. Ill'
Dealer Inquiries Invited
Name
Slate
Zip.
I Card Number
I Signature.
Expiry Date
O Ctteck Q Money Order D Visa D MasterCard
TRS-80-
WOBOS" I
■mhIo Oparatlna SyMsfn
AOeOS I ■ ■ flMTHJ irtvwi EiMnucluiw] D'a0*^^ r BASIC ini>
•cl.jii A« ■>' ■ cfv*" '» i/>iii» inr'--^ itBfi vii, 13 Ja>ili»
iism »(.-»'(.'■ i>*'j» -J." --J- ■•■•■ t,.«^i«i *oeaS ' yij.. II it«n
trm Dan ao >v <«« owkicnvay' W060S > i f-oi lo ■coik'-
lautfalao ttio.a I* "■- "-t'^i. Vfflu Hi tftoesS I to> Wodd HI
«. taoii.on ', iw "•■•i«« »ro«- ■-■• Of Vict I O aana't'** •
••tea'* «-i»^i^a "■■'". ""•' ■■» ai'." -'^ '" coTHJiia jt3a'«
iiwi ana outBui iOi» »aia "mi '' a»- .ri-tum ■ JUi', »•«' •*■
u<ra Belt! in* DlTk iiyl AOSOS I Id Taoa va u *ak
mnifi cociTeaaOia SOONOi
REVIEWS
!!S££U
oi»" ixn^ 4 1 &tf E
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II ycHj mafwo'i Ttna ad.
OH OIUUTV CAMCTTT k NWIUM.
(S03>2B0-I133
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• 35
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04^
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w ■■ - o --- ■■ "'"^
MI N Hardar Bai Dm*. P«T«r<d, OaooK a?^?
111 II
rv •• Tim llir
-*Jh
ANNOUNCING: CLEANER 80
The System That Makes
Your Cleaning Kit Worth
15 Times The Price
You Paid For It.
Cteaner 80 is a software program
deiigrwd lo giwe you your money's
worth — and more — when it comes
to cleaning the di&k drive head o1
your TRS-80 computer
With this system, you can get up to
400 cleanings out of each disk drive
head cleaning kit — instead of the 26
cleanings specified by the manufac-
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cteanings you would nomully be
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Order yours today. pie»se
specify whether you need the TRS-
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To order write:
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Copyright 1983. by J flusi*!! Jones
50 • 80 Micro. November 1983
Arex, Adventure International, A Di-
vision of Scott Adams Inc., P.O. Box
3435, Longwood, V\ WSO, Modek 1
and ill. 48K. $34.95 disk.
by Amy Campbell
Arex requires that you develop a
unique combination of skills. Al times
it teases you to be hasty, but patience
and cautious planning are the keys to
SUOX'SS.
You play the ganie on a square grid.
By moving your Arcx ship in hoii/iMi-
laj and vertical directions, you leave a
white trail that fills the screen. When
you nil 90 percent of the board, you
advance lo the next level.
It's a simple premise, but t he
game's unprediclable special features
keep it from becoming monotonous.
lor instance, at the stan of each lev-
el, various good guys (Snarfs) appear.
As you fill the screen, intercepting
these characters increases your point
value.
If Snarfs elude you too long, ihcy
turn into one of two bad guys: Snuff-
ers move in right angles across the
screen, and Diagons move diagonal-
ly. Both are deadly. To overcome
them, you must box them in by sur-
rounding them with your impenetra-
ble trail or avoid them long enough to
complete the screen and move on to
the next level.
If you remain still for too long, the
trail left by your ship begins to burn
like a fuse and can destroy you from
behind. The burnt portion of your
trail Ls deadly, but a Snarf can eat
away at it, freeing more space to ma-
neuver the Arex. Ihis feature some-
times gets you out of a real jam.
There' s one more f eat ure w it h
w hich you must contend . When
Snarfs appear on the screen and in
teract with another character, they can
metamorphose. Sometimes both char-
acter turn good; other times they
both turn bad. This adds an interest-
ing twist .
Once you understand the basics,
Arex becomes a game of filling space
and capturing enemies in the most ef-
ficient ntanner. The key to efficiency
isn't necessarily speed or caution or
luck or strategy: It's all of these. ■
Empemr. Computer Shack, 1691 Ea-
son, Poniiac, MI 48054, Models I and
III, $19.95 cassette, $24.95 disk.
by Thomas L. Quim/ry
Emperor is a Basic game of strategy'
that taxes your ability to wage war
against enemy barbarians. You are the
Emperor. Your objective is to cam-
paign for more territory, protect the
Roman Empire from the barbarians,
and keep its populace from revolting.
The Pnipirc apiK-ars semigraphical-
ly on the screen at all times. Under
each pro\ince is a list of data indicat-
ing its number of loyal Roman le-
gions, revolting legions, and invading
barbarians.
You must dc\:idc where to put your
loyal legions, keep ihem loyal by pro-
\iding foiKl and enienainnicnt, watch
your generals, and protect your grain
source (which grows in a pro\int:c
highly subject to enemy intrusion).
You raise money through ta.\ation, a
predictable cause for revolt .
Raising legions and moving them to
cmcial provinces is no simple task.
You raise all legions in Italia, ihc cen-
ter of the Roman Empire. You must
move them through adjacent provinc-
es to their destination.
You can mo\e as many legions as
you wish during eacli turn, but you
have only one move per legion. On the
other hand, you can dispatch generals
anywhere al a moment's notice.
Armies o( four or more legions
musi have a general. Otherwise, a gen-
eral is optional. Your generals all have
ratings for fighting ability and loyalty,
so each one might be a hindrance or a
help during battle.
The loyally rating should infiuence
the pow«r you give each general. If
you give the disloyal ones too many le-
gions, they might revolt. If you cam
paign with them, you can prevent
them from revolting.
This game is a sleeper. It doesn't
seem very interesting ai firsi exposure,
bul if you lake ihe lime lo learn how to
play, it can be rewarding.
It's not too user-friendly. At time>
you might need to take handwritten
notes of the actions you've taken in
order lo keep track. ■
TRS-80 MODEL 4
Word Processing Program
Works with TRSDOS 6.0
r 90K TEXT BUFFER when expanded memory is inslalleri
n Built-in FORM LETTER and MAIL-MERGE capabilities
n Performs PROPORTIONAL-SPACE right-margin |ustification on ''
over 60 different printers (all drivers included FREE).
1 Same powerful editing features as ZORLOF II, with dozens more
features added
r Versions also available to run on MODEL I, MODEL Ml. LNW-80,
PMC-8O,andMAX-80(80x24display).
LeScript costs '200 less than
competing products matching Its capabilities.
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REVIEWS
^mes^^^jioiue
Crasaders, Computer Shack, 1691
Eason, Pontiac. MI 48054, Models I
and III, $19.95 cassette, $24.95 disk.
by Thomas L. Quindry
Crusaders tests your ability to de-
fend your fortresses against an enemy
who is trying to put them under siege.
This strategy game is written in Basic.
As the crusader, you can take any
or all of four options during each turn.
You might raise or disband any of five
available caravans that transport food
from fortress to fortress.
Caravans consist of pack mules,
camels, and horses that carry specified
amounts of food. Certain costs are in-
volved in raising and maintaining the
caravans. You obtain money by the
good graces of European aid arriving
at specific internals.
Another option is to move troops.
Knights, infantry, and horses travel
along specified routes depending on
their current location. If you try to
move to a besieged fortress, you must
battle the enemy.
You can also buy food for cara-
vans, knights, infantry, and horses.
The fourth option is to build defenses.
You gain defense points by spending
money, so you must ration your avail-
able funds between the four options.
When you decide to end your turn,
the program computes resulting ac-
tions based on your decisions. Two
m^s are available that indicate loca-
tions of various fortresses. These
maps are also displayed during op-
tions to list crusader controlled lands
and enemy controlled lands.
This program is not very user-
friendly. You need an appendix, given
in the instructions, to learn certain
beginning information about each for-
tress. If you move troops or change
defenses, you must have a good mem-
ory or take notes. This information is
not updated for display.
You have to keep track of a large
number of fortresses. Information
about actions at these fortresses scrolls
by and is hard to remember.
In my opinion the game is too busy.
It's long and events occur slowly. ■
The Search for Etsotiado, Adventure
International, P.O. Box 3435, Long-
wood, FL 32750, Models I and III,
$29.95.
by Michael E. Nadeau
The Search for Elsoliado attempts
to combine arcade action with an ad-
venture theme. It succeeds, but the
game sacrifices some of the finer as-
pects of each genre in the process.
You're a disgraced space captain
who must find the fabled planet Elsol-
iado; its riches will rejuvenate a declin-
ing empire. You have a ship and 48
credits at the game's outset.
As you travel through space, you
encounter space stations, freighters,
and many types of hostile aliens. Your
screen contains four sections: The up-
mhmm
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No adult supervision required. The Picture Menu
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Match (lumbers
Count Colorful
Blocks
■ Add Stacks of
Blocks
• Subtract Stacks
of Blocks
Draw and
Save
Colorful
Pictures
Match Letters
Learn the Alphabet
• Spell their names
•Compare Shapes
nine games
for $29.95
52 • 80 Micro. November 1983
REVIEWS
per left is your view screen and the re-
maining three sections provide you
with various information.
In the adventure pan of Elsotiado,
you accumulate wealth by buying and
selling certain items in a way vaguely
reminiscent of playing the stock mar-
ket. You use your wealth to buy infor-
mation on Hlsoliado's location.
This isn't a real puzzle like you'd
ftnd in true adventures. You qukkly
learn when to buy and sell, and once
TOU can afford information, you wait
for someone who is accurate.
The arcade aspect comes into play
when you encounter aliens. You can
offer the aliens part of your cargo or
fight them. The object of the fight is to
eliminate them before their volleys de-
plete your fuel suppl>'. You fire at
aliens by using the arrow keys to align
them with the center of your view
screen and firing with your space bar.
In themselves, the battles don't sat-
isfy the criteria for a good arcade
game. They're rarely a challenge un-
lc^.s your fuel supply Is low.
The game's finish is also a dUap-
pointmcnt. Once you discover Elsoli-
ado (it took mc about 30 minutes),
you must penetrate the forces of Xylol
Rex. the planet's warlord protector,
and blow up his main reactor.
You chart a zig-zag courx similar
to many road-race games. Eventually
you come upon a # symbol that pin-
points (he reaaor.
If you shoot this, you return to open
space. A congratulatory message ap-
[lears and the program asks if you
want to play again. Not even a thanks
from the empc-ror.
On the plus side, the game is well
conceived. You can save up to 10
games in progress. The aliens differ in
toughness, and the documentation
gives a detailed description of each. In
fact, the documentation is almost as
much fun as the game.
Elsoliado is only moderately enter-
taining because of its compromise be-
tween an adventure and an arcade
game. The first time through Ls fun,
and the concept has potential.!
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Telex 206995
S« L'Sf 0* A*»^ S*^ 00 f»^ Jf /
dO Micro, November 1983 * SZ
REVIEWS
Conrmued from p. 48
sage into the buffers before you call.
This reduces your connect time, an im-
portant consideration for long-distance
calls.
A final advantage is Softcomm's
ability to reserve high memory and exe-
cute DOS commands. Even if the DOS
command returns an error, control usu-
ally returns to Softcomm with the error
message displayed in full.
Softcomm contains a patch area for
any problems that might arise, and the
manual states that the normal ROM
printer routine isn't used. The addresses
for the printer routine in Softcomm ap-
pear in the manual, along with some of
the important DOS addresses. The
manual explains where the printer driv-
er is and what the registers are doing so
you can patch in your own routine.
My confusion about this results from
the statement made in the copyright no-
tice: "The customer is expressly prohib-
ited from disassembling the supplied
software." 1 consider this statement an
oversight on the part of the author,
since without a partial disassembly a
patch is difficult or impossible to make.
Stewari Software has a very inventive
support idea. Softcomm's author. BUI
Stewart, maintains a bulletin board ser-
vice in Memphis for local Softcomm
users and owners. He posts any prob-
lems or errors discovered in Softcomm
on his system. If you have any ques-
tions, you can easily get help. The Soft-
comm package includes Stewart's bulle-
tin board number.
Summary
Using Softcomm is extremely simple.
All command options are self-prompt-
ing and straightforward. The 26-page
manual that accompanies the program
disk is well written, and contains expla-
nations for each command in sufficient
detail so that a beginner would have no
trouble understanding an option. With
Softcomm, Stewart Software has pro-
duced a viable entry into the smart ter-
minal field.!
A Defines a carriage return character in the eight programmable buffers and allows a time
delay after you send the carriage return.
C Closes the main input buffer. Invoke this command from the keyboard or by the re-
mote system (during downloading, for instance).
D Displays any of the eight buffers.
E Toggles between local echo on/off. Generally used with a half-duplex system. Lets you
sec what you're typing.
F Displays available free memory in main input buffer— 32,767 in a 48K system with no
memory size set.
H Displays this command list.
I Lets you alter RS-232 parameters (baud rate and stop and parity bits).
K Saves to disk the eight programmable buffers, the ^jecified carriage return character,
the pause time, and the RS-232 configuration.
L Reloads previously saved parameter files for communication.
M Sets memory size to protect driver programs. Its drawback is that you reduce the
amount of free memory in the main input buffer by the same amount.
O Manually opens the main input buffer. During information storage in this mode, a pair lir
of carets alternate in the top right comer, indicating data storage.
P Toggles the printer on or off. Stops printing if the main buffer is open and resumes
when it's closed.
Q Returns to DOS.
R Converts an expanded binary file in the main buffer back to its true binary form before
saving files to disk.
S Saves contents of main input buffer to disk.
T Transmits any disk file directly from disk. Suboptions allow automatic opening and
closing of the remote systems buffer, transmitting ASCII or binary files, and a file's
prompted transmission. After the program completes file transfer, a checksum ensures
that the file was received correctly at the remote system.
W Preprograms any of the ei^t available buffers. Accepts a maximum of 255 characters
p)er buffer.
X Executes a E>OS command with return to Softcomm. Numbers one through nine trans-
mit any of the eight programmable buffers. •
ToWe 4. Softcomm command list.
•k-k-kVi
The Banner Machine
Virginia Micro Systems
13646 Jefferson Davis Highway
Woodbridge, VA 22191
Models i and m
32K cassette, 48K disk
Epson MX or FX printer
with Graftrax or Greftrax Plus
$49.95
by Erk Grevstad
80 Micro staff
The Banner Machine uses Epson
printer graphics to make sign-mak-
ing as sophisticated as word processing.
It's neither fast nor inexpensive, but it
produces top-quality printouts.
The Banner Machine is a long Basic
program. "It will take a while to load
the tape," the manual advises impatient
CLOADers; the Model 111 disk 1 tested,
which only TRSDOS 1.3 could read,
took 30 seconds.
Once running, the program asks a
series of questions about the sign you
intend to make. Your banner is limited
to capital letters, numbers, arrows, and
other keyboad symbols (lowercase for a
banner is presumably a contradiction in
terms). Otherwise, you have a generous
choice of artistic options.
You can choose from one of 10 letter
sizes ranging from not quite 3/4 inch to
7 inches, and you have a choice of uni-
formly or proportionally spaced letters
(the latter keeps extra space from ap-
pearing on either side of an 1, for in-
stance). You can put a 1/8- to 1-inch-
wide border around your words, and
decide where you want its top and bot-
tom lines in relation to the edge of the
paper.
While you make these choices, the
Banner Machine automatically keeps
track of how many lines you have avail-
able for text. The program prints signs
sideways on fanfold paper. Borderless
signs hold 10 lines of small letters, while
a Size 1 border with Size 3 letters leaves
room for only two lines, and so on.
What you say, of course, is up to
you. With parameters set (default
values provide proportionally spaced,
small-lettered , and small-bordered
signs), a cursor indicates your position
at the beginning of your first free line,
and you're ready to enter up to 54 char-
acters.
The Machine's editing mode isn't
54 • fiO Micro, November 1983
THE WAIT IS OVER
CP/M
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TRS-80 *
Model 4
Now, for the first time, unleash the powerful features resident in your Model 4 computer Open up the vast
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Complete with all these CP/M utilities; ASM. DDT, DUMP.
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boot.
NO COPY PROTECTION. Backups may be made for your
own use and protection.
The CONFIGURATION program supports a full range of
5-1/4 ' disk drives: 35, 40, 77 and 80 tracks, single and dual
sided in any combination as well as the standard Model 4
drives.
• Includes MODEM 7, a powerful public domain communica-
tions program for file transfer and remote data base access
such as CompuServ and the Source.
• Supports 80 X 24 video, reverse video, direct cursor
addressing and more.
• Utilizes the Model 4 function keys and allows user defined
keys.
• Auto Execute command for turnkey applications
■ FORMAT utility permits up to 52 disk formats to be con-
structed, all menu driven.
• Fast backup routine with verify for mirror image copies.
• AH support programs are menu driven for ease of use.
• Ready to run in the standard 64K Mode! 4. The additional,
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The full liTW of MtcroPro software is now availabte tofmatted ftx the Model 4 using our CP/M Each disk is already configured and ready to run Just install
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DataStar™ Data entry and relnevai package 150
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CalcStar™ Advanced etectronic spreadsheet 95
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known lo m»i Credit carOs are not cfiarged until you'
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harxBing on orOers withm tfie 48 Slates No Slate Sates
Tan on software or shipments delivered outside ot
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The To* Free linea are (oi orders on»y
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CP/M isaTrsdemarV of Dtgntt Ras«arcn. kx: . Interchange and MemimK are Trademarks of Montezuma Micro. TRS-SO •> s Trademarii
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MONTEZUNU^
M^XCRO
2 14-339-51 04
Redtjrd Arport, Hangar #18
P.O Box 32027
OaBas Texas 75232
■ -WE KEEP YOU RUNNING ' '
^See its! of Adveriiseis on page 'JO
80 Micro, November 1983 • 55
REVIEWS
Scripsit — the keyboard feels mushy and
occasionally drops characters, and a
pause occurs after you enter each line
before the cursor appears on the one
below.
But the arrow keys steer you around
your text adequately, and the left and
right arrows team with the shift key to
handle delete and insert functions.
Leaning on the up arrow lifts the slug-
gish cursor above the text screen to re-
vise format parameters, although you
can change letter size only by starting
over.
Pressing the shift and clear keys lets
you enter special commands. New or N
erases everything; Copy or C duplicates
an existing line on one below.
Format (F) changes the standard jus-
tification, Hrst letter on left margin, of
each line. You can center or right-justi-
fy (last letter at right margin) a line, or
use Tab to set two colimins against the
left and right margins respectively, as in
a list of items and prices.
The manual, which contains handy
samples of every border and letter size,
explains your options completely, but is
a bit vague on directions for a couple of
the Format commands.
The last step is printing your sign.
The Banner Machine requires an Epson
MX-80 or MX-lOO with Graftrax or
Graftrax Plus.
Virginia Micro Systems says that the
new FX printers support the program,
and that a patch is on the way for Star
G^nini owners. (I tried printing a sign
on a Gemini IS and got an extra line
feed after every printing pass, resuhing
in ^read-out letters like those painted
on roads at crosswalks.)
After you've given the print com-
mand and entered the number of copies
desired (one to 10), the program dis-
plays the reassuring message "Fm
working!" while it prepares program
instructions — a pause of half a minute
for a modest sign, lon^r for giant
banners.
Then the Epson takes over, pro-
ducing impressively legible, high-resolu-
tion hard copy while you go have a
sandwich or raise a family.
The Baimer Machine prints unidirec-
tionaDy and dowly. A simple "Read 80
Micro** sign with a thin border took
eight minutes; a long banner for a com-
pany Softball game took the better part
of an hour. The pro^am's dense dot
pattern is also hard on ribbons.
But if you have fresh ribbons and
sufficient patience, the Banner Machine
makes your words look good. Schools
and store owners who have to post a lot
of bills and who can afford $49.95 are
probably its most likely buyers, but in-
terested anuueurs might like to play
with it. too. The baimer was better than
the Softball game. ■
New pftmreHS ADoeotPiNO rouns below. RIBBON SALE
RADIO SHACK - CENTRONICS ■ COMMODORE - EPSON • ANADEX ■ BASE 2 - If
PRINTER
MAKE, MODEL NUMBER
(Cootaci us il you' p'lniet is
noll>a<«<) W« on piotMbly
RELOAD /ou' old canodge* i
nieeoN
size
ANADEX MOO Strict
BASE 2
C. ITOH Prowrittf 1SSO-0S10
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CARBON FrLM (1419)
COLORS iwi* BBo*N
LONO-UFE FABRIC (1449)
LP l-IMV 700 Zip-Pack t1413)
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DMP-SOO (26-1482)
DMP 2100(26-1442)
LP lll-V (26-1414)
LP VI VIM DMP-400(26-1418>
LP VII OMP-100 (26-1424)
EPSON MX 70-80 IBM
MX 100
CENTRONICS leineanoooswtM
COMMODORE e023P
INSERTS EZLOADh.
DROP IN. NO WINDING!
EXACT REPLACEMENTS
made in our shop
Carlr«to«t nol inctudM
t1W3
IMI13
t3»oin
t$«13
SS4f12
u««
*rvii
ssiorrj
iim
t»4f1J
S3Mf72
Sisn
S1W3
"uiani
taufn
S2Mm
>i»a
RELOADS V^*
You SEND your used
CARTRtDGES to us We put
OUR NEW INSERTS in tnem
;(;5 fere. ITOH -IDS-
Eiacl Replacamenls
DATA ROYAL -OTHERS
I VI
S itJlwmon
t Til
t tMJlwifMra
t ttJ2aifnoit
t S««i2orma'«
t 4««. Ilwmor*
t !••. l2of mora
t 7MJ3ormora
t t**J2oiinor«
» rn
t •MJIatnw*
1 m
t_7wJJ«filW»
t ••aJIwmof*
• m
t SMJlMnte**
t T/l
t SM./2orniOr*
S rMJ2o«inof«
SIlMJIwaiDm
tt»3
>S«12
tjarnn s 7ri
S flMiZecmom
WORRIEO ABOUT OAOERIW 6v MAtL'' Rsiai We v8 Man <n butinMS lot many yaars and can plaaM th»
$m«twal and laigast account Vou 'acaiva torn* ol IM l>n«tl nbbon* availabW made o' oih own eicluiive IMAGE
PLUS * !>• (aoric a"0 caflwn lilm Our riMxms *it youi prinlei eiaclly COMPARE Out BEWAflE' W« OfM) all Our
compelilof's p<oducls and are amwM ai wTiat we gat. Hav* you •¥«< received a r>ew labric nbbon you nad 10
vnuHftO and dumo oui on tr>e taCMe before you could use iP We naoe Or. caibon lilm •nsans itiat tiad no endol
ribbon »enso''Or cartndoeswtnoniy HALF enougn<iW)on WITHOUT a Mot>i«» Loop' (No bargain at ANY pnce'l
We uM tne lataai staie-ot mean proOuciion equipment and are bteiied with ■ tine, dedicated staff We guaiantae
evefytntng we make, period Ou' nbbont a<« made lre*n daily and our goal •* lo snip yov order wiihin 2* trnwi
W»iie to* our brocnure. pfice iisi, and ne*»»eiier INK SPOTSi-
NEW CARTRIDGES
(Irom the various
manuiactufers Subiect
loavailabiltly *)
f 73111
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f MH3
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SILVER DOLLAR
WIND to LOAD
WHY DO we SELL THESE'
This <i ine type ribbon you get il vou
order from ovi fellow adve'tiSe'S We
sell inem lor less since we make
ttwm ourselves Oo you really like
me mess and inconvenience
unwindirvg and dumping iliis lyp*
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newspape* and^or winding it inio your
cari'idge' We don t know why inese
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simplify your life, nni make ii more
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You are welcome to order mese if you
cannol allO'd our tZ LOAOr^
INSERTS AELOAOS or NEW CART
Ridges eui eEWARE* you no*.
know now to avoid disappomimeni
One mce caulion be sure lo rneck
tne length ol any nbbon BEFORE vou
buy It Fwinstance. anMx lOO'ibbon
sftould be 30 yards >ong no) 20 as in
inefriK-eo
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Wt Mi u»S SHIPhHG "" MK'tiCi OM)E"S ".I'M i
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fUMO SHACK COMPUTERS - SOFTWAilE SUPPUES - ACCESSOMCS
^MBo6C«»w*rilj»wojwgggTPa/yg^y£^;H
S6 • ao Micro. November 1983
REVIEWS
• ••••
EiectwnicaUy Speaking:
Computer Speech Generation
John P. Cater
Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.
4300 West 62nd St.
Indianapolis, IN 46268
Softcover, 230 pp.
$14.95
by Jerome I. Weintraub
W^lectronically Speaking provides you
Xl/with a great deal of information on
speech generation with your computer.
The book details the physiology of hu-
man speech, the history of synthetic
speech, human speech reproduction, and
synthetic speech generation. It also re-
views current synthetic speech technol-
ogy, describes a variety of uses for
synthetic speech, and outlines the eti-
quette associated with synthetic speech.
Electronically Speaking uses many
photographs, charts, digrams, tables,
flowcharts, wiring circuit diagrams, and
other visual aids to give you a compre-
hensive guide to speech production. It is
technically complete and exact,
yet surprisingly easy to read and
understand.
If you'd like to develop your own
synthetic speech generator, you'll want
to study the chapters that analyze crea-
tion of human speech. Cater clearly ex-
plains the complex mechanics required
to produce various vowel and conso-
nant sounds. The detailed description
of the relationship of human to com-
puter speech production shows you
what you'll need to make your com-
puter speech sound human.
The book includes tables of the 100
most frequently spoken words and their
frequencies, the 39 speech sounds that
occur most often, and the relative
power (loudness) of 32 speech sounds to
help you construct your own synthetic
speech system. These tables are fol-
lowed by a comprehensive list of words
you can use to test your system or one
you might be thinking of buying.
Some hints help you avoid program-
ming regional dialects into your system.
On the other hand, maybe you'd like to
know how to give your computer a
southern accent.
It's not enough to teach your com-
puter to speak. You need to get people
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€X>BIVERr MOD m
BASIC TO MOD 4
Good Newsl The Model 4 is twice as fast as the Model III.
Bad Newsl Model III disk BASIC programs only run at
halt speed on the Model 4,
Best Newsl "CONV3T04"will automate many o< the
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tn mlr^utes this powerful utility can inaert all r«qoired spaces, recalculate
PRINT@ addresses, adjust TAB ( | addresses, insert correct exponentiation
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Other options enable your programs to run even faster - remove REM's,
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Of. lormat your programs and make them easier to read and debug - insert
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60 Micro, November 1983 • 57
REVIEWS
to Usten attentively and understand its
speech. One of the more interesting
chapters discusses these issues under the
topic of computer sf)eech etiquette.
By etiquette. Cater means getting
someone's attention, interrupting, ad-
justing speech volume to overcome oth-
er sounds in the area, and knowing
when to repeat something. This chapter
helps resolve these issues for a computer
sp^er.
Speech Generation Types
Cater discusses the three fundamen-
tal types of speech generation. The
waveform encoder converts actual
sp^ch into digital code that you record
on disk and play back as you wish.
C^er compares this method to a photo-
graph of human speech.
Phonetic synthesis produces synthetic
computer-generated speech. This meth-
od is like an oil painting of human
speech.
Mathematical reconstruction of ac-
tual speech (called LPC synthesis) is the
technique used by Texas Instruments in
their Speak and Spell game and by auto-
mobile manufacturers in wsunings or
safety checks.
Cater deals with these three tech-
niques in great detail. He uses a tachom-
eter analogy to explain the relative bits
per second (bps) usage of each: The
phonetic synthesis type uses 100-800
bps of speech, LPC synthesis uses 1 ,200-
5,000, and the waveform coding uses
16,000-120,000.
For example, the word Hello uses
4-30 bytes for the first speech type,
45-188 for the second, and 600-4,500
for the last type. On a 48K computer,
you can store over one hour of speech
using the phonetk type, up to 5.3
minutes using the LPC type, and up to
24 seconds using the waveform coding
method.
The waveform coding system uses a
speech sampling approach, converting
each sample to digital code for comput-
er purposes. The more often it samples
the actual speech, the closer the com-
puter's speech approximates the hu-
man's sf)eech input. Flowcharts, pro-
gramming samples, and circuit wiring
di^ranu gjve you the necessary in-
formation to produce waveform coded
speech.
Electronically Speaking describes pho-
netic synthesis in text and diagrams that
show you how to get your computer to
SB • 80 Micro, Novemlter 1933
produce vowel and consonant sounds
that approximate human speech. Cater
points out the need for a sufficient num-
ber of sounds or phonemes (discrete,
fundamental q^eech sounds) to make the
speech more intelligible.
Some commercial synthesizers use
only 32 phonemes, whik: others provide
hundreds. You should be aware of this
"It's not enough
to teach your computer
to speak. You need
to get people
to listen attentively. . . "
important characteristic of a commercial
synthesizer when shopping for a unit.
The LPC speech method is character-
ized as "...one of the most rapidly
growing techniques for speech synthe-
sis." Because of its complexity. Cater
describes only some of the hardware
available, and doesn't give the "...10
to 20 pages of... nothing but equa-
tions" needed to construct an LPC
speech generator; he does provide a bib-
liography to guide you to the necessary
mathematics.
Cater points out the advantages and
disadvantages of each system. For ex-
ample, a disadvantage of LPC is its
reliance on a prerecorded voc^ulary:
"To the home computer enthusiast, the
encoding cost of $20 to $200 per word
becomes rather prohibitive." To an au-
tomobile or toy manufacturer who pro-
duces thousands of units with the same
vocabulary, the unit cost is quite rea-
sonable.
More Information
Chapter 7 describes and analyzes off-
the-shelf speech synthesis systems of all
three types. Photos, diagrams, and tex-
tual descriptions are helpful.
Specific information includes type,
size, speech capability, compatible com-
puters, and prices of seven waveform
coding systems: Centigram's Lisa,
Cheaptalk TRS-80, Computalker Con-
sultants' Compucorder, Micromint's
Micromouth, National Semiconduc-
tor's Digitalker, Telesensory Speech
System's Series III, and Voicetek's Cog-
nivox VIO.
The four phonetic synthesizers re-
viewed include: Kurzweil Reading Ma-
chine KRM, Micromint's Sweet Talker,
the Votrax SC-OIA, and the Votrax
Type *N Talk. Since I own and use the
Type 'N Talk extensively, 1 can verify
that Cater's description of it is com-
pletely accurate.
The commercially available LPC syn-
thesizers reviewed include two by
Hitachi, three by Telesensory Speech
Systems, three by Texas Instruments
(including Speak and Spell), the Echo
II and Echo-GP by Street Electronics,
and two systems by Speech Technol-
ogy Corp.
Manufacturers' addresses are listed
in Appendix C for easy reference if
you're interested in sending for litera-
ture or ordering units.
If you don't have a computer-pro-
duced speech application in mind be-
fore you read the book. Cater covers
several interesting ideas in Chapter 8.
He describes a talking clock, games, fun
projects like a Halloween greeting for
trick-or-treaiers, aids to the handi-
capped, a talking home security system,
and a voice security lock.
As in other chapters, flowcharts de-
scribe most of these applications. I'm
fascinated by Cater's idea of using the
computer to teach a talking by'd to
speak. You can set up the monotonous
repetitions while you're at work, but
your bird might sound like a robot
when it finally speaks!
Appendix A contains a 14-page glos-
sary of terms. Appendix B is a biblio-
graphy, and Appendix D is a collection
of 13 everyday working circuit diagrams
that you mi^t use separately or in
conjunction with other speech synthesis
circuits.
This book's only shortcoming, which
Cater himself points out, is that the
state of the art for computer-produced
speech is constantly changing and im-
proving. Although the book is copy-
righted 1983, some of the material
seems to be late 1982.
All the contents are significant, but
future developments could make some
of the present hardware obsolete. How-
ever, this same comment applies to ev-
ery aspect of the computer field, so I
won't overemphasize it. Electronical-
ly Speaking is an extremely valu-
able guide to teaching your computer
how to talk. ■
r
Vour forces hove des-
Croved the Dorfion fleet cs
they attacked the goloctic
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REVIEWS
LED— The LDOS Text Editor ($29)
FED— The LDOS FDe Editor ($19)
Utility DisJt #1 ($39)
Fiher Package #1 ($29)
Fiher Pacliage fa ($29)
MEMDISK ($29)
I/O Monitor ($19)
Logical Systems Inc.
8970 North 55th SI.
Mitwaukee. WI 53223
Models I and m
LDOS, one disk drive
by John B. HarreD m
Unlike many of its competitor. Logi-
cal Systems Inc. provides its oper-
ating system with comprehensive utili-
ties that are totally integrated into
LIX)S. You'll appreciate how this ex-
cellent user support enhances LDOS's
powerful manipulation of your com-
puter.
The utilities package 1 received from
Logical Systems contains a wealth of
software at affordable prices. I'll pre-
sent a concise evaluation of each utili-
ty so you can judge its worth for your
system.
LED— The LDOS Editor
LED is a general purpose screen-ori-
ented text editor that lets you generate
standard ASCII files rapidly. It's useful
for preparing KSM (keystroke multiply)
and JCL (job control language) files.
Unlike the Build command, you have
full control of entering, deleting, and
editing a file.
LED allows easy creation and editing
of large ASCII text files. Text files are
limited only by the amount of free
memory. On a 48K machine, approxi-
mately 36K is available for text buffer.
This includes preparing text files for
EDAS (the editor/assembler, MISO-
SYS). Pascal source files, and a variety
of other uses. Full cursor position-
ing and other features such as auto-in-
dentation are available through the ar-
row keys.
With the LDOS keyboard driver
(KI/DVR) installed, aU ASCII charac-
ters are available from the keyboard.
LED displays all characters in the range
of X'20' (blank) to X'BP flarge graph-
ics block).
You access all LED*s commands us-
ing the keyboard's numeric row, the
clear key, and the shift and clear keys. If
you must enter special codes not avail-
able from the keyboard, LED provides
a HEX function to let you enter bytes as
hexadecimal (hex) digit pairs.
LED supports generation of KSM
files. When you use them with the KSM
filter, these files allow entry of phrases
with a single keystroke combined with
the shift and clear keys. LED allows
quick generation of KSM files by pro-
viding you with a prompt containing the
key labels ready for entry of the string
values.
When you complete the KSM file,
you can easily remove the KSM labels
by using the UNMK (unmark) com-
mand to remove the block markers and
all data contained between them. LED
enters this mode automatically whenev-
er the input file name contains the ex-
tension /KSM.
If you've used a screen-oriented word
processor such as Electric Pencil, you're
already quite familiar with LED's oper-
ation. The documentation is of the
same high quality as that provided with
LDOS, and you'll have no trouble
learning the commands.
FED— The LDOS File Editor
FED is an all-purpose file -oriented
editor that provides the advanced user
with the necessary resources to manipu-
late files. Even the novice user will find
it easy to experiment with FED and learn
more about file structure.
The original version of FED is a file
editor that doesn't allow manipulation
of disk structures at the cylinder/sector
level. LSI has announced an enhance-
ment called FEDII ($39) that provides
all these capabilities.
FED has some powerful functions
not found in other file editors. These
are particularly useful to the Assembly/
machine-language programmer. Vari-
ous functions display the load address
of the byte currently under the cursor,
locate the byte at the specified load ad-
dress, and |X)sition the file to the begin-
ning of the next load block.
I can't imagine how much time I've
spent looking throu^ a CMD file for
the appropriate load point to make a
modification. This feature is a tremen-
dous help.
LDOS Utility Disk W
The LDOS 'Utility Disk provides you
with 14 utilities specifically written for
LIX)S. See Table 5 for a complete list-
ing of these utilities and their functions.
One of the simplest, most useful rou-
tines, liigh/CMD. displays the value of
HIGHS (4049 hex) and then displays the
load address and name of each active
routine. Routines must conform to the
linkage specified for LDOS filters and
drivers to have displayed names.
This routine, coupled with the Device
command, lets you maintain full con-
trol of the routines you've activated and
the special features in effect.
DCr/CMD displays the Drive Code
Table information for any of the eight
logical drives allowed in the system. The
display is fully formatted and quite
comprehensible. Once the information
is displayed, you can edit and modify
any parameter in the DCT.
You edit by answering basic ques-
tions; DCT performs the aaual modi-
fication of the bit patterns. This is an
extremely powerful option for the ad-
vanced user.
LDOS Fiher Packages #1 and j^
The LDOS Filter Packages #1 and ta
provide a comprehensive set of filters
(and some other routines) designed to
efficiently process input and output
character streams. See Tables 6 and 7
for a complete listing of the filters and
routines in each package, with a brief
description of each filter's function.
A filter is a machine-language routine
that monitors input from or output to a
device and performs some special func-
tion when it recognizes sp>ecific charac-
ters. You can use these functions to per-
form control functions such as shifting
printer fonts or to perform an alteration
of the data in the input/output stream.
The two most powerful filters,
XLATE and MAXLATE, allow code
translation of any and all characters ap-
pearing in the input/output stream of
any device.
Picture the simple task of commu-
nicating between computers. If both
computers process ASCII data, com-
munication is simple assuming thai the
machines are properly configured. Now
imagine the TRS-80 "(in ASCII format)
attempting to communicate \sith an
IBM host computer (in EBCDIC for-
mat). You must translate information
from ASCII to EBCDIC to send it to
the host and from EBCDIC to ASCII
so it is received by the TRS-80.
XLATE can easily perform this
&> Micro. November 1983 • 61
REVIEWS
function using a translation table.
Translation tables for XLATE and
MAXLATE are ASCII character files
containing the replacement instruc-
tions. You can create them using the
Build command or LED.
MAXLATE expands the power of
XLATE by allowing the substitution of
zero to 255 characters (bytes) for any in-
tercepted byte. For example, MAX-
LATE can automatically expand simple
1-byte control codes into the multibyte
sequences required to control your
printer's special features. MAXLATE
provides all XLATE's other functions
as well. The power of this filter is
boundless.
One excellent feature of both filter
disks is inclusion of the source code for
all the filter files in EDAS assembler
format. You can easily modify any of
the filters to include features important
to you. This is a valuable way to study
the principles of good programming.
Each of these source files is well written
and highly documented.
MEMDISK— Disk Drive in Memory
It's exceptionally easy for an ad-
vtinced programmer to integrate any-
thing into the LDOS system due to its
clear technical documentation. The
MEMDISK/DCT driver provides evi-
dence of this by implementing a small
RAM disk in high memory (the user se-
lects variable size).
MEMDISK is easy to install using the
System command and functions similar
to any other disk drive. Ail standard
disk input/output commands operate
FtteNwne
Description
Kile Name
Description
CO MP /CM D
Compares iwo files, pans of files, disks, or
CALC/FLT
A kcybtiard filter used in conjunction with
pans of disks in a iiharaclcr-by-character
KI DVR to perform hexadecimal' deci-
match, displacing areas where the i\so don't
mal'binary conversitms and hexadecimal
match .
arithmeiic.
DCT CMD
Displays the Dnve Code Tabk: for any of
LINEFEED FLT
.An output device filter to remove or add a
the eight logical drive numbers lo the
line feed (0.-\ hex) after each end-of-line
screen. Allows direct modificaiion of the
character (OD hex).
DCY.
LISTBAS, FLT
,'\ filter used with the display or pnntcr lo
DIRCHtCK/CMD
Checks the disk directory' for errors and dis-
rcMructure the appearance of packed Basic
plays error summar>'. Attempts lo fi.x de-
programs.
tected errors.
LOWER/FIT
Two niters used with any device lo conven
FIXGAT'CMD
Attempts 10 repair an unusable Granule Al-
UPPEK/PIT
alphabetic characters in the range of A to Z
location Table (GAT) in the directory of an
to all uppci- or lowercase letters.
LIX>S formaiicd disk.
MONITOR/FIT
hiliers any device capable of output,
HIGH /CMD
Repons the addresses of routines using high
monitors for special characters, and substi-
memory addresses and the current value of
tutes special symbols for the characters.
HIGHS. If routines conlbrm lo the LIX)S
PAGEPAWS/FLT
Filters the printer output and causes the
standard, repmns the name and entry point
system to pause whenever a lop-of-form
of each.
character is encountered, allowing page
MAKE /CMD
Allows creation of a disk file Tilled wiih the
changing.
character of your choice.
REMOVE /CMD
Reads a specified file and removes all the
MAP/CMD
Lists the allocation of cvisiing (and some
specified characters. Essentially a copy
deleted) files by extent, cylinder, sector, and
function with byles matching the specified
granules.
pattern not copied.
RAMTEST/CMD
Performs a read, writeverify lest of all user
SLASHO/FLT
.Allows those pnnters capable of backspac-
memory.
ing to print a slashed zero character if that
RDTEST/CMD
Reads the entire disk to see if it is loially ac-
character isn't pan of the normal charac-
cessible.
ter set .
READJI/CMD
Performs the transfer of Radio Shack Mod-
STRIP?, FLT
Used wiih any device to sirip (remove) the
el II formatted disks lo an IDOS formaiicd
high bit off each character passed, conven-
disk (requires 8-inch disk drives).
ing characters outside the normal ASCII
RHAD40/CMD
L'sed in conjunction with Formal, Backup.
range to .ASCII.
Copy, and CONV, allows reading a 35- or
STRIPCNT/FLT
Applied to any output device to conven
40-track disk in an 80-track disk drive.
control characters and characters outside the
TYPtlN/CMD
Lets the user construct a sequence of char-
normal ASCII range to a pound sign (K).
acters that acts to control the operating sys-
TITLh/FLT
Used with the printer to allow titling of prim-
tem or an applications program. Similar to
ed output. You can include the system date
the use of JCL, but TYPLIN lets the user
and time as pan of the title.
control programs using keyboard routines
TRAIVFLT
Used with any output device to trap and
such as INKEYS.
throw away any character passing through it.
UNKILL/CMD
Reinstates a specified file previously deleted
XLATE /FLT
Used in the input and output path of any de-
by using Kill or Purge.
vice to perform a code translation. Two
WRTtST/CMD
Writes to a previously formatted disk to
translation labk-s conven the keyboard into
verify that the disk is accessible.
Dvorak and translate to/from .ASCIITBC
Die ctxJcs
Tabk 5. LDOS Utility Package Ml.
T<a>k 6. LDOS f-Vier Package ML
62 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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See Usi ol Advefiisers on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 63
REVIEWS
on MEMDISK, with the exception of
functions such as Backup and Format
thai are specific to floppy drives.
MEMDISK consists of a short driver
program and the memory allocated for
disk storage. MEMDISK allocates disk
tracks with one or two sectors (256
bytes) per granule, and each track con-
sists of six granules.
This means that each track takes
1.5K or 3K bytes respectively. The num-
ber of granules per track and the num-
ber of tracks are selected after the driver
is initialized on loading.
Forcing the disk operating system to
use a combination of MEMDISK and
system resident files as the system drive
provides an overall speed increase that's
hard to believe.
it isn't possible to copy all the disk
"Monitor aids in
the recovery of a file
that has a parity error. *'
operating system files to MEMDISK
due to the file allocation methods used
for disk files and the system's memory
constraints.
For example, none of the system
modules are exact multiples of 1 .5K and
each file contains wasted space. There-
fore, the memory resources are ex-
pended rapidly. Also, because SYS6/
SYS and SYS7/SYS (the Ubrary fUes)
are ISAM {indexed sequential access
method) files, you can't force them to
reside in memory using the System
rde Name l>irM.-ription
COMMl/PLT A communicanons filter de^ig^ed for use
with ihe LDOS RS 232 drivers. Provide;,
testing for modem carriers, delay belween
characters, and line feeds and nulls iifier
carriage reiurns,
DICTATE/Fl.T Provides the abiliiy m lurii on/off the cas-
sette recorder trorn the keyboard. Allows a
typist to type dictation from the cas.selle re-
corder mio a ^^o^d processor,
DOSPEED/FLT Regulates the speed of any LDOS output
device, controlling the rate of characters
output to the device. Useful for regulating
Ihe sp)eed of the video display while allow-
ing a long file listing to scroll.
KSMPLUS/FLT Works essentially Ihe same as the KSM/
FIT provided with LIX)S. Extended fea-
tures include editing the KSM niter lable,
recall of dale and time, and recall of the last
LDOS command
LCOUNT/FLT Writes a bne number preceding every line of
text written to an output device.
MARGIN/FLT Provides an additional method of establish-
ing the left margin of printer output. Allows
output of control codes to the printer, if
needed, prior to printing the blanks for the
left margin.
MAXLATE/FLT Used with any device to provide translation
of any byte (user delmed key) into a group
of characters from zero to 255 characters in
length.
SLOSTEP/DCT A high memory disk driver to allow proper
functioning of cenain disk drives.
VIDSAV/CMD Provides the capability to sinie ihe contents
of the video screen in mcrnorx and swap
screen contents with the stored screen at the
touch of a key. Proper use of the control
codes allows similar prdcessing from Basic.
Table 7. LDOS Filler Package t/2.
64 • 80 Micro, November 1983
(SYSRES ^ x) command.
If you combine the features of the
MEMDISK driver and the SYSRES op-
tion, you can store the entire dLsk oper-
ating system files in memory (on the
MEMDISK or as resident system files).
Once you've accomplished this, the Sys-
tem (SYSTEM = x) command can force
execution of the operating system from
MEMDISK and the files resident in
memory. You can then remove the sys-
tem disk in drive zero.
MEMDISK is also available on the
Model 4 under TRSDOS 6.0. This lets
you use the additional 64K of available
memory for a RAM disk and increase
system execution speed significantly.
I/O Monitor
The I/O Monitor monitors disk input
and output operations, intercepts dLsk
read and/or write errors, and offers you
error recovery options.
Part of Monitor's operation is the
display of a long form error message
containing the error number with a full
length error description, the filespec of
the errant file, and the address of the
call to the disk 1/0 routine.
You then have the option of ignoring
the error, retrying the operation, con-
tinuing with the application program,
or aborting the current program. These
options provide valuable opportunities
for you to manipulate files that other-
wise might not be available.
For example, Monitor aids in the re-
cover>- of a file that has a parity error.
Normally, reading this file gives a PAR-
ITY ERROR DURING READ mes-
sage when the program encounters a
bad sector. By ignoring the error during
a file copy operation. Monitor transfers
the file with no parity errors.
Some sectors might still have bad in-
formation, but FED can reconstruct
them. This is an exceptional time saver
when you're manipulating large files.
The Bottom Line
Many software houses produce good
operating systems for the TRS-80.
However, Logical Systems provides full
support of the operating system, full us-
er services, completely integrated utility
support, and a desire to please their
paying customers.
Their LDOS utilities are reasonably
priced and, best of all, they work exact-
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MICRO CONTROL SYSTEMS, INC.
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Phone orders accepted (516) 569-4390
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eo Micro, November 1983 • 87
REVIEWS
*•**
QuiD
Growth Associates
1901 East Ist
Box 467
Newton, KS 67114
Model 100
$24.95 cassette
by Scoti L. Norman
The Model 100 sorely needs an auxil-
iary program to format printed out-
put. Its built-in Text program has only
one formatting command to control the
length of a printed line.
Quill is a compact Basic program for
the Model 100 that does the job. It gives
you control over margins, line spacing,
page length in lines, numbers, footers,
and right justification. The footers are
right-justified after the page numbers at
the bottom of each sheet.
Quill is completely menu driven, and
is small enough (roughly IK) to be left
permanently in memory. Since it's writ-
ten in Basic, you can easily customize
the default settings for various format
parameters.
You load and save the program just
like any other Model 100 Cassette Basic
file: type in LOAD"CAS:QUlLL
.BA" foUowed by "SAVE QUILL
.BA". To use it, point the cursor to
QUILL. BA on the computer's main
menu and hit the enter key. The pro-
gram prompts you for the name of the
do-file you want printed, then displays
the format menu.
Quill has defaults for all nine format
parameters, and controls them with the
computer's eight function keys. You
can change a default for a single print-
ing session by pressing the associated F
key. F3 redefmes both the top and bot-
tom margins.
If you want to change one of the pair,
you have to specify the other as well.
When you're satisfied with the parame-
ters, press the enter key to print.
The default parameters include dou-
ble line spacing, the left margin at six
spaces, the right margin at 70 spaces,
top and bottom margins of four lines, 1
as the first page number, the page length
equal to 66 tines, no right justification,
and the footer equal to the file name.
Each parameter is associated with a
Basic variable defined in a single line of
the program. If you edit the line and exit
to the Model lOO's menu, you save your
customized version of Quill; the eight-
page instruction leaflet shows you how.
Most of the text 1 generate on my
Model 100 is draft material, so I prefer a
left margin of 10 spaces and a bottom
margin of six lines. It took me just a few
moments to change the program line ac-
cordingly, using Basic's Edit function. 1
can always override my new settings for
any particular printout: I might like sin-
gle spacing and right justification for
correspondence.
Quill is essentially a Basic character-
counting routine, so you might expect it
to slow up printing operations. It does,
but not by much.
As a test, I printed a 335- word file
with the standard Print command and
with Quill. I used my old Line Printer
VII at 600 baud, and kept the number of
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A SPECTACULAR GRAPHIC ADVENTURE EXPERIENCE!
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Sound and graphics! 16k model 1 or 3
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■379
68 • 80 Micro. November 1983
REVIEWS
line feeds constant by specifying a line
length of 60 spaces for both printouts.
I set up Quill for single spacing, no
justification, and a top margin of zero
to further equalize the amount of print-
head motion. I set left and right margins
at 10 and 70.
The standard Model 100 printout took
one minute and 17 seconds, while Quill
required an additional 23 seconds. This
isn't a trivial difference, but the Model
100 is still faster than my big writing
machine, a Color Computer with Tele-
writer. Of course, the Model lOO's par-
allel printer port has something to do
with that.
Quill is a straightforward program
that fills an obvious need. Its use quick-
ly becomes intuitive; in fact, the exis-
tence of default settings means that
most users won't have to think about
Quill at all once they install it. Quill is a
worthwhile acquisition for text-oriented
Model 100 users.
Quill includes a second program.
Size, that counts the number of
characters in a do-file.
Prospective Quill users should be
aware of one limitation: The program
doesn't recognize Model 100 tab codes
so you should indent paragraphs by
hand, using the space bar. It won't print
most graphics characters either. ■
• ••••
Radio Shack DMP-2100
Tandy/Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Computer with standard parallel
Centronics
Sl,995
by Jerry L. Latham
The Radio Shack DMP-2100 printer
rivals daisy-wheel printers and IBM
Selectrics that use standard ribbons.
The secret of the extraordinary
capabilities is the print head. Instead of
the usual seven-, eight-, or nine-wire
print head, the DMP-2ia0 uses a
24- wire print head. The fine print wire
makes a dense character, and thus, a
high quality of print in certain modes.
The printer has several print modes:
standard 10 characters per inch (cpi),
standard 12 cpi, condensed 16.7 cpi,
proportional printing, correspondence
10 cpi, and correspondence 12 cpi
modes. A normal or elongated (double
width) character print option is avail-
able for each mode. The printer also has
two dot -addressable graphics modes.
The printer's maximum speed is 192
characters per second (cps) in standard
12 cpi mode. The slowest speed is 26 cps
in elongated correspondence 10 cpi
mode when set to print two or three car-
bon copies. In the proportional mode,
the average speed for a single-part doc-
ument is 100 cps.
Depending on the mode you select,
the DMP-2100 prints anywhere from 68
to 226 characters t>er line. The standard
1
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^ See Ust of Adverlisefs on Page 307
Sm our otlwr ads on pagM 192 & 27
80 Micro. November 1983 • 69
REVIEWS
length is 136 characters, and in the pro-
portional mode you get an average of
174 characters per line. Maximum line
length is 13.6 inches.
The printer's character set includes the
standard alphanumeric and punctuatbn
characters. Additionally symbols for
pounds sterling, cents, one-quarter,
one-half, three-quarters, copyright,
tradonark, and registered trademark
are included.
Some scientific, some word pro-
cessing, and some foreign language
characters are also included in the char-
acter set. Characters 224-254 decimal
are a special group of limited use graph-
ics characters (see examples in Fig. I).
The printer switches from one mode
to another through software control.
Control codes perform operations such
as backspacing, form feed, begin and
end underlining, half or full forward or
reverse line feeds (for super- and sub-
scripting), and executing a 1/20 or 4/5
forward line feed. The DMP-2I00 also
has a bold (double strike) print capability.
You can use control code sequences
to enter and exit either of the two graph-
ics modes. However, you can't use
some control codes in the printer. An
hourglass symbol on the paper tells you
that the computer doesn't recognize a
certain control code. The most notable
of these codes is 09 (horizontal tab).
Another quirk is that it's difHcult to
print a slashed zero because the printer
handles the backspace character (08) in
a unique way. Instead of backspacing
one character width, then printing the
next character received, the DMP-2100
looks for a dot count to follow the 08
code. It backspaces that number of
dots, then prints the next character.
This machine needs a hardware switch
to provide a slashed zero.
Graphics
With its fme print head and graphics
abilities, this printer has incredible
graphics possibilities. The two graphics
modes include a 7-bii, low-resolution
mode, and a high-resolution mode. The
7-bit mode is the standard graphics
mode as in other Radio Shack printers.
The high-resolution mode takes advan-
tage of the DMP-2100's almost unique
24-wire print head.
Positioning the print head requires
that you specify the number of dot
widths to space over before printing a
graphics code. The low-resolution
mode has 816 addressable dot columns
across a single line, and you address any
of seven dot positions in a column.
You use the low resolution mode by
entering a CHR$(18) command. Posi-
tion the print head with a control 16 n n
sequence, and begin entering your
graphics. Because you can't specify a
number larger than 255 in a single byte,
you must use a special two-number se-
quence that tells the printer where to go
on the line.
First, send the printer a control char-
acter, CHR$(27), followed by a CHRS-
(16) to prepare it for 2 bytes of data thai
specify where it positions the print
head. The next byte of data must be
zero. 1, 2, or 3. The second byte of in-
formation can be in the range of 0-255
if the first byte is zero, 1 , or 2. If the first
byte is a 3, the second must be in the
range of zero through 47.
This divides the page into three
256-column areas, and one 48-column
area. The first byte after the control se-
quence tells the printer to which general
area to go and the second byte specifies
the exact dot within that area.
You enter the high resolution mode
by sending the printer control char-
acters CHR$(27) and CHR$(73), fol-
lowed by the dot position information
in 2 bytes. In this mode, you have 2,448
points across the page, and you can use
any of the 24 print head pins.
For dot positioning, your line is now
divided into 16 separate areas. The first
15 are 256 dots wide and the last is 240
dots wide. The first dot -positioning
value byte must be in the zero to 15
range, and the second byte in the zero to
255 range for first b>ie values of less
than 15, and in the zero to 239 range for
a first byte value of 15.
To pick out separate print wires to
fire, you send the printer 3 bytes of in-
formation: 1 byte for the top group of
eight wires. 1 for the second group of
eight wires, and the third for the lowest
group of eight wires on the head.
You can mix dot -addressable graph-
ics with standard print, and dot posi-
tioning the head is possible in standard
text modes. The special line feed com-
mands give you solid looking graphic
print outs.
Kvalualion
The manual that comes with the
printer is filled with typographical er-
rors. However, so far the manual hasn't
THIS IS
THE STANDARD 10 CPI MODE
TM I S
IS EI_OrslC3ATED
ID CPI
MODE
BolcJ Elor-isa-bed lO
Cf^ I Mo
d
9
THIS IS STAMDARD 12 CPl M(X)E
THIS
IS ELONGA-TED 12
CPI mode:
This is done
in the condensed (16.7) character lode
Th i s is
elonga'ted condensed character inode
This is corr«*pondeT\ce 10 CPI node
And this
is the proportional print mode
Here come the special characters available, in
10 CPI mode:
' i ? £
*M*'t§«0!K5[i$i¥&
u c ~ a u
6
n
«
u fe " f
Fo 1 1 oued
by tKe special graphics characters:
■ • •
• -. ^".1 irnkJBr-
-1 -r H 1 «- J J-
H
+
r
^ ^ ^
Figure 1. Stmiple print modes imd special characiers.
70 • 80 Micro. November 1983
It's about BIB.
Southern Software's new relational database
manager for TRS-80 Model I/Ill, all DOS.
ENB is a treat to use, with an Integrated data dictio-
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without reblocking the database) and data-interde-
pendencies of any complexity. Variable length fields,
no record-length constraints, select on any field.
High-level Basic interface (compatible with ACCEL3/4
Basic Compiler), plus file exchange with practically
everything (Scripsit, VisiCalc, more). Holds up to
64K data items without data redundancy, spans up to
4 disk drives (or hard disk).
Special Offer
Buy ENB before December 31, 1983 and receive
EDIT full-screen Basic editor ($40 value — you
must enclose a copy of this ad!).
Read the reviews . . .
"ENB is fascinating."
— V^ynyie Keller. 80-MlCRO, July 1983.
"ENB has no peer at the present time."
— /im Klaproth. SO-US. July 1983.
You've seen this ad about ENB.
Now ENBase your data!
ENB. ^140
+ $3 shipping
CA add 6%
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Box 11721 San Franc-sco, CA 94i0i (415} 681-9371
■ See Ust of AtftwT/sers on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 71
REVIEWS
misled me.
The hardware is more carefully con-
structed than the manual. It comes in a
grey case, and is 21.7 inches wide by 15
inches deep by 5.9 inches high without
sheet feeder or tractor feed. The DMP-
2100 weighs in at 42 pounds. You can
switch it between 110V/60Hz and
220V/50Hz for overseas travel.
The print head is rated for 200 mil-
lion standard 10 cpi characters. De-
pending on whether your paper is single
thickness or multicopy, it handles paper
from 10 to 22 pound weight, in widths
from 4 to 15 inches.
Controls on the printer are somewhat
limited. An eight-position DIP (dual in-
line package) switch inside the cover lets
you choose the default parameters for
print style, character set, and line feeds.
On the front of the machine are four
controls: Test, Paper Feed, Restart, and
On/Off Line. The "Test and On/Off
Line switches are obvious, but the other
two deserve a few words.
The Restart control clears the out of
paper alarm and the carriage overrun
error. It also clears the paper jam alert
condition, and stops the self-test func-
"Overall, lam impressed
with this printer.
It's fast and rivals
many daisy-wheel printers
in quality. You also have
the added plus of
dot matrix versatility, "
tion. In most cases any data in the 136
character buffer is lost when you use
this control.
You can use the Paper Feed control
when the printer is off line to advance
the paper. Pressing and quickly releasing
this control advances the paper 1/24
inch. Holding down the control contin-
uously advances the paper.
The printer doesn't have a specific
form feed control. Press in and turn the
large carriage knob to align your paper.
You can do this with the printer in the
on or off line mode.
Four indicator lights on the front
panel include separ^e Power and On
Line indicators, an Alert light, and a
Paper End light. The Alert light handles
all error conditions except Paper End.
Although the printer comes set up for
friction feed paper, tractor feod is
available at a reasonable price. The
tractor feed is very reliable as long as the
tension bar isn't so tight that it causes
page slippage.
The ribbons for the DMP-2100 list
for $13.95 each and are rated for 3 mil-
lion characters. I assume that's 3 mil-
lion characters in standard 10 cpi mode.
In the word processing mode using pro-
portional print, the ribbon starts getting
noticeably dim after about 100 pages. A
ribbon re-inker is a wise investment with
this machine.
Overall, I am impressed with this
printer. It's fast and rivals many daisy-
wheel printers in quality. You also have
the added plus of dot matrix versatility.
Some improvements are still needed,
but they're not in the area of print quali-
ty or dependability. If you're ready to
spend over $2,000 for a printer capable
of business correspondence quality
printing, this is one machine you should
seriously consider. ■
• •••
Speed-Up Kit 2.X
liacet Computes Ltd.
1855 West Katella Ave.
Suite 255
Orange, CA 92665
Models n, 12, and 16
$99,95
by Caddy McCafl
The Speed-Up Kit from Racet Com-
putes is a series of enhancements to
TRSDOS 2.0, 2.0a, and 2.0b that con-
siderably improves some of the operat-
ing system's more exasperating quirks.
Its main accomplishment is speeding
up TRSDOS's notoriously slow per-
formance.
The kit isn't available for TRSDOS II
4.1, but it lets you use double-sided
drives on the Models 12 and 16.
The Speed-Up Kit first changes the
date and time entry routine. You make
these entries only once when you turn
on the system, and don't need to enter
them again unless you turn off the sys-
tem. Each reboot bypasses the request
72 • 80 Micro, November 1983
for date and time, and uses the current
settings.
The Verify Detect patch makes the
system run faster than it normally
would without Verify Detect while re-
taining this feature. The Logo patch
eliminates the logo when you boot up
TRSDOS.
With the Diagnostics patch you
choose whether TRSDOS performs the
diagnostics routines at each boot, only
on power up, or not at all. The Fast Sys-
tem Load patch loads the system from
your disk at five times normal sF>eed.
On the Models 12 and 16 with dou-
ble-sided drives, TRSDOS 2.0 can
Verify Dcttcf TRSDOS Rmx*
256
Byte
256 Byte
Recoids
Records
On
On
62
43
On
Off
51
41
Off
On
46
26
Off
Off
36
25
7b6fc 8. Seconds required to copy 100 records.
I don't reconwnend using the Vwify off mode.
access both sides of the disk. This is im-
plemented as four single-sided drives
rather than two double-sided drives.
You can assign drives zero and 2 to
the left drive, and drives 1 and 3 to the
right drive. This arrangement maintains
total compatibility with your present
system.
You can also assign drives zero and 1
to the left drive, and drives 2 and 3 to
the right drive. This arrangement runs
programs that require two drives, using
only one real drive.
With the installation program, almost
any arrangement is possible. Since you
load the assignments at boot-up, you
can boot one set of assignments on one
disk and a different arrangement on the
second disk. (This is confusing and 1
don't recommend it.)
Selecting the double-sided drive op-
tion displays a graphics image of the se-
lections made. You verify that the as-
signments are what you want. This
function helps beginners understand the
concept of logical and physical device.
It's convenient for people who have
trouble creating mental images of their
logical assignments.
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TURNING THE PAGE TO A
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FLOPPY DISK MAGAZINE
"The Magazine of the 80Y'
A monthly publication to run on
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^ S« List of Advenisofs on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 73
GOLD KIT
• Memory Faults'^
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• Worn Eage Contacts?
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3CAHD
REVIEWS
GOlD
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TRS-80 Mod I/Ml COQ 50
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50 pin adapter $10-50
Act nowl Kit pnce S34 50 after December 1 ,
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Wisconsin Residents add 5% sales tax
REAL VOICE
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OKI SEMICONDUCTORS REAL VOICE
SYNTHESIZER'ANALYZER IS A REALITY
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SYSTEM INCLUDES POWER SUPPLY,
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KIT 1249 95
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FOB MORE INFORMATION CONTACT
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TRS-80 M 3 * * ■! rraae'"»ri( o' Tjna, Co'p
TRSDOS 2.0 recognizes only four
logical drives. If the system contains
more than two double-sided drives, you
can't use the extra drives.
Speed
My main interest in this product is the
increased speed of TRSDOS 2.0's disk
access. Depending on the type of rec-
ords you process, the difference in time
is astounding. The kit impro\es
TRSDOS's speed by changing the disk
access routines in the operating system.
You can't copy Racet's distribution
disk but the company will replace it for
$15 if damaged. It has one feature I
haven't seen before.
Two copies of the patching program
are available. Only one of them is acces-
sible to you, but a special recovery pro-
gram lets you restore the original from
the back-up copy. This assumes no
physical damage to the disk surface.
If you want to modify many
TRSDOS disks in the same manner, the
Speed-Up Kit has provisions that modi-
fy the installation program so it auto-
matically applies your upgraded system
to each disk.
The Racet license agreement doesn't
limit the number of system disks it lets
you modify. To make back-ups easier,
the modifications carry through the
back-up procedure to the new disk.
An additional installation feature is a
patching program that upgrades each
registered user's systems as Racet re-
leases future patches.
Scripsit 2.0 requires a special patch
that is supplied. This requires that you
apply two 1 -b>ie patches with the
TRSDOS patch utility. If your system
needs these patches, remember to use a
do-file to install them.
Also remember to make a copy of
your working system before applving
the patches. Always make patches to an
extra copy, never to your working copy
or to your original distribution disk.
Using a do-file considerably reduces
the tension involved in patching because
you can check and recheck the accuracy
of the patch as many limes as you want
before actually installing it. After in-
stallment, your do-file contains a record
of exactly what was done in case some-
thing doesn't work as expected.
Using the Racet Speed-Up Kit re-
quires booting up the system -A-ith a
Racet modified disk on logical drive ze-
ro. The initial sign-on messages identify
disks as containing the Racet modifica-
tion. Other than that the only difference
is increased speed.
The Racet system requires no addi-
tional memor\, but the contents of
DOOO-EFOO are destroyed during the
boot. This will concern you only if you
work with machine-language program
development. You can use an unmodi-
Ftod Lengtli Records
Record Lragth in B>1h
^^Mni Vntfy Detect 14 16 M 2S6
TRSDOS On On 60 87 180 566 1767
Rxa On On 60 87 127 467 400
TRSDOS Off Off 60 70 127 400 1770
Raw Off Off S7 87 127 430 400
Tahie 9. Reiative lime fvguired to rvad itaia fiks Jnxn Basic programs.
I don't recommend usrtg the Verify off mode.
Ftwd I^mgUi Records
Record Len)ttb tn B>les
Sytfcm Verify Detect 14 16 64 2S6
TRSDOS On On 73 140 390 1300 M60
Racet On On S7 ItO 240 933 2030
TRSDOS Off Off 60 90 190 593 1770
Raws Off Off 67 87 130 520 400
Tabk 10. RtkarvetrrKnquindu>>ihudaafksfi()mBcBkpmparts.
I <lon'l recommend u^ the Verify off mode
74 • 80 Micro. November 1983
THE PROGRRm /TORE
TRISSTICK
tromBlgfh/»
Joy Kick VERSATILITY for mora sxhilarallng arcada ac-
tion! fVBturas tha (amoua Atari typa joystick with a moldM
plastic intarlaca module that simply "plugs in" to your
computar— no modlflcatlona or wiring rvguirw).
#22521 TRS80 Ml $39.95
#27212 TRSaO M3 $39.9^
Whil* supply lastsl
LANGUAGE
TEACHER
by Cindy and Andrmw Bartorillo from Acorn
Laarn the Dasici of a foreign language. Language Teacher
otters hundreds ol word combinations, verb contugallons
and ptiraaes. There Is en option lor having multiple choice
answers for being retetted on missed ttems. F=v<l printer
capabilrty and a great deal ol "human anginearing" further
enhance I'le programs Teachers *ii' appreciate ine ample
documentation and the ability to gat prinloiits oi Quizzes.
AvallabI* tor Frtnch, Spanish, (tallan
and Qarman. 32K Disk $29.95 aach
#1 671 5 French I, #1 6704 Spanish I,
#16661 Italian, #16692 Qarman I,
#42963 Franch II, #27133 Spanish II
HAM6URGER
SAM
by OuSo't oncf McMomoro
from Dliplayd VT<Mo
YUM. YUM' Build hamburgers by collecting buns, lettuce,
cheese and meal that Orop from level lo level Watch out
tor the chasing hot dogs, pickles and fried eggs! Protecting
Sam and getting all five parts together is the challenge.
Have you ever used pepper as a weapon'' Joystick or
keyboard control. . ^'
#30508 leKTapa $15.95
#29359 16KDIsk $19.95
PLANETFALL
JUNGLE
60Y
by OuSo/f and McNamaro
from aipfoyed Vicfto
Are your reflexes fast enough to swing Jungle Boy from
Vina 10 vine'' Fast paced arcade favorite — sweep through
the jungie, swim by the alligators, dodge t>ouldars rolling
down the hill, save the maiden from lierce warriors Joy-
stick compatible with sound
#38281 16KTape $15.95
#34625 16K0lsk $19.95
PENGUIN
by DuBoa and McNamara
from DUplay^a VWeo
Over 30 different maies ol ice blocks Kick Ihe obstructing
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threatening ice monsters chasing you Beware — they in-
crease in numtwts and gel smarter with each frame.
Keyboard or joystick controlled
#33983 16KTape $15.95
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•till tmtmam
I
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Programmer's
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ACCEL 3/4
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COMPILER
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Disk $99.95
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Another scierKe fiction mystery from the makers o' Zork,
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STRETCH
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Powerful twme finance package manages your money
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© 1983 THE PROGRAM STORE
Washington, O.C. 20016
'80
Revtcwtn mqrww; quality docuitwntxtlon c«n
maan luccan or obtcurlty for yotir program.
SOFTWARE
DOCUMENTATION
SERVICE
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Lisertnenflness and salsDility Then *iih your approval om
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Model 11/12/16 8" doppy diskette up to IZSKi cuirem
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FORMAN AND WILLIAMS
mi DclRosi Ave. Nodh iSuile 113)
San Bernardino. CA 92104
P'Ojrams *ill ae 'erjrr^ea only rl accompanied witft suflicient
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REVIEWS
R.I.S T Inc ANNOUNCES
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SALE
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ORDER NOW
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Ttiese routines are written in BASIC
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This manual will show you how to
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Send S49.95 &. S2 00 USA shipping
Demo disks available with mergeabie
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compatible routines foe TRS-80,
II. or III
Specify CPM or TRSDOS i. add Sl9 95
for 5'/. ' disk or $24 95 for 8 disk
S Dealers Invited ^ ^
EDWARDS & ASSOOATES
P.O. BOX 42 I 58
COLUMBIA, S.C. 29240 *" '
Tied TRSDOS disk to boot up if it's
necessao to retain the contents of this
memor>' segmenl.
The Racet speed-up modification is
good, but not an unqualified success.
The disk access improvements are more
noticeable when writing a file than
when reading one. They are also pro-
portional to the length of the file records.
Only a very slight improvement oc-
curs in handling files with 1-byte record
lengths. As the record length approaches
256 characters, howe\er, the improve-
ments become very noticeable.
The Racet Speed-Up Kit has consid-
erably reduced the frustration of using
TRSDOS on my machine. I recom-
mend it to anyone running applications
of the Model II, 12, or 16 using a floppy
system with TRSDOS 2.0. ■
• *■■*■• Vi
mutt Do You Do After You Plug It In ?
William Barden Jr.
Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.
4300 West 62nd St.
Indianapolis, IN 46268
Softcover
$10.95
by Mao Casiorowski
Finally, a comprehensive but en-
joyable and easy-to-read book for
beginners on what computers are, how
10 pick one, and how to use one effec-
tively.
Bill Barden suggests that Whai Do
You Do After You Plug It In? answers
the questions a person who has just
bought a personal computer asks. This
is also an excellent book for the person
who hasn't yet made the investment for
a computer system.
What Do You Do After You Plug It
In? covers the major areas of computer
hardware, software, and applications in
detail. The first chapter is especially
good if you're looking for information
before buying. It divides computer
users into groups by the type of applica-
tions they need, and makes specific sug-
gestions for each group.
A computer system for home use. for
example, can be fairly small and reason-
ably priced, allowing for upgrading at a
later date. A small businessman needs
lo be more concerned with speed of op-
eration, storage capacity, and applica-
tions software.
Are the new 16-bit computers twice
as good as today's 8-bit computers?
This question has no simple answer,
and Barden presents both sides of the
argument clearly. He explains the work-
ings of and options for internal (RAM
and ROM) and external {cassette tape,
floppy, and hard disks) data storage, as
well as several newer developments.
Barden describes different types of
printers, some special features, and
items to watch out for when purchasing
a printer. He discusses who needs high-
resolution graphics and who doesn't.
He outlines additional devices that can
be useful: plotters, digitizers, light pens,
and clocks.
The section on software presents a
brief history of computer languages, of-
fers advice for choosing a language, ex-
plains the operating system, spells out
the pros and cons of developing your
own software, and provides tips on buy-
ing (and otherwise acquiring) software.
For novices, the organization of the
chapters in this section could be better.
Beginning the section with the chapter
on programming languages gives the
impression that an active choice and
perhaps knowledge of that language is
necessary to use a computer.
Many applications, such as book-
keeping, are possible without knowing a
word of a programming language. The
chapter on buying software might make
a better beginning.
The third section explains disk files
and those compulerese terms, record,
field, variable length, random access,
and ISAM, as well in 10 pages as I've
seen anywhere. The next chapter covers
vital back-up procedures— the whys
and whens.
Barden doesn't ignore one of the
more powerful and useful aspects of
computer use, telecommunications. He
makes it easy to understand the techni-
cal considerations and the different fea-
tures available. Finally, he outlines the
present difficulties in getting the com-
puter to talk (speech synthesis), to listen
(voice recognition), and to control your
home lights, heating, and lawn
sprinkler.
The section on applications would be
richer if it included explanations of
78 • eO Micro, Novemtter 1983
REVIEWS
more popular applications, such as
word processing and electronic spread-
sheets, in addition to the technical sys-
tem information it now contains.
One aspect of What Do You Do
After You Plug It In? makes me slightly
hesitant . Harden ' s expertise on the
many computer systems isn't crystal
clear.
In some cases he tosses around the
various computer names as if he knows
all their features well; in other places he
quotes an example based on one system
or one specific brand of peripheral
"Barden provides general
and detailed informations-
he answers the
necessary questions to
make the computer
novice comfortable. . . "
device— a quotation that, as worded,
isn't applicable on other systems. How-
ever, as long as you're reading IVhat Do
You Do After You Plug It In? for gen-
eral information, this is no problem.
miat Do You Do After You Plug It
In? is a worthwhile book if you're just
beginning to explore computers. Bar-
den provides general and detailed infor-
mation; he answers the necessary ques-
tions to make the computer novice
comfortable with his system.
He explains the major computer
terms, and discusses the ^vantages and
disadvantages of the many options. His
informative and humorous style makes
reading this book an enjoyable ex-
perience. ■
*•••
The Benchmark 3.0M
Metasoft Corp.
711 E. Cottonwood, Suite E
Casa Grande, AZ 85222
Model n, CP/M
$499
by Qiarles R. Perdman
The Benchmark is a sophistrcated,
comprehensive word processor for
CP/M systems. It offers a wealth of per-
formance options that are flexible and
easy to learn. It performs well in a busi-
ness environment with heavy and varied
word processing demands.
Benchmark's many functions and sin-
gle-key commands are easy to learn.
The program runs smoothly with logi-
cally organized menu panels and a good
help screen. It offers a variety of form
features and formatting controls are ex-
tensive.
Installation for a Model II with
CP/M requires only a menu selection.
The drivers accommodate most widely
used printers and terminals, and
5V*- and 8-inch disks are available. Dual
disk drives help you make a copy of the
distribution disk and get the most out of
the software, but Benchmark also runs
on a single 8-inch drive.
A minimum of 64K of memory suf-
fices for typical CP/M systems. With its
run time module. Benchmark occupies
about 108K of disk space. To take ad-
vantage of complex Benchmark for-
matting, you need a full-function
printer.
Using Benchmaric
You enter the system through a series
of menus that let you name your file
with up to 30 characters, then date and
tag the document with the author and
operator names. Edit an existing docu-
ment by accessing the directory that bsts
file names, date begun, latest revision
date, and size.
You select the overall function: Cre-
ate, Revise, View, Print, Merge, or ad-
ditional specialized procedures. Then
specify the working file by document
number.
With the View option, you make
changes in a file and print it out as mod-
ified without changing the original doc-
ument or saving the revised file to disk.
Additional procedures include ASCII
formatting; time, date, and storage unit
assignments; indexing; and deleting
files. The program increments the al-
phabetical version letter and you choose
whether to retain the old file for back-
up on completion of each edit.
Before file changes become perma-
nent, you must either execute or cancel
the modifications. This safeguards
against inadvertent errors, especially for
a be^rmer. However, you sacrifice the
speed of a word processor that acts im-
mediately upon command entry.
Initial set up creates a data storage
unit, a CP/M file that contains all the
documents you produce with Bench-
mark. Each floppy drive can exist as a
separate storage unit and you can divide
a hard disk into several units.
This is one of Benchmark's unusual
aspects. Files aren't in ASCII format,
and CP/M facilities can't read them di-
rectly; a Benchmark utility converts the
files to and from ASCII.
One of your first tasks is to identify
Execute and Cancel command keys.
The TRS-80 Model II with Pickles and
Trout CP/M assigns these functions to
hold and escape keys. I quickly became
accustomed to their use. The location of
designated keys affects Benchmark's
convenience.
Benchmark operates at two levels: In
the control mode you choose the opera-
tion you need, and in the active mode
you alter text. Except for creating a doc-
ument, which puts you into Insert, the
keyboard isn't initially active and you
choose a command to begin operation.
Commands operate when you press a
sin^e key, generally the first letter of a
descriptive word. The plain English ter-
minology of the commands is helpful.
Pressing the question mark key calls up
an alphabetically ordered help screen.
Benchmark assigns edit functions to
terminal function keys. In addition to
the arrow keys, you can use the numeric
keypad for altemate cursor movement.
This is particularly useful if your arrow
keys are not in a convenient cross ar-
rangement and if your numbers repeat
when you hold them down.
Single stroke commands move the
cursor to the top, bottom, or next
screen. Benchmark monitors the page
number at the top of the screen, and
you can jump to any page in the docu-
ment. Enter a number higher than the
last page to jump to the file's end. De-
pending on the file size and distance
from the curtent page, jumping might
generate some disk thrashing.
For line width format exceeding 80
spaces, the screen scrolls horizontally as
required. You can abort an Edit or
Erase command to the end of a file with
one key, but you must confirm the
choice before the program acts.
Deletmg, moving, copying, and ex-
changing text is consistent, so you mas-
ter the technique raoidlv. Benchmark
80 Micro. November 1983 • 77
REVIEWS
hi^ili^ts affected text with inverse
video before you execute a command
for permanent change. You make inter-
active insertion mode changes by back-
ing up the cursor to delete text.
Benchmark contains full facilities to
locate and formal multiple line headers,
footers, and footnotes with automatic
page and footnote numbering. The de-
fault setting doesn't number pages. At
any point in the file, you can insert non-
printing directions or comments.
The search and replace functions are
thorough. You decide on matches with
or without regard to upper- or lower-
case, for whole words only, with ques-
tion marks as wild cards for one or
more letters, for any digit, or for para-
graph terminators. Automatic global
replacement is optional.
Interactive printing lets you produce
a printout of the screen at any time, and
print any part of a document without
first saving the file. This is a convenient
feature that makes testing the appear-
ance of a portion of your document
quick and easy.
You toggle print control status, noted
at the screen's upper right comer, from
off to single-page to continuous print-
ing (to end of the current document) by
using the P key. In the separate print
mode you must start at the beginning of
each file, but you can interrupt printing
at any point. You can also queue any
number of files for sequential printing.
Indicate changes in your files with the
Edit Marking function . It places a
character in the margin column of your
choice for each altered line. You can
remove or retain markers from prior
edits.
The Library, Append, and related in-
dexing features help with cut and paste
and forms operations. You assign any
upper- or lowercase letter a control
character, word, or group of words up
to 2,000 characters long by using the Li-
brary command.
While inserting, hit Cancel and the
single letter for the program to write
your library phrase. Speed up editing by
assigning single keys to print commands
for underlining, boldface, and so on as
part of the library.
Unfortunately, you can't review the
library contents from the program. You
should assign letters mnemonically re-
lated to the main idea to refresh your
memory. For example, use U for under-
line, B for boldface, A for acknowledg-
78-80 Micro, November 1983
ment, and H for header. Using this
shortcut for more than a few phrases
necessitates maintaining a printed
master list of the library.
At any time you can Append a docu-
ment from a stor^e unit on any drive.
You can piece portions of text together
by judiciously using the Erase to end of
file command.
You can accomplish fast deletion of
other sections by marking the end of the
section you want deleted with a special
character, such as @, and instructing
Benchmark to define the text you want
deleted from the cursor position to that
character.
Fomis and Formats
To construct form letters or docu-
ments from a bank of standard provi-
sions, create master indexed files by
following a prescribed formal and call-
'*You can build a file
of standard letters
for common
business situations. . . "
ing the Index facility. Type the identifi-
cation tag assigned to selected master
file provisions, and Benchmark assem-
bles your completed document.
Although you can scan the whole col-
lection of standardized provisions on
the screen by going to the master file, a
looseleaf reference book is more effi-
cient.
Arrange your forms with fill-in vari-
ables, then Quick Search with one key
to each variable in sequence. Using
View and interactive printing, you run
through the form each time you need it.
This leaves the original in the file with
bracketed generic variables for future
use. You can build a file of standard let-
ters for common business situations thai
you can personalize at printout.
A more sophisticated forms feature
sets up an information file with just the
variables. Index this file, combine it
with a fomi, and you automatically sub-
stitute all variables with one stroke.
For example, assemble the boiler-
plate waiver of notice of a corporate
meeting with fill-in variables such as
date and company. Enter date, place,
company, officers' names, and all the
other variables in your data informa-
tion file and index it. Use the index pro-
cedures to join the two files, press the Q
key. and your minutes are complete.
Initial steps for indexing are difficult,
so effective use of this feature takes
practice. It's a powerful tool when you
prepare similar documentation for a
number of clients.
At an additional cost. Benchmark has
a mail list option that merges a list of
names and addresses with form letters.
Benchmark lets you manually insert
variables such as names, addresses, and
other specific data into a number of the
same form letters.
Preparing the master form, referred
to as a pattern document, follows the
same rules for variables entry as index-
ing. The Merge command generates
form letters by responding to prompts
for names and other fill-in variables.
You can print the letters as you go
along, save them to disk, or both. Sav-
ing to disk first lets you review for er-
rors or insert comments before printing.
With Merge, you must answer each
variable prompt even if you repeat
the same variable. Merge is handy for
t>pical customer response letters sent
out a few at a time as opposed to bulk
mailing.
Benchmark has extensive formatting
capabilities. You can center pages be-
tween margins or headings, or center ti-
tles on a line.
Top, bottom, ri^t, and left margins
are individually adjustable. Benchmark
accommodates line widths of up to 155
characters. The program retains mar-
gins as part of the file and sets them
automatically for your next edit.
By using the interplay between lines
per inch and single- and double-spaced
lines, you can produce the spacing you
need. The amount of blank space at the
end of ragged lines, right justification
with whole spaces, and hyphenation are
controllable. If you use single-sheet
feeders, you can cue up to three trays
by using software commands.
Automatic widow/orphan control
settings assure that a minimum number
of paragraph lines begin or end a page.
You demarcate any group of lines that
must remain on the same page or any
word grouping that you want printed on
the same line.
Besides superscript, subscript, under-
lining, boldface, and overstrike, singly
and in combination. Benchmark pro-
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The Next Generation:
SUPERLOG
ADVANCED ELECTRONIC NOTEBOOK
BYKSoft
Ov«r tha pMt two yMrs. LOG Etoctronic Notebook riaa quittty M«n creating a rgvolution in
pwTMxiH mtormaUon manoQamani C>M*ar>*d to amulata a familiar pencil and notebook. LOO
Etectronic Notebook can do fw ranctom Intormalion what a sprewMt>««t ptograin does lor
numbers.
Now. even ttie beat t\aa been improved! KSoft « ptaaaed to announce SUPERLOG. the next
generMion ol the LOG tvnty SUPERLOG is not a patchi It is a tolaly rewritten version of ttm
on^Mi LOG corwepl. tu»y compatible with the LDOS 5 1 .3 operating system currentty
•ndoraedby Tandy
SUPERLOG retains al ol ttte versatile features ol LOG white adding many new options
requested by profesakytal users Floppy or Hard disk Any number ot LOG Ses per diskette
1 to 32767 pages psr file Paaaword protection and error checking New lent editing com-
mmda nckjOe automatic text Wrap- Around, Expand and Delete lor entire linea. a Pftoe Copy
comm«id. and an UrKlo i<ey to reverse editxig cnartges Cursor motion (S more flexible with
new key corT*Tw>ds plus a Forma ammetor. The SEARCH lunction is greatty enhanced with a
WU-Card clwacter, caae-rxtependent search, and mulhple word search at 1 pages'sec-
ond
Also Note SUPERLOG is now futy intemjpl activaied: it may be accessed Irom pracbcaiy
M\y lofe(?wjnd task »Kkiding LDOS Utilities, LBASIC, LSCRIPT, EDAS. etc with non-
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thw versMie!
Wr«e or cm Today? Wei be glad 10 tel you about SUPERLOG and what it can do tor you'
SUPERLOG Specify Model I or IH
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(Model IV version to be offered soon (
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with any hardware purchase that totals over Sl.OOO, you may have tor FREE, any
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with our weD wrllten. user inendly manuals
SOFTWARE
VISACALC SPREADSHEET
Complele spreodsheei with lull screen cursor
control. M<^ Projectons Reports, Graphs,
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SCRIPIT WORD PROCESSOR
Full Screen Text Editor You may add. move.
delete, undertlne. Indent, center, lustUy
Fully machine code lor speed & pertormance
VERSAHLE DATA BASE
Free icamotted data base with extensive edit
and search commands. Full printer suKsort
High speed c^jerotlon and menu supported
$79,95
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NEW SOFTWARE RELEASE
Office Automation System is the answer to your
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^SwUstof AOverttsefs on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 79
REVIEWS
vides shadow printing (double strike
with the second impression slightly to
the right of the first) and stop print for
change of fonts or ribbons.
You insert a caret at the beginning
and ending limits for print changes, but
you must call another screen to deter-
mine the type of special print change in-
volved.
Benchmark has several choices in
tabs: regular, indent for outlining or in-
serting quotations, numeric for lining
up decimals, centering for column head-
ings, dot and underline for creating
tables of contents, and right-justified to
line up paragraph numbers in contrac-
tual documents or page numbers in
tables of contents.
Business Graphics is an ingenious util-
ity for drawing rectangular boxes to em-
phasize enclosed text. Actually, you can
print text mixed with any line configu-
ration you build from thin vertical and
horizontal lines at 90-degree angles.
Constructing this takes a consider-
able amount of time and patience, and
therefore might be of limited practical
use, but the function shows what clever
programming can do with a daisy-wheel
printer and ordinary characters.
A real boon is the well-implemented
Calculator. You can enter a list of bills,
expense reimbursements, or costs and
quantities needing extensions in a letter,
voucher, or statement, and calculate
the figures without ever leaving Bench-
mark. Addition, subtraction, multipli-
cation, division, subtotals, and totals
are available in horizontal and vertical
directions.
Accumulated totals and subtotals are
in real time at the bottom of the screen
and you can write them an>-where in
your text. Enhance Calculator with col-
umn formatting that permits insertion,
deletion, transposition, and spacing
changes of columns of figures. This is
quite a versatile package.
Benchmark claims to support pro-
portional printing for the more popular
Diablo, Qume, or NEC daisy-wheel
printei^ listed in the documentation, but
it didn't work with my Qume Sprint 5.
Daisy wheels for most Diablo and
Qumes use a different sequence for pro-
portional wheels than regular fonts.
Proportional printing wasn ' t possible
and Metasoft couldn't fmd anyone who
could explain or correct the problem.
My other disappointment was the in-
operable special print option for Span-
ish diacritical marks, the accent and
80 • 80 Micro. November 1983
tilde. Benchmark instructs you to use
the grave accent to implement this fea-
ture, but the grave is the one character
that you can't access from the key-
board. You can use overstrike proce-
dures to produce diacritical marks pro-
vided they are on your print wheel.
Documentation
The manual's opening section on
start-up information apparently changes
for each major version of the software.
It's not up to the quality of the re-
mainder of the manual and would bene-
fit from screen reproductions or refer-
ence to the manual sections that cover
the same information.
A short introduction on computer use
is followed by an overview of essential
procedures, a reiteration of CP/M in-
formation, and the initial steps in run-
ning the word processor.
"... Benchmark is quality
software that you should
consider if you need
a high level of sophis-
tication and flexibility
in your word processing. "
The next !0 chapters each tackles a
separate essential program aspect. With
the exception of the section on tabs, de-
scriptions are straightforward and ex-
plicit, though they lack sufficient ex-
amples. The manual should describe
what happ)ens when you hit the wTong
key and indicate which commands are
sensitive to case of letters.
The central portion of the documen-
tation contains excellent reproductions
of program screens. It includes a de-
tailed table of contents, and a fair-sized
index, immediately preceded by two
pages listing brief descriptions for all
commands and a page of system error
codes. Other program error messages
tend to be cryptic cmd need further ex-
planation.
Considering the complexity of Bench-
mark, I feel that the index is sparse and
needs expansion. Neither proportional
printing nor foreign language features
are in the index though they appear in
the table of contents. However, the man-
ual's organization is logical and helps
compensate for the skimpiness of the in-
dex references.
The remaining 16 chapters that de-
scribe advanced techniques are ade-
quate. A cardboard quick -reference
command sheet helps you avoid jump-
ing to the help screen. The last section
of the manual consists of command
sheets describing key assignments and
similar information for approximately
30 different terminals.
Overall, the tutorial and reference as-
pects are well done. Metasoft's planned
revisions should bring the documenta-
tion up to the level the software deserves.
Critklsm
With my 8-inch floppy system, load-
ing and saving files and jumping to
pages in documents move slowly if the
text is more than a few pages long. Pre-
sumably a hard disk would improve this
facet of performance.
When you save to disk and want to
continue with the edit, you must reload
initial menus, ll seems like an eternity
until you get back to the end of a long
file. Until you save the file, any power
glitch or fatal error in processing wipes
out memory and all current edit changes.
Most file transfer programs using
modems require ASCII. Additionally,
you can quickly skim any ASCII format
file from CP/M with Type without en-
tering your word processor. Benchmark
files require time and disk space to con-
vert to ASCII before this type o'i pro-
cessing.
To examine headers, footers, embed-
ded print style changes (underline, bold-
face), and line spacing, you must call a
secondary display. Also, Benchmark's
full space justification doesn't produce
as professional looking documents as
partial microspace justification.
Few micro word processors presently
incorporate full software spooling,
and Benchmark isn't one of them. If
your word processing is continuous,
you might want to consider a hardware
solution.
As indicated by the four-star rating, I
consider Benchmark one of the better
micro word processing packages. It
needs some improvements and has some
drawbacks, particularly in speed of cer-
tain operations. However, Benchmark
is quality software that you should
seriously consider if you need a high
level of sophistication and flexibility in
your word processing. ■
Everybody's making money
sellina microcomputers.
Somebody s going to make money
servicing them. r^|
Now NRI Trains You At Home To
Make Mon*?\ Scr\icing, Repairinj;,
and Proeramming Personal
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lisjng this new technol(^; the industr>- is offerinR
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devclcping their own progninw
Growing Demand
fior Computer Technicians
This IS onlv one of liw gry"Alh fadon. iiillucncing
the Increasing opportuiiiuw fur (fi;dififd computer tech-
niaaift HtfL'.S. Iiepartmentof Iahorpmiecis(wra60(Bfc
increase in job openings for the decade, most of them new
jobs created b>' the expanding wxld of tlie con^juter.
Learn At Home
to Service An> Computer
NRI can train wiu tor this exciting, rewarding field.
Thun voj at home to service not only niicToconiputeR, but
word processofi and data terminals, too Thun wu al >air
OMivenience, with dearly written ' bile-si7e" lesons that
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VxjT tmiiung is built around the latest model of the
wrids most popular computer Its the amazing TRS-SO™
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No cdier small oocnputer has so much software available
for it, no o(her is used and rdied or by so many people.
And it s TOurs to keep for petsixul and business use,
Vbu gpt plent)- of practical experience linder NRIs
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verifying Its operation at each step. Lisiiig the NRI Uiscover>'
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and sttxh' arcuits ranging from the simplest to die most
advanced Vbu anal™ and troubleshoot usinj? the profes-
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later in your work. Then yuu use the lab and meter to
actually access the interior of your computer, .build spe-
cial circuits and write prop-jms to control them. *u "see"
ywir computer at work and deittwtstrate its pcnwr.
(TRSW is > mkmark of the Rxlo
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SamelVainiiw
Available With
Color Ccmiputer
NRI otier^ «)u tlR' opportunity to train with the
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Tlie same technique for getting inside is enhanced by using
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offer? y«u a dioice to fit your specific training needs.
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in addition to training m lUSiC and adi-anced
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Other Opportunities
NRI has been giving ;unbitious people
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also indude TV/Audio Video Sy^ms servicing with
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Send the coupon for our l(h-p;^ catalog showing
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iTieres no oH^jatkai other than to yxxirself See how NRI
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coupon has been remmed. please write to NRI Schools.
,^39Vi'isconsJn *«,, <a \feshington, f)C 30016,
NRI Schools
\lc(iraw-Hili Continuing
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59.^9 llsconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 2l«)lf)
We'll give you tomorrow.
The eaulog is tnt. The trBlnlng is priceless
Please elieck for one free catalog only
D Computer Electronics including
Microcomputers
D Color T\', Audio, and Mdeo System
Servicing
D Electronics Design Ttehnoloft
3 DigiUl Electronics
Q CcHiimunications Electronics • FCC
Lcenses • Mobiki CB • Aircraft • Marine
.All career counes
ipproveil iiniler Gl tiill
D Check fof ileiuli
I
I _
I Ntme
I Slreel
I
D Industrial Electronics
□ Basic Elearonics
n Small Engine Servicing
G Appliance Servicing
a Automotive Servicing
D Auto Air Conditioning
n Air Conditioning Heaiii^
Refrioeration. & Solar Ttchnolog
D Building Construction
(Please Pniit>
Age
I(A\\:'ftaU;'l.tf
AccreUiied bv the WcniKting Comimsslon o( itw Suhxial Home Sudy Council
»1 79-113
80 Micro, November 1983 • 81
THE BVTE
GEMEHill.
3 Slerks Lane
Rostyn Harbor, NY 11576
24 Hour Order Line
516-625-0920
FREE SHIPPING IN THE U. S.A.
TRS-80
Model 4 64k,
RS232, 2 Drives $1549
Model 100 8k $659
Model100 24k $859
Covered by The R/S
90 Day Warrenty
Elephant Diskettes:
SS/SD $16.95
SS/DD $18.95
Modems
Signalman Mark I $74
Signalman 300/1200 $259
Smartmodem 300 $199
Smartmodem 1200 $479
Novation J-Cat $119
Printers:
Prowriter 85l0ap $359
Prowriter 1550 $645
Prowriter Ribbons $7
F10-40cps $1125
Fl0-55cps $1339
Tractor for F10 $189
Bananna Printer .$189
Epson FX-80 Call
Epson FX-100 Call
Buffers:
Microbuffer32k $209
Microbuffer 64k $239
Speed/Ups:
Holmes Sprinter X
(ForModel4)8MHz $99
Holmes Sprinter III $79
Look Around, Find The Bcsl Prices
And The General Will Beat Them.
FREE SHIPPING
Deafer Inquiries Invited
TERMS OF SALE: There is a 2% Service Charge
for Mastercard or Visa. COD Orders Add $2 60 Orders
Undet $30 please add S2 shipping and handling
.-383
REVIEWS
• ••••
Finger Print
Epson Printer Adapter
DresseUiaus Computer Products
837 East AlosU Ave.
Glendora. CA 91740
S59.95
by Alan Neibauer
Finger Print, an inexpensive hardware
modification for Epson printers
(with or without Graftrax), controls all
print functions from the printer's panel
switches.
For word processing systems that
don't allow user print codes, and for all
other data processing work, Finger
Print makes it easy to select a fuU range
of available fonts: double strike, em-
phasized, compressed, double width,
and any combination of these.
While the modification does not re-
place embedded print codes in word pro-
cessing, it has many useful features for
both the writer and programmer, and is
a valuable but inexpensive investment.
In addition to switching between
fonts, Finger Print provides for perfo-
ration shipover, eight or six lines per
inch, and has a selectable sLx-space in-
dentation. The panel switches used to
select these options still perform the
normal functions of line and form feed.
At first, 1 was hesitant about opening
up my Epson and installing Finger
Print . However, the instructions are
easy to understand and include photo-
graphs that illustrate each step.
Finger Print is supplied on a small
circuit board with three integrated cir-
cuits and two leads attached. Remove
one integrated circuit from the Epson
and plug the Finger Print board into its
location.
Number of Beeps FuncUon
1 Resei
2 Compressed
3 Double width
4 Emphasized
5 Double strike
6 Perforation Skip
7 Indentation (six spaces)
8 Eight lines per inch
9 Italic
10 Fine Print
Tabk 11. Number of beeps necessary to select
Finger Print Junctions.
Before you insert the original Epson
chip into a spot on the Finger Print
board, you must bend one pin out at a
90-degree angle. Attach one of the leads
with an easy to insert terminal to the
bent pin.
Clip the other lead, complete with a
spring hook, to a pin on another circuit.
The entire modification takes only 15
minutes.
Using Finger Print
It took about the same length of time
to understand how the modification
works. Pressing specific patterns on the
printer's panel switches gives you Epson
fonts and functions.
You invoke Finger Print by holding
down the on line button until a beep
sounds. The beep means that Finger
Print is ready to accept commands.
Select a panicular function by hold-
ing the on line button until a series of
beeps sounds. Pressing the form feed
button activates the function and press-
ing line feed returns control to the
printer (see Table 11).
For example, if you want a listing in
emphasized t>pe, you press the on line
button until four beeps sound, press the
FF (form feed) button to activate the
font, and the LF (line feed) button to
pass control back to the printer.
Activate several options at once by
combining button sequences. Two
beeps turn on compressed print, while
five activate double strike. Press the
on line button until two beeps sound,
press the FF button, then hold the on
line button until you hear five beeps,
press the FF and LL buttons, and the
printer produces double-strike com-
pressed type.
Finger Print leaves the double width
function on even after line feeds. In-
stead of returning to standard size after
each line, double width printing stays in
effect until you reset the function.
Features Lkc italic and fine print type
are only available on Graftrax models.
Since I do a great deal of program-
ming, I appreciate Finger Print's per-
foration skipwver abilities. After I turn
the function on, it automatically leaves
a 1-inch margin, neatly skipping perfo-
rations. I even use the indentation fea-
ture to make room for three-ring bind-
ing of my listings.
1 am as pleased with the performance
of Finger Print as I am with its ease of
installation. ■
82 • SO Micro. Novsmber 1983
Computer
Protection
KLEEN
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KLR-250A 250 Watt Low! •S91.9S
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KiR>SOOA SOOWauLMd 189095
KLR-500A-I90 500 ¥•» Loadt Palmtod
Filter bohledSoekMi •44S.9S
supping: $12.75 Und; $45^ Air
Ask Yoor Local Dealer
MBt% Electronic Specialists, Inc.
1 7 1 South hWn SITML Box aaO. NMIek, MMMOtwMm 01760
Tol Ftm OrdM-OMk 1-S0&a2S-4«7e
MasMrCard, VISA, AmMoan Expr»M
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TAPE
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SPECIAL
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PRICE:
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Dep't.C.Box560
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(213)7643131
TERMS: VISA. MC. checks, COD Please add S2.00 shipping in U.S. or Canada.
S5.00 overseas, sales lax in Ca. Most orders fiUed ivitfiln 48 hi^
□BC3
MIDVE8T
COMPUTER
VHOLESALE
CBD
*■ A MHOLIBALIN, HCH ' I IIRVICI IB NOT RICOHMINKD fOR
eVCRVONff. A HHOLtBALC TRANBACTtON IB BCBT BUtTKD TO
THt tNrORNID OR ElPERtCNCID BHOP^CR. ONE WHO KNOHS HIB
NCEDB. IF VOU ARE A BCBINNCR MB ABK THAT VOU DIAL MITH
A RETAILER MHO ' B HIBHER HftRBIN ALLOMS THE -HAND
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EXACTLY nHAT YOU ARE LOOKINQ FOR
COHRUTERB • • • •
TRB-BO H0D4 A4K Ol DRIVCB 40TR/BB/DD •1S49.0O
TRS-BO H0D7 A4K <l) DRIVE T7TR/B8/BD ASnOO.OO
VICTOR «000 13BK (21 SRtVCB BOTR/BB/DD. ........ BlVVfl. 00
BANVO RBC-IOeO 64K <1) ORIVC 40TR/DB/D0 aiAVO.OO
RAM DtBK DRIVER • • • IME STOCK TANDON AND HF I I
40 TRACK BtNBLE BIDE DRIVEB PROn •147.00
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BO TRACK BINBLE BIDE DRIVEB FROM BZOa.OO
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77 TRACK BINBLE BIDE B' DRIVEB FROM 4997.00
77 TRACK OCUBLE BIDE S* DRIVEB FROH 4442.00
BINBLE CABK AND ROHER BURRL V 9- FRON 493.00
DUAL CABE AND FOMER BURFLV 9> FROM 404.00
BINBLE AND DUAL B' CABE AND FOMER BUFFLV FROH. . . 4300 . 00
HINCHEBTER HARD DRIVEB • • •
19) BIZEB COMPLETE, CABE. FOMER BUFFLV. DOB. HOD 3 OR 4
4. 4 HEB •I4V4.O0
17. B HEB •1444.00
14.3 NEB 417 44.00
14. 1 HCa •104*. OO
31 HEB 4 33*4. OO
FRINTERS • • •
FFBON F(-po 493*. 00
EFBON H»-tO0 tATn.OO
BHITH CORONA TF-1 444*. 00
CABLES • ■ •
(31 DISK DRIVES 414.00
'4 1 DISK DRIVES 434.00
FR INTER BTD PARALLEL CIS. 00
R8-233C 4I9.O0
SPECIAL CABLES HADE TO VOUR SFCCB 4CALL
HISCELLANEOUS • • •
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J<CAT HOOCH 3O0 BAUD DIRECT CONNECT 410*. OO
SMART-CAT 1300 BAUD, AUTO AMS/OIAL OIR/CONN 4449.00
BHART-CAT 300 BAUD. AUTO ANB/OIAL. DIA/CONN 4140.00
OREEN CRT FILTER .0133- THICK •4.30
S.I HEB HODS SPEED-UP KIT 474.00
14K HEHORV KIT MSONS PRIME NEC CHIPS) SIB.OO
64K MEMORY KIT <190N8 FRIHE OKI CHIPB) 494.00
MOD4 I3BK MEMORV UF-BRADE KIT COMPLETE 404.00
PRINTER BHtTCH. 2 PRINTERS ON ONE COHRUTER 44B.OO
DISKETTES • • • IBOl OF 10> OPUS VERBATIM
40 TRACK SOL BIDE, DBL DENSITV S20 423
40 TRACK DSL SIDE. DBL OENSITY 430 ISB
BO TRACK gOL BIDE. DSL DENSITV a33
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40 TRACK OBL BIDE, DBL DCNBITV (FLIFFV)SSO
PRICES AND SPEC'S ARE SUBJECT TO CHANSC, MITHOUT NOTICE
TRS-SO IB A THADEHARK OF RADIO BHACK-OIV OF TANDV CORF.
ALL TMS-eO'B FROH HCH ARE CONBTRUCTCO TO OUR BFCC ' B AMD
ARE COVERED BV OUR HARRANTV BEE MOTE BELOH.
■ • ■• FAYNENTS ■ • •
WF. ACCEPT VISA. H/C, HONCV
ORDERS. AND CHECKS. NOTE)
NON-CERTIFIED CHECKS
REDUIRE <3> MCEKS FOR BANK
CLEARANCE. NO SALES TAIES
ARE COLLECTED ON SALES
OUTSIDE OF MICHIAAN.
■ • • MARRANTV a • •
VOUR HARDWARE PURCHASE IS COVERED BV AN NCU 40 OAV.
LIMITED, FARTS AND LABOR HARRANTV OR THE MARRANTV OF
THE I TEH ■ a MANUFACTURER CONF IRM VOUR COVERAOE WHEN
FLACINS AN ORDER. COPIES OF THE HARRANTV ARC AVAILABLE
OH REOueST.
MIDWEST COMPUTER WHOLESALE
PO BOX 3987B DETROIT. MI. 48B39
TELEPHONE ORDER LINE C3133 BaS-3040
• • • DELIVER* • • •
BHIPHENTB ARE HADE
PROHFTLY FROH STOCK. VIA
UFB, (SHE FERHITTINS),
OTHERS. BEST HAV. COBTS
UNLEBB OTHCRHIBC NOTIFIED
ARE 3. 3S OF THE ORDER
TOTAL BUT MOT LESS THAN S3
rf Sa» Uai ot MiMrtl99n on Page 307
80 Micro, Novwnter 1983 • 83
REVIEWS
• •*•
77k Reader ^s Guide to
Microcomputer Books
Michael Nkita and Ronald Petmsha
Golden-Lee Book
1000 Dean St.
Brooklyn, NY 11238
Softcover, 410 pp.
$9.95
by Eric Grevstad
«OAficTO staff
Michael Nicita and Ronald Petrusha
have reason to be proud. They've
read over 400 of the computer books
flooding the market, assessed each
one's strengths and weaknesses, and
compiled a helpful, perceptive guide for
readers ranging from novice micro
shoppers to MC68000 Assembly-lan-
guage programmers.
They're sometimes more pleased with
themselves for being cute than for their
good work, but that detracts only
slightly from this guide's value.
"While the IOO~point scale
is a handy shortcut,
the guide's merit
rests in the reviews. "
The Remier's Guide to Microcom-
puter Books rates books on six topics:
computer introduaions, CPUs, oper-
ating systems and hardware design, pro-
gramming, software and applications,
and specific micro systems. The latter
sections are subdivided to let you, for
instance, find books on Basic or Pascal
rather than hunt through all language
entries.
VisiCalc and word processing get sep-
arate mention in the software category,
and TRS-80, Apple, IBM, Atari, Com-
modore, and Timex owners can turn to
their sections of the systems chapter.
The guide's format is laudably com-
plete. In addition to a short review,
Nicita and Petrusha give each book a
numerical rating from 10 to 100 (award-
ing 100s to only four books, including
David Lien's The Basic Handbook and
Lewis Rosenfelder's Basic Faster and
Better & Other Mysteries).
Besides title, author, publisher, and
price, each entry lists page count, size,
and ISBN number — everything a book-
seller needs to order the volume you de-
sire. The guide includes indexes by title,
author, subject, and rating, and even
suggested stock lists for owners of
small, medium, and large bookstores.
While the 100-point scale is a handy
shortcut, the guide's merit rests in the
reviews. As they're limited to a few par-
agraphs, Nicita and Petrusha some-
times bounce back and forth abruptly,
praising a book's good points and then
adding reservations about its flaws.
This flip-flopping in the name of fair-
ness is most disturbing in reviews of
books that fall in the middle range of
their scale (roughly between 60 and 80
points).
But their assessment of each book's
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Ihe GOLD PDUG 80 exterris the existir^
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ndamwK Tandy Cop
S4 • 80 Micro, Novomber 1983
REVIEWS
best audience, whether elementary com-
puter students or S-lOO interface archi-
tects, is excellent, and their knowl-
edge — or at least the range of topics on
which they're willing to express opin-
ions — is encyclopedic.
The reviewers praise Thomas White-
side's Computer Capers, a 1978 book
about mainframe embezzling schemes,
and general-audience works such as
Tracy Kidder's The Soul of a New Ma-
chine, as well as more technical entries.
Thomas Crowley's Understanding
Computers (1967) is "an almost archae-
ological curiosity," to be "avoided for
its technological obsolescence," but at
the same time is "a rare window into
an earlier generation of computer tech-
nology."
Also, Nicita and Petrusha are concise
and witty writers. They say of an other-
wise respectable work, "CP/M Simpli-
fied is at times CP/M disorganized."
Dismissing Dune author Frank Her-
bert's Without Me You're Nothing,
they quip, "We can only hope that [this
". . . the authors, . . clearly
relish every opportunity
to lash bad books
with smart remarks. "
book) is not the beginning of a new te-
tralogy."
Herbert's not the only author who
draws their scorn by trying to cash in on
computers without caring about books'
quality. T.G. Lewis' How to Profit
from Your Personal Computer, the re-
viewers say, should be titled How to
Profit from Writing About Personal
Computers by Including the Word
"Profit" in the Title.
This is fun, but it grows a little tiring.
"We make no apologies for the some-
times acerbic opinions expressed in this
first edition," the authors boast in their
introduction, and they clearly relish ev-
ery opportunity to lash bad books with
smart remarks.
Explaining their rating system, they
say that a score of 90-100 means "excel-
lent," 80-90 "superior," and 10^10
"the best thing about these books may
be the reviews."
But, if you can tolerate the authors'
vanity, the Reader's Guide is a valuable
reference work. No one will ever be in
the market for every book reviewed
here — there are 29 specific TRS-80
books, plus Z80- and language-oriented
works that Tandy owners might
use — but someone could conceivably
use this book to decide which introduc-
tion to computers to buy, then what
software guides to buy after getting a
micro, and finally the best books to help
in advanced programming and hard-
ware practice.
The average micro owner, Comput-
erworld says, will buy eight books as
well as peripherals and software. If
you're a beginner, the Reader's Guide
deserves to be your first. If you're a vet-
eran, it might deserve a place as your
ninth. ■
DISPLAYS CORRECT SPEU JNGS;
If you don't know the correct spt'lling.
EW will look it up for you. and di.splav
the dictionary
VERIFIES CORRECTIONS: If you
think you know the correct spellin^^of
a word, EW will check it for you Ix-fore
making the corrections.
HYPHENATES AUTOMATIC AIJ.Y:
(Optional I, Inserts discretionary hy-
phens throughout text.
GRAMMAR & STYLE CHECKER:
I Optional I- Identifies 22 types of com-
mon errors. Makes suggested cor-
rections with the strolte of a key, (^
Runs within EW.
50,000 WORD DICTIONARY: Use.s
only 2',: bytes per word; add as many
words as you wish,
FAST CORRECTING: In as little as
30 seconds. Electric Webster can return
you to your Word Processing program,
with your text fully corrected and on
your screen,
INTEGRATES: into II different word
processing programs: Wordstar. Spell-
binder, Newscript, Lazy Wnter. Super-
Scripsit, Scripsit, Electric Pencil, Copy
Art, Superscript. Zorlof. and Magic
Wand I specify I. Begins proofing at the
stroke of a key; returns you to word
processing automatically.
Electricl
Webster
gUJNGCHECKER
"The Cadillac"
ofspelling checkers
80 Microcompuling, 9/82
VOTED #1: If this sounds too good to
believe, you don't need to take our word
for it. Take the word of the thousands of
80 Micro readers who voted Electric
Webster the #1 spelling checker ( 1/83 1.
Take the word of the sc-ores of profes-
sional ^ftware reviewers who have raved
about Electric Webster. Or. ask your local
computer or software dealer for a dem-
onstration, and see for yourself!
ACCLAIMED:
"Electric Webster is the best. Just read
any review in any magazine and I don't
believe that you will find even one dis-
agreement to that statement ■■ CINTUG.
Cincinnati's Users Group Mag.. 4/83
"In my opinion, the perfect combination
is Correcting Electric Webster with the
hyphenation and grammar add-(»ns To
my surpnse. it fills ever>' reasonable
expectation. It is fast, easy to use and
accurate" Desktop Computing. 12182
Psrformance "Excellent"; Documentation
"Good"; Ease of Use "Excellent"; Error
Handling "Excellent", Info World. 8/82
LOW PRICES:
TRS-80 Electric Webster $ 89,95
w/Correcting Feature $149 95
Hyphenation $ 49,95
Grammar & Style Checker $ 49 95
CP/M or MS/DOS
Electric Webster $209,95
(includes Correcting Feature
and Hyphenation Option!
Grammars Style Checker $ 49.95
W
CORNUCOPIA
SOFTWARE
(415) 524-8098
Post OHke Box 61 II
Albany, Ciiilomia 94706
80 Micro, Nowmber 1983 • AS
REVIEWS
*••
Draw
$29.95
• ••••
Kwikdraw
$74.95
lichen Software
6603 N. Lee St.
Spokane, WA 99207
Modd m, one disk drive
48K, TRSDOS 1.3
by Thomas L. Quindry
Draw and Kwikdraw are screen edit-
ing programs that let even novice
users create and simultaneously display
both gr^hics and text on either a screen
display or an Epson MX-80 printer (ex-
cept the MX-80 with Graftrax Plus).
While both are good programs, Kwik-
draw is written in machine language and
is faster and more versatile than Draw.
Each program comes on a data disk.
While you need only one disk drive to
use either program, you need two disk
drives to transfer the programs to a
TRSDOS disk.
You can easily combine text and
graphics in either Basic or machine-lan-
guage programs. Draw offers adequate
but minimal drawing capabilities; Kwik-
draw offers two or three times the versa-
tility and much greater speed.
Draw
Draw provides 20 commands. You
use the arrow keys and numeric keys
1-9 to position the cursor. The numeric
keys locate the cursor at positions rela-
tive to the key's location on the key-
board; for instance, the 5 key positions
the cursor at center screen.
The arrow keys display information
according to how three display keys are
set. The V key generates a conventional
display of white on black, the I key dis-
plays inverse video, and the N key al-
lows the cursor to move across the
screen without affecting the display.
Draw's most useful command is for
circle drawing. It produces circles of al-
most any diameter and obviates the te-
diimi of trying to draw circles freehand.
Draw's fill command is another use-
ful feature. It fills in areas of the display
in either black on white or white on
black. Switch between these two modes
with the Reverse Screen command.
To draw diagonal lines, you have to
specify the begirming and end points.
Other commands let you draw horizon-
tal or vertical lines to the screen edge or
the nearest intersection of the same spe-
cified color.
You can also specify the character
mode to add text to your display. In the
character mode, it's fairly easy to en-
ter commands and return to the graph-
ic mode.
The @ key acts as a control key for
commands. You can also enter all the
available Model III special characters
by special command.
You can load your display into an
ASCII disk file to save it for later re-
trieval. You can read this file from your
Basic program, and so transport your
art work to another program. You can
also insert a display into machine lan-
guage programs, but that's beyond the
scope of Draw's instruction manual.
With Draw, you can overlay any saved
file over an existing display. By creat-
ing modular shapes and patterns in dif-
ferent files, you can overlay them for a
more interesting effect. You can always
undo the display if you've saved the
original.
If you want a printout of your dis-
play, you have a printer selection of
TRS-80 mode or MX-80 mode. Draw
uses the TRS-80 graphic capabilities of
the MX-80 printers.
The mode you seiect depends on your
printer's interior switch settings. You
can set the Epson switches to either
mode. Epson's TRS-80 mode recogniz-
es the graphics character codes in your
TRS-80 manual.
The MX-80 mode recognizes the
gr^hics character codes as having a
W • 80 Micro, November 1983
REVIEWS
value of 32 higher than the TRS-80
graphic characters. You get the Epson's
most useful mode if you use software
and switch selection to choose MX-80
mode.
When you give the command to line
print the display, Draw's current printer
default settings appear. The printer
mode you*re using determines the avail-
able settings.
You can change the setting for con-
densed character, normal, or double
mode, and for emphasized or double-
strike. The double mode is actually 66
characters per inch (cpi) rather than 40
cpi. The condensed printing mode has a
printout display that closely approxi-
mates the video screen display.
Now you can choose to start the
printout flush left, centered, or flush
right. A good error-checking routine
tells you when you can't use a printer
setting.
Unfortunately, you can't set the
MX-80 or TRS-80 mode at this time.
You must make that selection at the ear-
lier stage of the program.
You'll probably need to read Draw's
21-page manual only onc^. It explains
the commands adequately, and the pro-
gram is user friendly.
While creating your graphics display,
you can return to the menu at any time
to call up files that give you helpful in-
formation. One such file provides all
the ASCII codes and indicates what ap-
peal? on the screen if you use the special
character command.
You can draw circles or change the
printer mode only from the menu. After
you finish using the menu, Draw re-
stores your graphics screen.
A program listing in the manual
shows how to use your displays in a Bask:
program. I don't know why this listing
isn't on the disk as a user convenience.
In addition to the seven files that
comprise Draw, the disk contains 10
sample display files and a display file
that illustrates the fill routine.
The greatest inconvenience in pro-
gramming with Draw is that you must
protect high memory. You must re-
member what value to set since no re-
mark statonent in the program indi-
cates that value.
I've corrected this in my copy by add-
ing the following line to Draw, then sav-
ing the modified program:
5 POKE 16561,252 : POKE 16562,216 : CLEAR 50
We have
CP/M for
adio Shac
2,000 new programs for your
TRS-80® 12.
C"P/M is the runaway
leader in disk operating
systems, but until now owners
of Radio Shack computers
have been locked out of the
thousands of useful programs
that operate on CP/M.
Now you can put the power
of CP/M into your Radio
Shack TRS-80 II. 12. or 16.
and be able to use all the
popular and useful software —
and hardware— that has been
previously out of your reach.
Use any printer.
Instead of being chained to
Radio Shack hardware, you'll
be able to add a video terminal,
any printer (serial or parallel)
and several Winchester
hard disk drives with storage
up to 80 megabytes.
Yes! Send me tree infomutiOB
about CP/M for Radio Sluck.
Name
Uses only 8.5K of memory.
Since our first version
went on the market in 1980.
we've condensed and refined it
into a compact, easy-to-use
system enjoyed by thousands
of users.
Besides the standard Digital
Research CP/M manual,
you'll get the 250-page manual
we've developed through our
long experience in adapting
CP/M to Radio Shack com-
puters. Our manual has lots
of examples and an index
and glossary'.
You'll have your first working
disk in ten minutes.
Only $200.
The floppy disk version of
Pickles & Trout CP/M is $200.
The hard disk versions (for
Tandy. Corvus. and Cameo) are
$250, except for the multi-user
Cameo, which is S400.
Address
City
__ State Zip
Phone
or send us your business card.
Pickles & Trout*. P.O. Box 1206. Goleta.
CA 93116 I805t685-4641
l^RoUl
I
I
I
I
I RS-W Radio Shack Tandy Corpi.rulior, CP'M' Dkiu! Research,
Pii;kles ^ Tr.Hii ■ Pifkles 4. Iroui. '- I9M.1 Pickk's .^. Tnml
,^290
80 Micro, November 1983 • 87
REVIEWS
Draw works very well, and meets the
needs of the casual programmer. It's
painfully slow, but it provides an alter-
native to a more expensive graphic and
text editor program.
Kw&draw
Kwikdraw is faster, more powerful,
and more expensive than Draw. Draw-
ing a large circle takes only a few sec-
onds with Kwikdraw; Draw needs one
to two minutes for the same task. Kwik-
draw includes all Draw's functions, and
many more sophisticated capabilities.
One useful command moves one fig-
ure, text, or the entire display to another
location on the screen. For example,
you can move a cloud from the left side
of the screen to the right side without al-
tering the rest of the display.
The wraparound feature lets you put
half of the cloud on each side of the
screen. Another option moves the out-
line of an object and leaves its contents
intact at the original location. You can
also duplicate an object and leave the
original in place.
One command shifts the whole
screen right, left, up, or down. With this
comrrand, you can reposition a symme-
trical pattern for different graphk: effects.
You can save Kwikdraw displays in
two ways: to a disk file or to memory
buffers. You can save up to 10 displays
in memory. Kwikdraw will overlay any
of these displays or one from a disk file
on the current screen display. With
Kwikdraw 's settings, you determine
which part of the overlay dominates
when the display characters or graphics
conflict.
The Juxtapose routine places any
buffer displays over the screen display,
but not permanently. The buffer you se-
lect for juxtaposing flashes over the
display.
You can use this feature to copy part
of the display from the buffer to your
screen display manually or to see how
the combination might look. 1 find it
useful to juxtapose a buffer to see what
it contains before I save my current
screen display to it.
One feature of Kwikdraw reverses the
image of your display around a hori-
zontal or vertical axis. I'd like a com-
mand that provides a mirror image of
the left side of the screen on the right
side without eliminating the left side.
Then you'd get some great symmetrical
or kaleidoscopic designs.
88-80 Micro. November 1983
"Kwikdraw offers much
more control than Draw. "
Line printer control is better with
Kwikdraw than with Draw. You can
print specified buffers on the screen dis-
play. Printing any of the buffers is a
Figure 3. Window command shifa symmetriad
display for different effects.
background operation. You select which
buffers you want printed, then return to
the screen display or perform any other
function while printing resumes.
You can even change the contents of
the buffers you've selected for printout.
After a buffer has been printed, you can
fill it with another display and reselect
the buffer for printing. You can do all
this before the current printing opera-
tion is complete.
Kwikdraw has three file saving op-
tions. In addition to an ASCII file, you
can save the display as a Basic subrou-
tine file or an object code file. The three
files load back into the Kwikdraw pro-
gram without conversion.
You can merge the Basic subroutine
with your Basic program and call it. The
ASCII file is called from Basic in much
the same way as in Draw. The object
code file is placed anywhere in memory
for later use by your Basic or machine
language program.
The manual gives examples of each
type of file. Four examples are on the
disk as demonstration programs. You
can easily incorporate these demonstra-
tion files into your program to save typ-
ing and eliminate keying in errors.
Kwikdraw offers much more control
than Draw. As in Draw, you display
programming information on the
screen to give you the command codes
available or the current settings for the
controls.
If you don*t like the default settings
in Kwikdraw, you can change them and
save your own file with the specified set-
tings in it. You do the same for printer
settings.
The manual for Kwikdraw is 54
pages and full of information.
Kwikdraw is very user friendly, so
you'll probably read its manual only
once also.
I fmd no major faults with Draw or
Kwikdraw. Some idiosyncracies do ex-
ist. Using Draw for circles that don't re-
side entirely on the screen can produce
some unexpected results.
Using the routine to move a figure
outline without moving its contents
sometimes causes problems. Also mov-
ing a figure that extends to the edge of
the screen doesn't always work. After
you experiment, you'll learn what to ex-
pect and how to avoid any surprises.
If you expect to use graphics displays
only on a limited basis. Draw is a good
bargain. If you plan to use extensive
graphics displays, spend the extra mon-
ey for Kwikdraw. Both are good pro-
grams and will serve you well.
Nearly any display you create with
Kwikdraw you can also create with
Draw. It just takes longer with Draw
and requires more ingenuity to ac-
complish the same results. ■
^^VIEW Dlc^
Radio Shack Model 4, Tandy/Radio
Shack, One Tandy Center, Fort
Worth, TX 76102, $1,999.
". . -the Model 4 is a very power-
ful, flexible computer system. It can
be used equally as well in a home as
in a place of business. Either way, it
is well worth the. . .price." Interface
Age, September, p. 79.
The Official SUkon VaSey Guy
Handbook, Patty Bell and Doug
Myrland, Avon Books, New York,
NY, 105 pp., $3.95.
". . .the authors have managed to
produce a gentle and surprisingly
sensitive spoof of the stereotypical
computer wunderkind lurking about
laboratories and back rooms . . . :
average-looking, bespectacled, his
pale-blue polyester trousers a trifle
too short, a wrinkled corduroy jack-
et (tan, of course), and a plastic pock-
et protector abulge with writing im-
plements. And an ID badge. And a
clip-on tie. And a beeper on his belt.
"...About the only people who
won't appreciate it are in-house sys-
tems analysts, programmers, field
engineers. . ." Personal Computing,
September, p. 164.
CoCo-CooIer, Rem Industries Inc.,
9420 "B" Lurline Ave., Chatsworth,
CA 91311, Color Computer, $39.95.
"...Thank goodness for CoCo-
Cooler, a cooling fan from Rem In-
dustries.
"... If you use your Color Com-
puter for serious functions such as
word processing, programming, or
setting high game scores, you should
invest in a CoCo-Cooler. The rea-
sonable price of $39.95 may save you
from your next system crash..."
Creative Computing, September,
p. 64.
The Computer Camp Book, Yellow
Springs Computer Camp Inc., Yel-
low Springs, OH, 227 pp., $12.95.
"...There's no quarrel with the
information in this book Even
educators and planners interested in
establishing an extracurricular activi-
ty could gain a wealth of ideas and
insight from TTie Computer Camp
Book.
"...Sounds like a fine book,
doesn't it? It is, if one stops at con-
tent and organization and has no in-
terest in the quality of the physical
product. . . .the overall design sug-
gests a cheapness unworthy of the
book." Personal Computing, Sep-
tember, p. 167.
Martian Patrol, Melbourne House,
Dept. CS 347 Reedwood Drive,
Nashville. TN 37217, Models I and
III, 32K, $19.95 disk, $15.95
casserte.
"You man a sophisticated land
rover that just happens to be well
armed and highly maneuverable.
". . .The object of Martian Patrol
is to explore various sections of the
planet surface. ...As you bounce
along the surface you must avoid
large craters, outcroppings of rocks,
and land mines. . . , Combine all of
these hazards with concentrated air
attacks from enemy shipw, and you
have one heck of a game." Creative
Computing, September, p. 161.
Tbesaurus and Tbesaunis Builder,
Refware, POB 451, Chappaqua, NY
10514, Models I and III, $89.95 and
$149.95.
". . .is Refware's Thesaurus genu-
inely practical? ... I don*t think so.
"... Some TRS-80 owners will en-
joy the novelty... while others will
howl about the price — more than 10
times the cost of a Roget paper-
back." Popular Computing, Sep-
tember, p. 197.
Moptown, The Learning Company,
Follett Library Book Company,
4506 Northwest Highway, Qystal
Lake, IL 60014, Color Computer,
16K Extended Color Basic, $45 disk,
$40 cassette.
"...The Moptown program is a
series of eleven learning activities,
each designed to be progressively
more difficult. Students from ages
six to thirteen will have a challeng-
ing experience working through the
Moptown activities.
" . . . As the activities progress, the
students must learn to identify dif-
ferences and patterns, and develop
strategies to solve more complex
problems." The Color Computer
Magazine, September, p. 115.
Penguin, Displayed Video, 111 Mar-
shan St., Litchfield, MI 49252,
Models I and III. 48K, $19.95 disk,
$15.95 cassette.
"The graphics in Penguin are
cute, and the gameplay is light-
hearted, but the sound effects are
definitely lacking in intensity and
complexity. . . . Penguin is still a
quality game that deserves a place in
any software library. ' ' Creative
Computing, September, p. 158.
The
PRODUCER
The Professional Program Writer,
»- 59
What has your computer done for you
lately? You bought it to be a powerful and
time saving tool. But if lack of good
software keeps you frustrated and makes
your computer an expensive and idle
gadget, The PRODUCER is here to solve
your problem.
Now you can design and produce
professional quality programs that meet
your exact specifications and you don't
even need to understand programming at
all.
THE PRODUCER IS A SOFTWARE PACKAGE
THAT WRITES PROGRAMS FOR YOU.
Even though you have no knov\/ledge about how to write
programs, you can nov^ create impressive, sophisticated
and functional software to manage your data. You answer
simple English questions, draw your screen on your
monitor exactly like you want it, and The PRODUCER
writes the entire BASIC program by itself.
THE PRODUCER WAS DESIGNED FOR MICRO
COMPUTER OWNERS WHO CANT FIND THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAM TO DO WHAT THEY
WANT IT TO DO.
You may never need to buy another computer program to
store and retrieve information, perform calculations on
your data and get displayed and printed reports. The
PRODUCER can create customized software of truly
professional quality.
The PRODUCER makes the micro computer a useful tool
to the novice and saves many hours of programming time
for the experienced computer professional.
IF YOU ARE A NOVICE
The PRODUCER can make you feel like a pro. The Basic
code is written for you. You push buttons, answer
questions and watch the program develop in this
remarkable process.
IF YOU ARE A PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER
The PRODUCER can be the time-saver you need to
increase your productivity and make your job easier. The
PRODUCER provides many of the advanced features
found on products that cost many thousands of dollars
more. You'll be proud to show your clients the
professional quality programs created by The
PRODUCER.
Listen to what one of our users wrote recently:
The PRODC/CEii has prouen to be the greatest lusedto
^)0icL 70% qfmy time writing przigmms to create, Tnaintain,
sort, and Ust data. No More. Days and u«eJcs of
programming are now reduced to minutes and hours. The
PRODUCER has increased tfie pradnctiuity qfmy custom
sqftwarejirmby 400%. This product is in a dass reserved
^r (he best a. Copelle, Northbrook, Illinois.
HOW DO I LEARN TO USE THE PRODUCER
In each TRS-80 version, we have provided a systematic
guided tour of The PRODUCER program generator
process. For the Model I and III, an audio cassette tape
tutorial is part of your package. One of your fellow
PRODUCER owners talks to you as you go through the
step-by-step lessons. The tapes not only teach you the
operating process, they enable you to actually create a
program of your own design while you learn.
We have provided over 200 pages of thorough
documentation in The PRODUCER Reference Manual,
but we encourage you not to read the manual until after
you have completed the tutorial. We've had many rave
reviews from our users, like this one from S.R, Foster of
Pensacola, Florida:
The tutorkil was an exc^lent starter. Jt oioWfld me to get
an wiOiitwUhoutdaysanddays a/reading. Veryh^Jid.
WHAT DO YOU GET
WITH THE PRODUCER?
You will be impressed with the
professionalism of the PRODUCER
package:
D)SKeTTE(i) containmg PRODUCER
Program Development System.
REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages of
extensive, easy lo read, well organtzed
material Attractive hardback 3-ring binder
Color keyed index tabs separate the
chapters Comprehensive alphabetical
Index refers to specific chaptersubsections.
QUICK REFERENCE CARD
REGISTRATION CARD
TUTORIAL SESSION including audio
cassettes and detailed foliov^-aiong outline,
v^rjtten and produced by fellow PRODUCER
user.
FREE HOME INVENTORY MANAGE-
MENT PROGRAM ($5995 value as a
sample) allowing you to use a finished
program immediately
ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION to the
PRODUCER newsletter
TOLL FREE NUMBER for technical
assistance, available only to registered
PRODUCER owners.
Pictured are the components of the Model III version of The PRODUCER Other versions may vary slightly
The
PRODUCER,
•59
HOW THE PRODUCER WORKS
We think you will be impressed with the ease of
operation and the amazing versatility of features
you get with the PRODUCER. Here is a step by step
overview of the program writing process. The
screen shown is an unretouched photo of the
Master Menu from which each of these steps is
selected.
n Planning Your Program
The PRODUCER provides a fieiptul planning form you can pnnl on your Own pnnler It
helps you organize your ihp jgnrs lo create a tailor made Drogram to meet your neeas
D Creating The Screen
Visible on your monitor will be ths screen wriefe inforrnaiion will beenierea.editeOana
disptayea There are su simple steps to follow in crealmg your screen
1. Draw Your Screen
Using the arrow keys construct the screen many configuration you desire With single
keystrokes, enter large graphic letters and borders Edit at will until you are satisfied.
2. Define Message Areas
SbIbcI an area of your screen where Tne PRODUCER messages to you will appear
3. Define Input Fields
The PRODUCER will ask you questions about the areas where you witl enter the daU
You specify the length of each area or field, as well as acceptable characters m each
field
4. Define Display Fields
Locale the display fields anywhere you want on your screen These show the results o(
the calculations you want made on your data
5. Define Custom Prompts
You select an area where help messages to yourself can be displayed
6. Save Your Results
Assign a working name lor your program and save it to disk.
_ 1
Tk PrariuBr
THE PPOFESSIOfW. PROfiRW WITER 101982 BV R06ER SMITH
BV <1) PLANNING FORN (D CREATE A SCREEN
SOFItWPE OF THE <2> LOSOH FILEfWC <2> EtlT B«IC WM
FUTURE INC <3> REFERENCE fORB <3> BflKE BftSIC LlIC
PRESS <A) OR B» TO (5> FUTURE HENU <5> BUJU PROSfi*
SELECT mim «HU <6) UTILITV'S WW (6) EXIT TO MS
^_
D Editing Basic Data
1 Edit any pan of The PRODUCER program you have created -- screen field names,
lengths, prompt areas, etc
2 Type in any help message you want as a custom prompt to help you operate the
p rog ra m
3 Easily create calculations for your program using actual field names You can use
the contents of any numeric field and all main operations including logical operators
D Making Basic Code
Press a key. sil bacli and watch The PRODUCER do all the work of creating BASIC
coOe tor your program You can see the program lines appear on your screen
Complete error checking is done (or you
a Building Reports
Virtually any report is available lo you thru our NEW free form report generator It
works with any size paper Vou are allowed up to 100 calculations within the report
You can specify enact position of any ie«t information to any position on your paper
(even preprinted forms checks etc I An amaiingly versatile tool
n Building The Program
Put the (inishmg touches on your program by selecting cursor lype. size, flashing
speed, auto messages, custom logos, etc Afier your selections have been made, press
a key and your entire finished program is created in lesslhan 5 minutes That's all there
19 lo this remarkably simple program generation process
Continued
The
PRODUCER,
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The PRODUCER provides many advanced features which allow you
to do "magic" with the programs you create.
The SCREEN GENERATOR
*Use the full screen (all lines and column positions)
'Create a professional well organized screen with graphics
'Save up to 9 separate screens in memory at one time and get
instant access to each
'Move the cursor to any location on the screen
'Replicate bars/lines/graphics to define certain screen areas
'Access an instantly available Help Menu of all Screen
Editor commands
'Insert and delete any character with a single keystroke
'Clear or erase selected areas of any screen
'Insert and delete whole lines on the screen
'Center any text on the screen
'Move any rectangular block of text anywhere on the screen
(block move)
'Create titles with a single keystroke large graphic letter alphabet
'Move portions of screens between different screens (cut and
paste)
'Save any number ot screens to disk at any time
'Recall any screen from disk any time
' Crea te BASIC lines to re-create any screen
FILE and RECORD HANDLING
■Rapidly access records with BTREE File structure
'Search for a record with only the first few letters of the
name or key (partial key) (Example: locate PRODUCER by
typing PR)
'Recall and edit duplicate and multiple keys (Example: Several
last names may t>e the same on a file and you can find
and edit them individually
'Fully edit any part of a previously entered record
•Recover unused space automatically upon deletion of a record
'Enter data very fast with the special batch mode
•Recall immediately any record after it's been entered,
eliminating time consuming sortmg and indexing
•Rapidly access any record anytime (2-4 seconds average)
'Globally search and replace data in certain fields in
selected record range
'Automatically rebuild any file to meet new specifications. No
need to re-enter data when a file needs to be restructured.
•Balance any BTREE file automatically to reorganize and speed
up file access time
'Recover from power failure and easily rebuild files that have
been damaged. Avoid laborious re-entry of long data files
SCREEN ORIENTED INPUT
and EDITING of DATA
•Insert and delete characters at any position in any field No
"back to start" retyping of data
'Move forward or back to previously entered fields to edit
using the arrow keys. Totally non-destructive cursor. Does not
require re-entering of each data field
'Move within any field using the arrow keys
'Move instantly to any field with Control G command
'Exit from input/edit mode at any point allowing immediate
escape from data entry mode. Allows partial information to be
entered for each record without the annoying, time
consuming need to press ENTER for each blank field not used
at the time of entry
'Duplicate field information from a previous record with one
keystroke. No need to re-enter duplicate information.
addresses, etc. on consecutive records
"View a custom prompt, your own custom reminder or help
message for each field with 1 keystroke
•Verify each character typed automatically
'Enter data as fast as you want, even if you are a speed typist
•View visible display of automatic field length restrictions
•View prompts for each field showing number of characters
allowed
PRINTED REPORTS
"Create up to 9 separate reports at a time in a finished program
'Generate any number of reports you want (no limit)
'Select reports by name from a report menu in the program
'Select from six different automatic report formats including
custom mailing labels
'Instantly print reports by key with no time consuming sort
necessary
'Sort and print any other (non key) field with the fast machine
language sort
'Sort only records that meet your search criteria
•Sort on more than one field if desired
"Use any restrictions or search criteria to determine which
records will be included in a report
"Use any number of multiple search criteriea (including logical)
(Example: You can search for all the males who are single,
and drive a car that are over 24 years old but less than
35 years old
•Send any special command to your printer before or after any
report
'Specify any line length needed and any page length desired
'Select single line or multiple lines per record, even one page per
record
'Total any fields dunng the report (running totals)
FREEFORM REPORT GENERATOR
'Specify column and row of every heading and field
'Allow up to 100 of interfield calculations, even string
calculations
'Include any text anywhere on the screen
'Keep sub-totals on any field and print at any time in any format
"Format any numeric fields anyway you wish
•print reports on pre-printed forms, checks, etc.
'Create form letters with merged field data, with no word
processing necessary
'Put any field anywhere on the page. No limitations
ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
•Globally recalculate any field in any or all records.
(Example: If file is a list of gold assets and the spot price
changes, each separate asset may be recalculated with
a new value for the spot price)
'Use all math operations including exponentiation and
trigonometry
'Use logical calculations such as And. Or, Not, etc.
'Use any level of parenthesis in calculation formulas
"Save results in any field and display results in any field
"Store temporary results m several extra memory slots
"Pass calculation results between records
'Determine the exact order of calculations
"Display or save results at your option in the finished record
OTHER ADVANCED FEATURES
'Edit any part of any program without starting over or redefining
the entire program
"Create screen and input modules only (for professional
programmers)
"Create Calculate-only programs with the easy desk-top super
calculator program
'Design custom logos for your program
'Control cursor type, size, flash speed, etc
'Design custom prompts or help mfo for any field
YOU ALSO GET
"FREE 1 year SUBSCRIPTION to PRODUCER Newsletter
"TOLL FREE assistance number for all registered users
•REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages
•FREE audio TUTORIAL
The
PRODUCER,
WHAT ARE PRODUCER USERS SAYING?
We continue to receive testimonials from satisfied users almost every day.
Here's a sampling of the feedback we are receiving:
VALUE
VERY impressive! No matter how much /
use the PROEKJCER. there is no doubt I got
my money's worth. It is clear the program,
packaging and tutorial are developed
with lots of thought.... Very user Jriendly!
Congratulations!
R. N. Forbes, Los Altos Hills, California
The PRODUCER package I received was
excellent The finest software package I
have ever purchased. Far beyond my
expec tations.
S. R. Foster, Pensacola. Florida
/ think the PRODUCEJt will save me so
much time that it will give me the time to
do the more important tasks that my
business calls Jor and the money I'll save
from not having to buy canned programs
that are overpriced. Now with the
PRODUCER I can write a program
overnight to do almost anything I want it
to do and with written reports to txxtt.
Talk about saving time and money. I feel
the PRODUCER will pay/or itself with my
Jirst three programs.
S. Tomatore, Canastota. New Yoric
The PRODUCER is a very impressive
sojtware package. It is well worth the
money. While Other micro owners are
printing mailing labels. I am now selling
them programs to use. I now have more
time to spend enjoying my computer.
V. E. Ryberg. Bloomington, Illinois
I'm in ioyeuiilh thePKODt/CER. IfsoneoJ
myjavorite programs.
R. Selsback. Burlingame, California
It was very complete and projessionally
done. The packaging and program seem
to have been thought out before assembly
and sale. The value' of the deal
everything included was the best Tve
seen to date.
G. Slasher. Martin. Kentucky
Very projessional packaging. It gave the
feeling of getting your money s worth
before even running the program^. .Very
easy to use and leaves veryfew questions
unanswered.. As you can see. I like the
PRODUCER and was impressed with how
trouble free it is.
A. C. Vincent, Napa, California
Excellent. Attove and beyond other
software.
R. Hapgood. Henrietta. Texas
VERSATILITY
The PRODUCER is the best all purpose
program generator I have used, (we have
tried almost all of them.) The generated
code is bug free, well commented and
efficient.
R. A. Copclla. NorthbnxA. Illnois
/ bought (he PRODUCER to save time. I
feel capable of being able to write almost
all programs I need. The PRODUCER
generated programs will save a lot of time
u^riting basic code and debugging. Using
the PRODUCER I can write a good
database type program using math
calculation in about three hours. / don't
haiJe to tell you how long it would take
writing the same program from, scratch.
S. Tomatore. Canastota. New York
Aspecial thanks to Roger and all of you.
You ve made my computing life easier
and better. My 10 year old can't wait to
get his hands on the PRODUCER.
J. D. Konkler. Columbus, Ohio
DOCUMENTATION
The Reference Manual is a work of art.
Not only is it attractive and easy to use. it
is so well organized, documented and
logically written thai the manual is a
rarity in the software market place.
S, R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida
One of the best Tve seen. We write about
20 volumes of material per year. Take it
from a 'pro', it's goodt
J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California
The PRODUCER Reference Manual is
professionally written to provide ready
acess to easily understood answers to
questions which arise during use of the
PRODUCER.
R. A. Copella. Northbrook. Illinois
The Reference Manual is supreme and
superior to anything I have worked with.
R. A. Neuman. Okemos. Michigan
Very well laid out and organized. One of
the best Tve seen.
J. D. Konkler. Columbus, Ohio
QUALITY
Thank you for an excellent program. I
agree that The PRODUCER will change
the entire concept of program creation in
thefuture. But for now. you stand as the
best data-lxise- management-system I
can buy.
E. Sung, Vancouver. B.C.
Your system really is Softuxire of the
Future. Your staff has insight others of us
only dream of Congratulations on a
product of extraordinary design.
S. R. Foster, Pensacola. Fkirida
This is an excellent program. At this
point I am totally pleased This is by far
my number one software and I will use it
anywhere and everyuthere I possibly can
both personal and business. Once again
congratulations to all of the people
involved.
R. A. Neuman. Okemos. Michigan
Comparison shopping indicates the
PRODUCER'S superiority to all others.
And I already own most of the others.
R. A. Copella. NorUibrook, Ilinois
Glad to see you take an interest in what
some of us hackers are up against. I think
the PRODUCE:r will make the software
hacfcers upgrade their products to this
high leitel quality of the PRODUCER. Tm
sure you realize that there is a lot of
garbage on the market.
D. J. Smith, LomtJard, Ilinois
I was impressed by the professional
appearance of your program. Other
software I have received were on copy
paper and stapled into a booklet with
very vague instructions.
W. J. Mahaffey. Absecon. N. J.
USE
The program is almost idiot proof.
J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California
ft is a very friendly friend and we will be
working together for some time to come.
R. A. Neuman, Okemos, Michigan
Very easy to use and leaL<es yery few
questions unanswered.
A. C. Vincent. Napa. California
The PRODUCER
MODEL I version $149.95
MODEL III version $149.95
Available FALL/83 lor
MODEL II $299.95
MODELIV $199.95
MODEL 12 $299.95
MODEL 16 $299.95
MODEL 16 XENIX $499.95
IBM - PC $299.95
PRODUCER
SOFTWARE
Box 1245
Arlington, Texas
76004-1245
Texas 817-274-6998
800-433-5355
Hello Bar Codes,
Goodbye Keyboard?
b\ Hermes S. Mendez
;- :*r*!"'":.r':«.i'I5
Huftiait <arw. ThalS whm can make
the k<j^<Kird, the mcrtt common means
oi entering dua imo « coroputCT.
incfficicni. "nwfs aSso why induaTJes
^vhow busm^ss requtt« a greai dcai
or data inpui have encouraged other,
more ct.)uadcntty accurate, means of
data entt>'.
optica! bCinflUit* repfcsents such a
(iwati-i. In (Tpttcal scanmn*(. the com-
pute! reads dsia direal}'. trMxis&ing the
keyboard md the povsihiHiy of hunmii
etTcir. One method ol optica! suonitius
thst ciinently enjoys ttidesprcad tmi*-
rHt'iuaikHi and is expected lo have a
tTTi^H futuri: In bar code technology'.
- iiar codes are graphical representa-
tiom.of bituuv LVikxl data in the imn
B« • aOMicrti, Nov0fnt>«r1963
Tfiruugh bar code tech-
noiog) >'uu can input
data faster and more cf-
fkrientb than by keyboard.
of Wacic and while h>»*co. The data can
comprise anything adaptable to binar>'
OKOding— imwitor>- number*, prices,
prpdua idenufkittion. and vt on. A bset
te^ Uk bar code, mtnslA^ and trai^-
feTTinn (be inionnatiof) to a computer in
a viriu^dly enor-frec enwroaraent.
A Brief Hriitry
Before gntmf into the basics of bat
code technology, you shtmid firv lake a
look M its hiMory. I dittkej the paivnjs
granted to bar code technolog>' and
toimd that in 19^, the U.S. Patent Of-
fice isEiUcd a patem for circular bar
codes. By I960, ii patented the Knil
IdemifKation Symbol by Sylvania
Following thia oode was a protifctation
of dirfcrenl bar cocte tedinkfties.
By iy70 an ad hoc committee for
U.S. \upcrm:*fkft'i brciwghl abOiH the
Universal Product Code (UPC)-the
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80 Micro. November 7953 • 95
most widely known code due to its use
in grocery stores. The UPC, fornudly
adopted in the U.S. in 1973, was closely
followed by a European version of the
code in 1977.
The early 1980$ brought wider accep-
tance of bar codes as the Defense De-
partment adopted bar codes to keep
track of supplies and equipment. Bar
codes have grown to wide acceptance
and use within such industries.
The general public became aware of
bar codes only when grocery chains
converted their checkout counters to
automatKally read bar code informa-
tion. A laser beam, which crisscrosses
on the food item, detects the bar code
pattern, deciphers it, and accesses the
computer's memory for specific infor-
mation on the item.
By 1981, over 4,000 U.S. and Cana-
dian supermarkets implemented the
ne^ssaiy scaiming equipment.
Who Benefits?
Some of the obvious consumer bene-
fits of grocery-store bar codes are:
•almost flawless entry of the price in-
formation;
•the name and price of the specific
item on the cash register tape;
•less time standing in the checkout line
(studies show a 42 percent average sav-
ings in time);
•the promise of lower cost due to sav-
ings in personnel needed at the store.
The most obvious vendor benefits
include:
• keeping track of inventory and taking
less store personnel time;
•checkii^ the movement of each spe-
ci5c item to detennine which are just
"warming the bench";
• automatically ordering items needed
from a central warehouse when a mini-
mum is reached;
•<x>ntrolling shoplifting by tracking
the placement of items.
There are also benefits that apply
equally to the consumer and the vendor.
One is the electronic transfer of funds
between accounts. At the checkout
A bar code reader for the Model
too was not amiable at press time.
The topk will be covered in a future
issue.— Eds.
counter this system debits your bank ac-
count for the total price of groceries and
instantly credits the store's account by
the same amount.
The railway system has also put bar
codes to ^xkI use. By reading the hori-
zontal bar codes on the side of the car,
automatk laser scaimers along the track
of a station can detect what cars are on
the line and their k>cations. This can
also keep track of the contents of each
specific car.
Many Ubraries around the nation are
converting their card catalogs to
computerized systems. Recently, I
became familiar with this at the Univer-
sity of Central Florida and found it a
great help in research work. Many of
these same libraries use bar codes on the
books to help increase the speed and ef-
ficiency of checking books in and out.
Even the health care industry has dis-
covered how bar codes can increase the
efficiency of the hospital as well as keep
costs down due to loss of items or the
failure to charge patients for goods
used. The hospital issues each patient a
bar code symbol at the time of admit-
tance. With bar coded items, the hospi-
tal can easily charge the individual by
running the scarmer over the psuient's
TRS-80
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M • 00 Micro. November 1963
1234
Figure I. 2 of 5 code.
code, the item's code, and the employ-
ee's code.
Another example of the health indus-
try using bar codes is in keeping track of
units of blood. Workers tag units with a
bar code symbol that, when scanned,
provides pertinent information as to
blood type, source, and blood donor.
This method uses the Codabar symbol.
Health agencies nationwide use it to
provide accurate and rapid processing
of blood and related products. This
code is also known as 3 of 9 Code.
Magazines and paperbacks sold in
most stores already use UPC coding.
Magazines add another portion to the
4 1
STOP
r<
2
Figure 2. Interleaved 2 of 5 code.
Can your VisiCalc Sort?
Sort the rows
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It can with VI8\Brldge/80BT'' from Solnttons, Inc.
The sorted spread sheet still
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VIS\ Bridge/SORT is available for the Apple* 11+ and III,
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-276
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he Phone Line
Hwv 1' South Trenton. GA
1 404. 6S7 6948 --
now
prices!
RADIO SHACK:
(All equip is 100H pure RS)
Model 100, 8k ram. S 650
Model 100. 24k ram. ... S 850
Model 12, 2-drive ...$3250
Model 4, 64k, 2-drive $1650
5 meg had drive . . . $1658
DMP-2100 pfinter $1599
DMP-200 primer . S 599
All Radio Shack Software 10^ Off
Call for other
LOW. LOW RS prices not listed.
Miscellaneous
All Eagles list come with ■■Spellbinder",
"Ultracalc", CP/M & CBasic
Eagle HE, 2-drive */390k per drive $1995
Eagle HIE. 2-dnve */780k per drive $2999
Eagle IVE, 780k ftoppy. 10 meg hard $3999
Compteie line of Eagle - Call tor others -
DaisyWriter w/48k buffer & caDle $1295
ProWnter 8510 printer . . $ 399
ProWnler 1550 printer . . . $ 675
Otcidata ML-92P printer $ 525
Okidata ML-80P printer $ 350
Okidala ML-82PS printer S 450
Box 10 Verbatim 5Vi" diskettes
(SS.DD) $ 29
Box 10 Verbatim 8" diskettes
(SS.DO) .... .$49
QUANTITY PRICING AVAILABLE
ON DISKETTES , . . CALL!
5V«" flip tile, holds 50 S 25
8" flip tile, holds 50 $ 35
5Vj" fhp-pak, holds 10 $ 5
8" flip-pak, holds lO. .. . $ 6
Disk drive head cleaner kit
(Verbatim) $ 5
gvi" X 11" paper, 1250 shts,
disapert ... $ 19
14%" X 11" green bar, 1500 shts$ 33
ProWnter Ribbons $ 6
J-Cat Direct Connect Modem $ 115
Complete line of accessories —
CALL, CALL. CALL
(Prices subject to change.)
IWe accept Ame'icar Eipress. VISA WasiefCaid [Aao 3"^!
THIS MONTH'S SPSCIAL !
gVxirpaper.lZSOshests,
disaperf $19
^ 500 Ust of AOMftlsars on Page 307
he Phone Line
Hwv 11 Soulli Trenton GA
1 404-657-6948
80 Micro. November 1983 • 97
ANALYTICAL ^^
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We Are Unique . . . Try Us . . . Find Out
M • dO M/cro, Nowmber 1983
code called the UPC Addendum which
indicates the issue date. You can Tind
this type of code on the cover of this
magazine.
The military has adopted a bar code
called LOGMARS (Logistics Applica-
tions of Automated Marketing and
Reading Symbols). This method pro-
vides a standard for identifying all jjiip-
ments to the Defense E>epartment and
promises to provide greater efficiency in
the management of U.S. supplies and
materials on a worldwide basis. The
U.S. Armed Forces require all manu-
facturers providing goods to their
branches to use the code.
Manufacturing in general greatly
benefits fix>m bar code techniques. For
example, the Chevrolet Motor Division
in Buffalo. NY, has used bar code labels
on its axle assemblies since 1975. The
scaimer reads the label, soits, and
routes the axle assemblies to their prop-
er locations. To identify 33 possible
combinations of carburetors, distribu-
tors, and exhaust gas recirculation
vah/es, the Pontiac Motor Division uses
bar codes on its engine blocks. It identi-
fies any mismatching in the assembly
instant^.
Another example is the employees at
the Research Center of Xerox Corpora-
tion in Webster, NY, who have bar
codes on their I.D. cards. When sup-
plies are distributed, an attendant scans
the bar codes on the supplies and on the
employee's I.D. card. The computer
automatkally bills the appropriate de-
partment for the supplies.
The list goes on and on. As you can
tell, many bar code applications already
exist and many more will come.
Why Bv Codes?
Basically, reading bar codes is fast
and accurate. Keyboard entry ranges
from one character per second (cps) to
several cps, depending on the speed of
the operator, the complexity of the
data, and the environment. Keyboard
entry in general is subjea to many mis-
takes, estimated at one error for every
few hundred keystrokes.
For example, BeD Telephone Labora-
tories reports that the uncorrected nu-
meric keying errors in typing mailing
addresses range from .42 to .48 percent
of the total numeric keystrokes; that's
about one error to every 208-230 char-
acters typed. Other research flnds lower
accuracy.
Contrast this to industrial bar code
reading, accurate to one error for every
several million characters entered. Re-
search, accordiiig to Datalogic, shows
errors per 3 million entries to be: 10,000
using keyboard; 300 using OCR; one
using Code 39 bar codes.
There are many types of bar codes in
use, most evolving from specific appli-
cations and methods of interpretation,
rn briefly describe a few of the many
different bar codes presently in use.
2of5Code
This code originated in the late 1960s
for use in warehouse systems. Com-
panies also use it to identify envelopes
as well as airhne tkkets. This is a very
simple code in wluch the information
depends on the width of the bars (see
Ftg. 1). The bars are either narrow or
wide, the wide bars being three times the
size of the narrow bars. The narrow bar
is equivalent to a zero bit and the wide
bar to a 1 bit. Spaces are equal to the
width of the narrow bar but do not con-
tain any information. For this reason,
the 2 of 5 code is called a discrete code.
Inlcrieavcd 2 of 5 Code
This code is similar to 2 of 5 codes ex-
cept that the spaces between the bars do
contain information. Warehousing and
heavy industry use this code widely (es-
pecially the automotive industry). Bars
represent odd-numbered digits, and
spaces represent even-numbered digits.
On the left, the start character con-
sists of a narrow bar, narrow space,
narrow bar, and narrow space. The stop
character consists of a wide bar, narrow
space, and narrow bar (see Fig. 2). It is a
self-checking code since every character
has a built-in check to avoid errors due
to printing defects. It is continuous
lathier than discrete since there is infor-
mation in the spaces. The width of the
wide elements ranges from two to three
times the narrow.
3or9Code
The 3 of 9 code, also known as Code
39, provides for 44 data characters.
Three of the nine elements are wide and
the remaining six narrow. Each charac-
ter consists of five bars and four spaces
(nine total characters) in which two bars
and one space are wide. Digits zero
through nine are represented in the
same way as in the 2 of 5 code. This
code is also discrete and self-checking.
This is a popular code with many appli-
cations, including the health industry.
It's probably the most widely used bar
code in industry and the Department of
Defense.
CodabarCode
Libraries and the heahh field put
Codabar codes to wide use. A variation
of this code was one of the eariy con-
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An Unlistable, Unbreakable Program
Adding Commands to BASIC
Programming in Tiny Pascal
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Automatic Master Disk Directory
Faster Loading for the Model I
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A Better LDOS KSM
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ISBN 0-88006-062-X, softcover with spiral bind-
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Call TOLL-FREE 1-80O-258-5473 lor
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Sales. Peterborough. NH 03458.
A
WAYNE
GREEN
PUBLICATION
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Send me copies of
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-- Sw Uat or Aiiwftiatn on Page 307
80 Micro. November 1983 • 99
HLE TRANSFER PROGRAMS
TRS -♦-IBM PC or XT
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• Transfer ASCII «os. random flies, text
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tendere for the Universal Product Code.
It is the standard for use on bkxxl bags.
Discrete and self-checking, Codabar
codes consist of four bars with three
spaces. The complete bar code symbol
consists of a stop/start character, the
data characters, and another stop/start
character. Since it's a variable-length
code, it is versatile but limited to 16 dif-
ferent characters — the 10 digits; the
period, hyphen, and colon; and the
plus, slash, and dollar signs.
Code 11
You can find Code 1 1 labels on tele-
communications components and equip-
ment. The code consists of 11 different
data characters, 10 digits, and the dash
symbol. Each character consists of
three bars with two spaces. This code is
discrete but not self-checking.
UPC/EAN Codes
After the U.S. adopted the UPC in
1973, the Europeans became interested
and adopted the European Article
Numbering (EAN) Code in 1976. The
two are fully compatible. In fact, the
UPC is a subset of the EAN.
The U.S. considered many factors in
adopting the UPC, including ease of
printing the codes on packages, quality
of the print, and its omnidirectional
scannabUity.
In the middle of the code two thin
alignment bars project above and below
the rest of the code, separating the right
section from the left. You will find two
similar bars at the beginning and end of
the code.
A combination of seven bars and/or
spaces make up the digits. The thin
spaces represent a binary zero and the
thin bars a binary 1. Multiple thin bars
adjacent to each other ^pear as a wide
dark bar.
The left half is coded differently from
the right half. The left half identifies the
manufacturer, and the ri^t half identi-
fies the specific item. Each half consists
of six digits, with the last digjt on the
right half a check digit computed from
the preceding 1 1 di^ts. Each character
also contains a parity check giving this
code a high level of error-checking. The
character parity determines the scan
direction instead of the start/stop char-
acter. In 1975 an addendum aUowed
magazines and periodicals to place in-
formation as to the specific issue num-
ber (see 80 Micro's UPC on the cover).
A number of codes exist that I won't
cover here, including the Plessley Code,
Ames Code, Nixdorf Code, and others.
As applications grew many companies
developed their own symbology, but the
basic properties are the same. A good
bar code symbol should have as many
of the following properties as possible:
• Self-checking
• Constant character width
• Structurally simple
• A large alphanumeric character set
• Constant number of bars
• Useful at variable scarming speeds
• Generous tolerarKC in printing the
barcodes
• High density
Depending on the application, the po-
tential user may trade off one property
for another.
Reading Bv Codes
In order to read bar codes you need a
fixed or portable scarmer and a de-
coder — usually a hardware/software
combination thai converts the bar code
into ASCII characters. A grocery
checkout counter provides a good
example of the fixed scanner, since the
items move over the scanner itself and
don't have to touch its surface. The por-
table scarmer usuaUy consists of a pen-
like instrument, or wand, and related
hardware.
These wands work on a simple princi-
ple. The scaimer emits light which re-
flects back from the code to a photo
sensor inside the wand. The voltage
produced by the photosensor and
related electronics is propxjrtional to the
code's pattern. The black regions ab-
sorb li^t and the light areas reflect it.
Scaimers come with a white or red light
source. Portables use red more often
because white light requires more
power. Red li^t reads codes printed in
all colors except red.
Two factors are critical to a success-
ful scan. First, you need hi^ contrast
between the light and dark areas of the
code. Contrast ratios of 80 to 90 percent
greatly improve the efficiency of the
whole system.
The second critical point is the widths
of the code segments. Wide bars and
spaces are two, two and a half, or three
times the narrow bars. For a successful
read, the decoding unit must be able to
distinguish a narrow bar or space from
a wide.
Once the code is read, your software
determines how to handle the data. ■
Hermes S. Mendez teaches computer
science at Forest Lake Academy. He
can be reached at the school at 3909
East Semoran Road, Apopka, FL
S27m.
100 • aO Micro. November 1983
BBB
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WHERE DID ALL
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TALLYMASTER offers a new. powerful,
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TALLYMASTER's handsome documen-
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Whether you're managing a home budget or
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TALLYMASTER is avaUable for the
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►^91
rf Set List of AOwnisars on Page 307
80 Micro. Nwmber 1963 • 101
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twmals suctias IBM KfypRO OSBORNE XEROX el;: • hdufles MEMLINK" a unique lealure llial uses ttie
3pIiona'64KHAM memo'y as a fast OiSk anve • Cwnplelf wi!ti al' ItieseCPM ulihlies ASM. DOT DUWP ED.
'.OAD PIP STAT ana SVSGEN • Includes MODEM 7 i powe'tu' puONc rWrr.ain conxnuracalions [irOQ-am
• Supports 80 < 74 viaeo. -eversevuleo. airectcuisor anilressingaiarnore • Ulilues !fie MocleM lunctinn keys
anrj a'lows use' aetrnei) keys • FORMAT utility pe'mils up to 52 3isk tormats to be consl'uctea. all menu anven
• Reaay 'o 'un m llie standard HK Moaet i T>ie aflditionj' eifa cost 64K RAM jog-ade not reauir'ea
MICROPRO SOFTWARE
Ttiefull line of MicroPro software is now available formatted for
the Model 4 using this CP/M.
l\Di(13:a-* Fas: memo-y mapped iS'swn S250
Ma-IMerge* Mulli purpose tile merg'ng progia-n . .. 125
Spel'Slar* JO. 000 wnrd proatreaaer on a disk , . '25
Sia'InOex" Deaies nOe" ana taWe aj cnnienis - - - 95
WordStar Professinna. All Itie above tot sniy 450
IntoS'.ar" Advanced DBMS .... ?5tl
ReportSlar* Report generaior i tile manipulatw 175
DataS^ar' Da:a entry and retrieia pacMge 150
SuperSort' Fast and ItaiBie sorling is yours 125
CaicStar' Advanced eleciionic sffeadstieet 95
UO dared im 83 94 season. Pio-Prxfealuresa unkjue
scoring aigortitim along witu otier weigtitefl ptoba-
biiilf lactws Vnu mpul weekly scores to all pre-
sclwdutea games (Full NFL sc^eaule By week w by
lEam IS included in program) and watch Pro-Pix gel
smartei as season progresses Returned nvet 62°'t
«m recomTienflation last tu'i NFL year Prmte'
■outines inciuder' 'will pnni wiiw lose predictions
ana pnin! sp-eajs 'O' a'! teams weekly Hec'eational
use only snouid no! be used for wagering
MOD I
i AWKCoum
j Z14-6BIK826a
I Ptwne Vour Ofder In Today Or Mail lo
IDISKCCUNTDATA
270)-C W 15th St. Suiie32t
IPfano 'X 75075
, Otlice Hours Mon-Fn 10AM to 9PM CST
I Send Cash, Chech w Money O'Oer
I Please add 13 00 >0' ooslagearid n and ling addition.
Bi »1 50tor CODs ,
■ Foreign orrMrs welcon^e. please specify n' or
surface At(shJpP"igch»fBes»ssumedby purchesei
I
■ wnon ordering by mail Mease specity comouler
I'nodel number [I. II. or I III. drive configuration, and
I T^mory s^re
1 ^^] AND \J^ J
Cheertully Accepted
^ Sae Ust ol Acfiwrrtsors on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 103
UnLITY
•S)
LOAD 80
Bars and Stripes Forever
by Davey S. Thornton
B
ar codes — they're fast, they're efficient,
they're accurate, they're everywhere! Now
you can print them on the Model III — here's how.
Most people think of bar codes as the
striped labels on grocery items that
identify a product and its cost. But bar
code applications are more cxten-
sive^they are used in both industrial
and commercial sales, inventory con-
trol, and equipment and product status
accounting.
Several different types of bar codes
exist. Grocery stores use the Universal
Product Code (UPC); a description of
Interleaved 2 of 5
- COMD >■ sans -
-CODfa <t SMCtS
UPCs along with a program to produce
them appears on page 114. This article
explains how industrial bar codes work
and provides a Model III program to
generate the standard bar codes: In-
terleaved 2 of 5, 3 of 9, and Codabar
barcodes.
How the Codes Woiic
A bar code is a self-contained mes-
sage that rapidly transmits data between
Data Character Set
Wide ban and spaces
=
Binary 1
Narrow bars and spaces
= BinarvO
Each data character
contains
5 binar>'
elements
2 of the 5 are binary
Is
Data
Wei^led Position
Character
1
2
4
7
P
1
1
I
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
t
5
1
1
6
1
1
7
1
1
8
1
1
9
1
1
independent systems with relative secu-
rity and minimal hardware. Since bar
codes interface with computers, binary
notation is the basis for the algorithms
used to encode and decode data.
The Interleaved 2 of 5 code has a
maximum of 2 of 5 bits as binary Is
(wide bar or wide space) in any code se-
quence. The Interleaved 2 of 5 code
consists of a set of start and stop bits
with a maximum of five groups of bars
and spaces representing 10 numeric
characters (see Fig. 1). A narrow bar or
space represents a logic zero and a wide
bar or space a logic I . In each group of
bars and spaces, the bar^ represent the
first charaaer and the spaces represent
the second character. Figure 1 gives the
code sequence for the Interleaved 2 of 5
code.
Interieaved 2 of 5 code represents only
numeric characters while the 3 of 9 code
represents both numeric and alphabetic
characters. Each character in a 3 of 9
code consists of 9 bits with five bars and
four spiaces. The 3 of 9 code is so named
because no more than 3 of 9 bits can be
logic Is (wide bar or wide space) in any
one sequence. Further, the space between
the characters is not significant because
of the discrete nature of the code.
104
Figure I. Interleaved 2 of 5 code sequence.
80 Micro, November 1983
The Key Box
Model ni
16KRAM
Cassette or Disk Bask
Epson MX-80 Printer
BEUEVE IT OR NOT WEVE ADDED MORE
NEW FEATURES to the ONLY INTERACTIVE
BASK COMPILER for the TRS-BO I
' speed increase o> 10- 100 dmes s'e typical after cotnpitMion
2 Compiled code can be RUOCATID ro run anywhew <o memory Code n c^en
ROMable'
i Z8ASIC2 2NOW SUPPORTS BOTH RANDOM and StQUiNTIAL DISK ) O
J ZBA'ilC 2 2 i\ no** a super tool lor bunnea programm^\ fiA\OOM 4CCf <"<
riilS. and PRIKT VStSC uaiem-ni: are supponed as y>ell ai s HIGH PRKI-
5)ON MATH px.kage (yiilh no rounding problemii
5 Special BUIL TIN MACHISt LASCUACl t OMMASPS to inaeaie progtam
opetation bv ■»» much as lOOO times' Special commands are implemented tor
tan memon searching I CPDR CPIRl block memot\ moy.^(LDIR. LDDRl <n-
putdnft and pnntinn HEX numben. imening MACHISl LA\CUACt into
COMPILED CODl diisbhng and enabling intettupty <n\erting memory. 16 bit
PltKiand POK[i. atKl itaci- control, debug and much more
6 ZBaSiC 2 2 compilei the £N TIRt PRCKRAM into ISO machine language
(Not 8080 code or a combir\ation ol BASIC and machine language ''^p vsme
other comprtert) Oumivl/NKINC LOADtRS. and RUNllMt KIODVlfS ate not
needed. 7BASIC 2 2 creates a read\ to run MACHINl LASCUACi ptoiitam
\0 RO^ALTItS impoiedon registered Z BASIC ovtnets
8 Typical COMPn.ATI()\ IIMt i\ TWO SICONDS tor a 4K program
9 Use TR'i-BO Basic to ftite ZBASIC programs'
10 Compile some etisting program^ wit/i only mirm chanftei I8ASIC program
tning experience i\ required I
> I fullv compatible with both the Model I and the Model III Mcxi I compilerl
programs v*ofl on a MODH III, and ^ice-sersa ZBASIC norks \silh
MWDOS^) \fUDOS+ DOSPLUS LOOS MLLTIDOS. ULTRADOS.
IRSDOS etc INot 1RSDOS Mod I dnuhle densuM
12 BUIl TIN and nrwch impiosvd Ml'SK and SOUND IfflCTS commands
1 i Improved i HAININC. hi disk iist^s
14 r/Mf ( no** available on DISK wrsion 'Mod I onlyl
?i Z8ASIC 2 2 noss hai an INPUT @ c omrrtand I similar to PRINT iff i
lb The TAB function vtill nnv. tab .">5 columns on a printer I8ASIC canrmi ub
past column W (
17 NlViiDOSaojOUSiRScanusetheCMD dos command lunction'
(DOSPLUS rrsav use name rtos command's
18 N(V\ and I. *tSllR to use USR COMMANDS
19 New math functions to calculate XOR and IN nCfR RtMAINDtRS of a
DIVISION
20 Logical STRING COMPARISONS ate novi, supported
21. The disk commands INSTR MiDt ASSlC^MiNJ are noss supported on both
DISK AND TAPE ZBASIC
22 DtFSTR IS now supported
23 fight disk files rnay tie opened simultaneooslv. rtndom. sequential or mned
24 LINt INPUTH. is rxw supported
25 Invoke the compitef bv simply hitting these fwo kevs^ -
26 Ni£W60+ PACt MANUAL WITH DtSCRIPI IONS AND IXAMPLi
27. ZBASIC 2 2 Comes with CMDfILt C MD proffam Irom MISOSn, to allon ap-
pendifift or merging complied programs and rrvchine fdnguage programs froir
(ape or disJt
lOMIN. 2 SIC.
:7MIN.14»C.
lOMIN. lasic.
I I9S arTES
12711 BTTES
ZBASIC 2.2 DOES NOT SUPPORT THESE
BASIC COMMANDS!
1 ATN. EXP. COS. SIN. LOG. TAN, ano eiponentiation (However,
subroutines are included in the manual (or these functions 1
2 ERROR. ON ERROR GOTO, ERL ERR RESUME
3 Nodirett commands like AUTO. EDIT. LIST LUST ETC, aithougn
these tomm^fxJs may be used when writing programs
4 Others NOT supported CD8L, CINT. CSNG, DEFFN, FIX FRE
5 Normal CASSETTE I/O [ZBASIC supports it S own SPECIAL
CASSETTE I/O statements I
6 SOME BASIC COMMANDS MAV DIFFER IN ZBASIC For
instance END jumps to DOS READY. STOPjumps to BASJC
READY etc
7 MEMORY REOUIREMENTS to approximate the largest BASIC
program that can Be compiled in your machine |at one iimej enter
BASIC and type PRINT (MEM-6S00I/2 Remember, you can merge
compiled programs together to till memory
ZBASIC 2.2 SPEED COMPARISON DEMO
To help give you an idea how fast compiled programs are. we have
included this demo program
ZBASIC 2.2 DEMO PROGRAM
Time 10 compile ana run complete program
BASIC Execution speed MOD i LEVEL II
ZBASIC Execution speed MOD I , LEVEL (I
BASIC Program size (WITHOUT VARIABLES)
ZBASIC Program Size [WITHOUT VARIABLES)
(Remember that the ZBASIC program incUdes an 1879 byte sub-
routir»e package | Program shown exactly as compiled and run in
BASIC and ZBASIC
■ • •......--. IB0SIC S.S EXOMPLC PROeHAM BND TtIC TEST— — -•
£« CLSiCLEnNlMiDCTINT a-Ii[>EF5Tn 7:DIH 00(6*, 24> , 7 (Ml i IMMDOM
3a n0-|«aiBB--l>CCiCC-3iDD--3iEE--999Si5T»-'-STOflT TIHf --Tl»*»
•e FOB l-ir0137STFP5 iFDH J^*7rDiSTEB-3iIX-P0INT( 1, J) iS£T(l, J)
M Ki-I I -JJ /CC«i7*I*Ji :>I-BBS' INT (BND I !.Ji-«01»7l iRESCKI, Jl
b9 II-PEEKd^Ji :POKEi;j3&e-!*J, J |0UT?S3,J AND <3*J ) i II-INPI 1 1
70 nB«-5TR«(I*J) iBa*-LEFT*inB*,3i iW)<l/3, J/3)-V()t.(M«1>l)0<3
M Ba«-Ba*-Bi(3HT*<Bn«, I)SD(3) > iXX-INSTRi l, »a«, -9") ilri-BQflM*JI
90 Ba«-nto«iBa«,3,3> ihid«ibo«, i, 1 1-7 I IF IK T«N laa else cls
ISe IF l.EN(BA«)>3 OR SGNIIXI-l OND OSC'BP«1-32 THCN PRINT-***-)
lie IFPaS(Bl)&3 TkCN TRONiTROfFiPBINT ELSE I »-MOT ( RND (99M * !••
ue Q»-iNKEy»iiF nt--y OR o«-"y- »nd iJi2e Ti^u print-truc. . -
138 RESTORE iREflDO. C, 7 IJ 1 . DiGOSUBl 7«iOOSUB 1 7» : QOSUBl 7Bi 30T021B
1«» KXI :PftlNr-«",!Ne»Tl :CLSiBRINT»512,ST», -STOP Tl* -|TIIC«
IW STOP' •••■•"■-™" END OF HOIN TEST LOOP -—..——-..---
Ib0 [>OTp 123*5. -1, -TEST-, -9999
170 ON RND(6> GOTO IW, IM, ZW, IM, I9«, 2««
lae RETURN
19» RETURN
tW RETURN
Bin OH RNDOi GOSUB IM, I9«. ?M, IM, 19a, SM. IM, 19«, 2M
2S» eOTOiaS
f^OTKI ZBASIC J OCnVNtRS \ou (ano|>»tr-icte vmir /BASK ; Oli.imn Imik.- IuM
lend UH V(>UI <»i|t<n<il di-Jii^lPf ni^cITi' dixl St lUO Mith luui D^iMeml m^iaI numbci
andcopv nl vmifimoH-p VNevMllwctdmirZHASir.' J dndui)d,iif-«irivcHir mdnudl
VISA MASIIR(.ARL) AMIHIC »S UPRfiS C OD (JRDIRbtAll
800 52a-1149 order lln«
ZBASIC 2 2 DISK VE«ION AND MANLJAl, „ 89 95
ZBASIC 2 2 lAPf VERSION AND MANUAL — 79 95
ZBASIC 2 2 DISK t TAPt VERSION AND MANUAL - ''9 99
MANUAL ONLV lAPPUES TO PUBCHASEI 2', 00
SIMITEK CIMPITEI PIIIICTS INC.
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS PLEASE CAU («02| J21-9391
4197 E. SPEEDWAY, TUCSON, AftlZOPM8S712 ^ ,2
meoisimorPadiatfock iTandyCorp
^ Sm U$t of Admrtiaan on Page 307
80 Micro. Novembw 1983 • 106
As Reviewed in
80 Micro 12/82
80 US 2/83
Electronic
Learning 6/83
Access 7/82
Byte 12/81
LDOS Quarterly 183
SoflSide a36
Standard Pascal with many
special features including
random files up to 16 mega-
bytes, peek, poke, and call,
accessable pointer variables
(like C), include, chain, and
rename, graphics. Call or write
for FREE descriptive brochure.
NOTE: We do have a trade-in
available tor those who purchased
the old obsolete Ramware or
Ram Parts Pascal 80.
NEW! High Resolution Graphics
package (requires Radio Shack
board) including character
generator and turtle graphics.
Pascal 80 $99 + $2 shipping
Pascal 80 School Package $295
Pascal 80 Trial Version $14.77
Graphics Package $39.95
]S^EV^'jQLASSlCS
3 OFT WARE
239 Fox Hill Road
Denville, NJ 07834
201-625-6838
Char
P»ll«m
Bar>
Spaces
10001
01fi0
01001
0100
11000
0100
00101
0100
10100
0100
B1100
0100
00011
0100
10010
0100
01010
0100
00110
0100
10001
0010
01001
0010
11000
0010
00101
0010
10100
0010
01100
0010
00011
0010
10010
0010
01010
0010
00110
0010
10001
0001
01001
0001
diar Patteni Ban Spam
^ ^ ^ a ■ ■ 11000
[: ■ ■ ^ ■ ^ 00101
^ ■■ ■ ^ ■ ■ 10100
; ■ ■■ ^ ■ ■ 01100
2 ■ ■ ■ ^ ^ 00011
^ ■■ ■ ■ Hi ■ 10010
^ ■ ^ ■ IB ■ 01010
^ ■ ■ ^ Hi ■ 00110
". ^ ■ ■ ■ ^ 10001
,. U ^ ■ ■ ^ 01001
'' tm IB ■ ■ ■ 11000
r; ■ ■ ^ ■ ^ 00101
, Hi ■ ^ ■ ■ 10100
^ ■ ^ ^ ■ ■ 01100
~ ■ ■ ■ IH ^ 00(«ll
' ^ ■ ■ 11 ■ 10010
SPACE! ^ ■ ^ ■ 01010
> ■ ■ ^ Bi ■ 00110
;■■■■■ 00000
/■■■■■ 00000
«■■■■■ 00000
!■■■■■ 00000
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1110
1101
laii
0111
Figure 2. 3 of 9 code sequence used as start /stop code only.
Numbvr 7-bit code Bar pattern
000001 t iolo|cio|o| t I 1 I
III ■
1 0000' 10 c f ' 1 n
IIB I
a 0001001 000 1 '
11 IH
3 1 1 00000 ' ' C
■ III
4 OOIOO'O CO 1 CO 1
■ ■I I
5 -OOOC'O ■ ■
■ II I
G 0100001 n 1 (.'0 1
I IIH
T OtOOtOO 1 CO 1 CO
I IHI
■ OnoOOO 1 ' C
I
II
1001000 1 '
■ I II
Character 7>bH ooda Bar pattern
-
0001100
|o|oIo| 1 1 1 |o|o|
11 ■■
»
OOltOOO
1 1
IH II
toooioi
1 00 ' C 1
/
1010001
1 1 1
1010100
' U ■ 1
*
DOiOtOl
001010'
■
0(11 1 010
1 10 10
IB 1 1
b
(1 1 1 DO 1
1 1 00 1
1 1 IB
e
.:x)0 1 c n
■ ■ '
II 1 ■
d
OOOnto
C C C ' 1 '0
II ■ 1
Figure 3. Codabar code sequence. I Reprinted with permission from Bar Code News.>
Lt»SI OiV) t*CH ISH(CO""tNDfD FDO
OPTIMUtl "•NO-»ElO ■e»DII>6 B£BfOHMA»ltt
irmiHHU* BAH oontooi?
r*-*<oc iA» oibs 1 001'
-» (•-tlO BETBEEN C-'SBACTfUS ■ fO »>
•^ [«-lniDS SMCE QlSa I OOIT
, •-- NAHBOW 5PAC( DO') I OOl'
Figure 4. MIL-STD- 1 JS9 code dimensions.
The 3 of 9 code uses the spaces be-
tween bars to point to one of five char-
acter groups. Within the group, the bar
identifies the specific character. These
bar codes use the same binary sequence
as the Interleaved 2 of 5 code (see Fig.
2). This pattern holds for all but four
special characters represented by bars
equal to logic zero and spaces with alter-
nate three logic Is. Figure 2 gives the
code sequences for the 3 of 9 code.
Codabar code includes a numeric set,
six special characters, and four inter-
changeable start/stop codes. Unlike the
2 of 5 and thei3 of 9 codes, you can scan
Codabar codes in either direction. The
106 • 80 Micro, November 1983
FLURP»
Mainframe Accuracy with a IVIicro
If you need a muftillnear regressskxi package with the accuracy of a
number-crurvchef, you need FLURP (Fiynn Laboratory's Uttimate
Regresskxi Package). FLURP has easy data input, dtsk file archrving,
and outputs a complete set of statistics Tfiese include;mulrtcollinear
ity diagnostics, hypotf>esis testing, an analysis and plot of the
residuals, and rnore. FLURP is availal3le for 8" CP/M (requires
MBASIC). TRS-80 1 and III. and soon fof the IBM PC
□ My $99.95 is erx;k>sed rush me FLURP (add $5.00 for foretgn
shipping)
n Enclosed is $29 95 for ttie manual (credit to ttw purctvase of
FLURP)
□ Bill company (inclixJe purchase order)
Q Charge my □ Visa Q MasterCard
Card Number ,
Name
Address
City ^
Expires
Sigriature (credit card orders)
State
.Zip.
Mail to: LEDS Publishing Co , Inc., PO Box 12847, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709 (91 9) 477-3690.
Trademark? fBM.lBM Corp FLUBP-LEDS PuWrsf^ng Co CP/M-OgHal fies«arcti
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(313)439-2475
^138
[TOTTliW
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CASSCTTE LABELS
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5V4" Single Side. Double Density, Soft-S«ctofed.
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WITH LEADERS Supplied complete with
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ORD£R f\MAlL TO: VORK lO'^ComouteruKife
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■ »»»«»« ORDER FORM ■ m m « » v « i
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OutsKte 48 Con*nenlBl Slales— AOdilional ti per caddy
per doi cassettes, per do; boies. per ID dtscB
TOTAL
Crwck or M O Chttrga lo
•nclo»«d □ CfMii C»rd □ VISA Q MASTERCAflO
D PLEASt SEND QUANTITY DISCOUNTS
Card No
flCfurt(S Vl^ YOfln 10
libets wVy Boxes wt
sold wparaiely We
meter 10 sNp By UPS
as Being ttie laslesl arfl
salesl Myou need she-
merl by Pared PosI
cf>ecti iiere Q
NOTE Wftlional
charges outside 48
Continental States
Sfiipmems lo AK. m,
»nfl USA possessions
JO Dy Priority Mail
Canada & Mento—
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AS others- Sea Mail
#80
Exp.
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Address
City_
State/Zip
Signature Phone
Computer make & model Disk? (y/n)
^ Sw Usi ot AdMnisera on Page 307
80 Micro. Novwnbv 1963 • 107
UPC/EAN
3 of 9 Code
Interieaved
2 of 5
Codabar
(luracterSel
Numeric
Alphanumenc
plus - .•$/
+ ^t and spstx
Numeric
Numenc plus
S-:/.+
Number of Characters Encoded
10
43
10
16
Start and Slop Codes
Unique, both
(101)
Unique, both
Stan NB/NS/
NB/NS
Stop WB/NS/
NB
4 possible
a/i,b/n,c/'.
d/e
Number of Modute Combinalkins Used 4
2
2
2
Maximuin Substhutitm [-'.rror Rate
withoul Check Digh (CD)
CD required
lin 10*
1 in Iff
1 in Iff
Manmum Substitutioii Krrur Rale
nilh C^Kdi Digil (CD)
t in 10*
1 in 10'
1 in 10-
I in 10*
Ten-character Length for .010-
Inch Modute (INominal)
.70 inch
1 .4 inch
.90 inch
1 .0 inch
Variable I«nti;th
No
Yes
May be w /CD
Yes
DisciTte
No
Yes
No
Yes
Self -Checking
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Date Introduced
1973
1974
1972
1972
C^Htified in Standiuds
UPCC/IAN
US02&3/ANSI/
DOD/AlAG
USDI/ANSl/
AIAG
USD4/ANSI/
CCBBA
MarVel Influence
Retail
Industrial &
Govern mcnl
Industrial
Medical /Photo/
Libraries
Table 1.
Comparisons of popular bar-code symbologies.
length of the Codabar character isn't
fixed as in the 2 of 5 and 3 of 9 codes
shown below.
through 9. -,$ L1=5*X + 2"N'X
:./... +.A. B. C. D L2 = 4*X + 3*N*X
The difference in LI and L2 lengths
shows up as (N - 1)*X, but is not signif-
icant and can be made up in the inter-
CODABfiR rODE
character gap. Since the code is discrete,
the intercharaaer gap change doesn't
affect code readability. Figure 3 gives
the Codabar sequence.
Printing Code
Next, determine if you can use a spe-
cific dot-matrix printer as an inexpen-
sive and convenient bar code printer.
INTERLEEAVED 2 DF Z CODE
Using MIL-STD-1189 (see Fig. 4) and
the ANSI bar code specifications (see
Table 2), you can determine the density
of printable bar code characters, and
whether a specific printer can print bar
codes. However, the vast majority of
dot-matrix printers with graphics capa-
bility are capable of printing bar codes
of some density. (For a more rigorous
evaluation of this subject, I recommend
an article by Wellman Hoff in the
winter issue of Computer Technology
Review, the System Integration Source
Book, West World Productions Inc.
This article includes a Basic program
for evaluating dot-matrix printers.)
Since my system includes an Epson
MX-80 FT printer, my evaluation is
limited to this printer. The MX-80
prints 120 columns per inch in the high-
resolution mcxle. This equals a horizon-
tal spacing of .00833 inches. The verti-
cal spacing is restricted to the minimum
1 S -3. -* S <£i 7^ s *? t:>
3 OF 9 CODE
ilH
C;or)E TEST SEQUENCE
Figure 5. Sample bar-code printoui.
108 • 80 Micro, November 1983
platen shift, which equals .00463 inches.
The dot separation, .01388 inches, de-
fines the dot diameter.
There are two relationships you must
examine to determine if a specific print-
er is capable of printing a bar code.
The first is the overall ratio of narrow
to wide elements. This depends heavily
on the ratio of the dot diameter to the
vertical and horizontal spacing. With
the Epson MX-80 this difference is ap-
proximately 1.6-to-l (.O1388/.0O833 =
1.666) and 3-to-l (.01388/.0CM63 =
2.998) for the vertical spacing.
This amount of overlap also tells you
that the second relationship — the dot
^Lp between both vertical and horizon-
tal dot placement is not significant be-
cause of the size of the dot diameter.
With a dot radius equal to or greater
than the separation between dot posi-
tions, there is little or no dot g^.
Thus, for the Epson printer, the dot
over-print is the controlling factor and
affects the narrow-to-wide element ra-
tio. Table 3 gives a list of narrow- to
wide-element dot-row widths and the
density in characters per inch.
The Program Listing provided here
produces 2 of 5, 3 of 9, and Codabar
codes. The program asks for a code se-
quence and the input specifies the type
of code you want produced. If you de-
sire 3 of 9 code, you must use a se-
quence of up to 30 alphanumeric char-
acters. (The 3 of 9 code has a restriction
of 43 characters but the listing prints
only 30 characters in compressed mode
and 20 characters in standard mode.)
If you desire 2 of 5 code, then a peri-
od precedes the code sequence and you
can use only numeric characters. With
the 2 of 5 code, the sequence must be
less than or equal to 10 characters.
If you want the Codabar code, then
in addition to preceding the code se-
quence with a period, you must include
a stop/start code after the period and
before the code sequence. Since the
Codabar start/stop codes are inter-
changeable, you can use a different
code at either end. If you desire a differ-
ent code at the end of the sequence, in-
clude it during the entry; otherwise,
the program assumes that you want
the code specified as a start code as a
stop code.
Scanning the Code
To help those of you who are ready to
jump up and write the definitive scan-
ning routine, here are a few tips.
First, assuming that you use a
TRS-80 Model III, you can make some
assun^jtions about the speed of the
^ Sm List oi Advertisers on Page 307
scanning algorithm and the problems
you're likely to encounter. Assume that
the algorithm takes 50 microseconds to
execute, then estimate that the routine
has a sampling rate of about 20,000
samples per second (sps).
If you wave the reading wand at the
average rate of about 30 inches per sec-
ond (ips), you find that each sampling
period corresponds to a wand travel of
about .0015 inches (30 ips/20,000 sps).
As discussed earlier, the narrow-bar
spacing is .01666 inches based on a dot
row equal to two dot rows for a narrow
bar or space. Thus, you can see that a
narrow bar or space consists of approxi-
mately 10 samples — each representing
about 10 percent of the narrow-bar/
space width.
This teDs you that a read syston, based
on the TRS-80 Model III, is susceptible
to errors in acceleration/deceleration
and variable speed of wand motion. In-
correct readings used in calculations
contribute to additional errors.
Bar code scaimers have circular view-
ing areas or apertures (which vary from
.0045 to .017 inches in diameter). This
increases the chance for error since re-
flected light entering this ^>erture is
converted from an analog agrial to a bi-
nary digit. The scanner di^neter adds
additional error as a result of the
amount of li^t admitted, and the size
i^'^ "'■
%'^
^'
r*»»
>c^-^
'^''J^.^^'
«*
.^^^^
.US'*'
1^
^727
80 Micro, November 1983 • 109
BAR com.
EbKMKNrs
blKMENT WII>TH TObbRANCb T
Wil)b-T(>. NARROW
bl.KMKM RATIO N*
lNTERLLAVtD2-0^■5
NARROW BAR W
NARROW SP.'VC F W
W IDE BAR
W IDE SPACE
--{''^y
2:1 TO 3:1
(MUST EXCEED 2.2:1 W HEN-
EVbR NARROW ELbMbNT
<0,02 IN WIDb)
_VOF-y
SAME AS ABOVE
. J_(S 2/3)U'
SAMb AS ABOVE:
(ODABAR
•* BAR WIDTHS
10 SPACE WIDTHS
. 0.a)15 ^^ ELEMENT
0.0065 WIDTH
lX>bS NOT APPLY
N ^ THi: RATIO OK THE WIDTH OF THK WIDL LLtMLNT TO THl: WIDTH Ol THt NARROW tl bMhNT
(NOMINAL RATlO:N MUST BL: HLl.D CONSTANT WITHIN AN INTLRLhAVtD 2 0[ 5 AND 3 Ol 9 BAR CODL SYMBOl ).
KOR All. THK ABOVK BAR CODt>:
BAR CODL Hl'IGHT MINIMUM IS 0,25 IN, iOR HAND SCANNING OR \S'>o Ol THli BAR CODl 1 LNCiTH. WHlCHbVLR IS
GRbATHR: MINIMUM OF 1.25 IN. OR 25«o Ol THt BAR CODl LENGTH. WHICHbVtR IS GRbATbR. FOR TRANSPORT
PACKAGES
MINIMUM NOMINA! WIDTH OF NARROW blEMENTS IS 0,0075 IN, EXCEPT FOR DIRECF PRINTING ON CORRUGATED CON-
TAINERS, W HERE 0,CHO IN. IS REQUIRbD
VOIDS OR SPOTS MEETING EITHER OF THE FOl I OW ING ARE PER.MITTED:
(1) CONTAINED WITHIN A CIRCI E WHOSE DIAMETER IS 0.4 TIMES THE NOMINA! WIDTH OF THE NARROW ELEMENT.
(2) OC CUPIES NO MORE THAN 251^0 OF THE AREA OF A CIRCLE WHOSE DIAMt I ER IS 0,8 TIMES THE NOMINAL WIDTH OF THE
NARROW ELEMENT,
MINIMUM PRINT CONTRAST SIGNAl IS TS'o IN THE B653 SPECTRAL BAND,
Table 2. Summtny of A NS/ bar code specifications. (Reprinted with permission from Compuler Technology Review.y
of the bar/space reflecting thai light.
The elements scanned are represented
by two widihs. The ratio of narrow-to-
wide should be between 2-io- 1 and
3-to-l. The algorithm should compare
neighboring elements in consecutive
fashion , Compare bars to bars and
spaces to spaces. Comparing these ele-
ments to their nearest neighbor mini-
mizes errors resulting from speed
changes (acceleration/deceleration).
Use the start/ stop code as a known to
identify the start of a code sequence as
well as to define the narrow and wide
bar/space widihs as determined by the
DolRow
Dot Row
Densitj
Nwrow
Wide
in
Demefits
Omnits
ChiiracleiVInch
• 2
5
4,1379
** 2
7
2,8583
8
2.6667
9
2.1827
10
2.0698
11
1,9680
•Program Listing in standard mode.
'•Program Listing in compressed mode.
TabkS. MX-80 FT printer evtdualion.
wanding rate. Use these values to evalu-
ate successive code bits. All of these cal-
culations can'l be made during the scan-
ning process without further reducing
the .scan rate, which is unacceptable. It
is possible, however, to store the scan
data and perform the calculations after
the stop code is received. ■
Contact Davey Thornton at 8128
Brucar Court, Gaither^ibur^, MD
20877.
Program Listing. Bar code print routine.
\^ •*•**••****••■•••••*********••*••«••••■•■■*
20 '• BAR CODE PRINT ROUTINE •
30 '• by *
40 '* Davey S. Thornton *
50 ■* 81^8 Brucac Court •
60 '* Gaithersburq MD. 20877 *
70 '• Print Interleaved 2 of 5, 3 of 9 *
80 '* and Codaoar codes '
100 CLEAR2000:DIM R ( 255) ,DS { 5 5) , E S ( 1 0) ,CS ( 3 3) , ASl 4)
110 FOB 1=1 TO 59
120 '•••* LOAD BINARY CODE ••**
130 HEAD D$( I) :NKXT I
140 DATA "011000100",,,, "010101000", "000101010",,,,, "010010100", "0
10001010",, "010000101-, "110000100", "010100010", "000110100" ,"100100
001", "001100001", "101100000", "000110001", "100110000"
150 DATA" 001110000" ,"000100101", "100100100", "001100100",,,,,, ff"10
0001001", "001001001", "101001000", "000011001", "100011000", "00101100
0", "000001101", "100001100", "001001100", "000011100"
16 DATA"100000011", "001000011", "101000010", "000010011", ■100010010
","001010010", "000000111", "100000110", "001000110", "000010110", "110
000001 ',"011000001 ","111000000", "01001 0001", "110010000"
170 DATA"011010000"
180 FOR 1=1 TO 10:READ E$(I):NEXT I
190 DATA" 001 10 ","10001", "01001", "11000", "0 01 01"," 10100'," 01100". "0
0011", "10010" , "01010"
200 FOR 1=1 TO 33:READCS(I) :NEXT I
210 DATA"0011000", ,,,,,,"0010101",,"0001ie0","1010100" , "1010001" »"
110 • 80 Micro. Novemberl 983
SUPREME RULER
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-126
y out our
books for
your
TRS-80
<^^
Call today!
1-800-343-0728
extension 191
00B0011-, 'BBBBllB', '0001001', 'llBflBBfl'.'eflieaifl'r '1000010' r '010000
1", "0100100", "0110000", '1001000",, "10B0101",,,,,," 0011010"
220 DATA" 0101001 ","0001011", '0001110"
230 FOB I-l TO 4:READAS(I) :NEXTI
2 40 DATA" 0101100 ","1001010 ","1101000", "011 1000"
250 CLS:INPUT "ENTER 'L' FOR STANDARD FORMAT OR 'C FOR COMPACT FO
RMAT";QS
260 IF aS-"L" THEN Cl-3:C2-:4 ELSE IF QS="C" THEN Cl = 2:C2-3 ELSE G
OTO 250
270 CLS
260 'INPUT SEQUENCE *****
"." "A.B,C,D" SEQUENCE ■A,B,C,D" CODABAR
"." SEQUENCE 2 OF 5 CODE
290 ' SEQUENCE 3 OF 9 CODE
WHEN ENTERING CODABAR CODE THE STOP CODE MAY
BE LEFT OFF IF THE SAME CODE WAS USED AS START CODE.
300 'EXAMPLE
CODABAR .A1234 567B90-S:/+D
2 OF 5 .1234567890
3 OF 9 ABC-XY21234567a90.S/ +%
310 INPUT"ENTER CODE SEQUENCE";QS
320 IF LEFTS(QS,1) -"." THEN 440 ELSE TS=""
33B t***** PRINT 3 OF 9 CODE ••**
340 IF LEN(QS)>20 AND Cl-3 OR LEN(QS)>30 AND Cl-2 THEN PRINT'STRIN
G TO LONG REENTER":GOTO310
350 PRINT"3 OF 9 CODE"
360 LPRINT"3 OF 9 CODE":LPRINT
370 FOR 1=1 TO LEN[QS)
380 T$=TS+D$(ASC(MIDStQS,I,l))-31)+'0':NEXT I
390 TS=D$(ll)+"0"+TS+D$Ul)
40fl FOR I-l TO LEN(TS]
410 R{I)-VAL(MIDS(TS,I,1))
4 20 NEXT I
430 GOTO600
440 TS="':SS="":QS=RIGHTS(QS,LEN(QS)-1)
450 ■••••• PRINT 2 OF 5 CODE ••••
460 IF ASC(QS)>=65 THEN 650
470 IF LEN(QS)>11 THEN PRINT'STRING TO LONG REENTER" : GOTQ310
480 PRINT "INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5
490 LPRINT "INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5 CODE":LPRINT
500 FOR 1*1 TO LEN(QS)-1 STEP2
510 TS-T$+ES(ASC(MIDS!QS,I,1))-471 : SS = SS+ES ( ASC(MIDS (OS, I+l , 1) ) -
47 J
520 NEXT I
530 S$=SS+" ":RS='"
540 FOR 1=1 TO LEN{TS1
550 RS=RS+MIDS(TS,I,1)+MIDS{SS,I,1) :NEXT I
560 RS-="0000"+RS+"100"
570 FOR 1=1 TO LEN[RS)
580 R(I)=iVAL{MIDS(RS,I,l] ) :NEXT I
590 TS=RS
600 Nl-LEN(TS) :K=0:N6=0
610 FOR 1=1 TO LEN!TS) :IFK=0 THENK=1ELSEK=0
620 N6=N6+R{I) *C2+C1:NEXT I
630 G05UB 770
640 GOTO310
650 Q=ASC{QS) : QS=RIGHTS ( Q$ ,LEN ( QS) -1 ) :TS="'
660 Q1=ASC[RIGHTS(QS,1) ) :IF Ql>=65 THEN QS-LEFTS ( QS ,LEN ( QS) -1 ) ELS
E Q1=Q
670 i***.* PRINT CODABAR CODE *•*•
680 IF LEN(QS!>17 THENPRINT'STRING TO LONG REENTER" : GOTO310
690 PRINT "CODABAR CODE"
70H LPRINT"CODABAR CODE":LPRINT
710 FOR I-l TO LEN(QS)
720 T$=TS+C$(ASC(HIDS(QS,I,1) ) -35) +"0' : NEXTI
730 TS-CS{Q-65)+TS+AS(Ql-65)
740 FOR 1=1 TO LEN(TS]
750 R(I)-VAL(MID${TS,I,1)) :NEXTI
760 GOTO 600
770 '•***• PRINT BAR CODES *•**
780 FOR M-1 TO 8
790 LPRINT CHRS(27)"A"CHRS(4);
800 N4-FIX(N6/256)
B10 LPRINT CHRS{27)"L"CHR$t(N6/256-N4)*256)CHRS(N4) J
820 Ki=0
830 FOR J-1 TO Nl
840 IF K=0 THEN K=l ELSE K-0
850 FOR I-l TO R(J)*C24C1
860 LPRINT CHRS(127*K)j
87 NEXT I
880 NEXT J
890 LPRINT
900 LPRINT CHRS(27)"^»j
910 NEXT M
920 LPRINT CHR$(27} "0"
930 LPRINT CHRS(27)CHRS(14)"* " QS" *"
940 RETURN
950 END
112 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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60 Micro, Novembw 1983 • 113
GRAPHICS
LOAD 80
Check-out UPCs
by Davey S. Thornton
T
he Universal Product Code is probably the bar
code you*re most familiar with. Here's some
of its history and a program that generates UPCs.
Just about everybody has seen bar
codes, the most ubiquitous being the
Universal Product Code (UPQ on gro-
cery items. Their convenience is most
obvious at the checkout counter, where
a laser beam reads and not only rings up
the item, but identifies it and adjusts the
store's inventory accordingly.
The UPC seemed to come out of no-
where, but today it's commonplace. In
this article I'll examine Universal Prod-
uct Code technology and some of its
BAR CODE BIT PATTERN
CORRESPONDING TO 3 "
'o-ini-o-i'
history, as well as provide the means to
print the standard UPC-A code with a
Model III and an Epson MX-80 printer
with Graftrax (see Fig. I).
UPC History
The idea for point-of-sale data cap-
ture by bar codes isn't much more than
15 years old. The roots of the UPC go
back to the early 1970s when an ad hoc
commiiiee developed and standardized
a point-of-sale data s>^tem. Initially the
BARCODE BIT PATTERN
CORRESPONDING TO 4
'l-0-lll-OO' —
BAR CODE BIT PATTERN
CORRESPONDING TO AT-
LEFT (CODE SYMBOL)
41735 . 252 10 i
GUIDE BARS
Hgure I. Standard UPC-A code.
114 * 80 Micro, November 1983
committee felt that the system should
provide the produa name and price
with a single action, thus reducing time
required for product sales, improving
system accuracy, and ultimately paying
for the implementation cost through
these savings.
The grocery industry fomied the Uni-
form Grocery Product Code Council,
comprising representatives of the gro-
cery manufacturers and supermarket
chains, to oversee the development of
the UPC and to maintain code assign-
ments. During code development, the
Uniform Grocery Product Code Coun-
cil established a subcommittee to
oversee the development of a standard
code. The subcommittee reviewed op-
tical symbols, suggested changes, and
reviewed study results. The guidelines it
initially defined include:
• A succttsful first-read rate of 99 per-
cent;
• A substitution rate of 1/10,000;
• A scan rate from 3 to 100 inches
per second; and
• A code length of 10 characters (re-
vised to 12).
From its initial development, the
code was meant for use with fixed scan-
ners. Later the subcommittee, in an ef-
fort to provide versatility, included
The Key Box
Model I and m
32KRAM
Assembly Language
Editor/ Assembler
Epson MX-80 with Graftrax
UPC
Cluncter Fonnd
A
Regular SXXXXX-XXXXXC
B
Dnig B SXXXXX-XXXXXX
C
12-characlcr XSXXXXX-XXXXXC
D
U+ncharaaer SXXXXX-XXXXXCXX
E
Zero suppression XXXXX
X = infoimation character
S ~ code decinu! character
C = modulo 10 check character
Table I. UPC charxKter speciftcation.
requirements that would allow reading
UPCs with a hand-held wand and the
naked eye.
Code De^gn
Figure 1 is an example of the UPC
found on grocery products. The UPC is
classified as a multilevel code, which
means that the code, appearing as mul-
tiple levels of bars and spaces, uses
width modulation to encode data. Each
bar or space represents one bit of binary
data and corresponds to a level of en-
coding. The binary encoded data of the
UPC has reflective spaces (blank areas)
that represent logic zeros, and non-re-
flective bars (sobd lines) representing
logic Is.
Because of the diversty of consumer
product size and shape, users found
that they must design more than one
code to meet the needs of the whole in-
dustry. Table 1 gives the specifications
of the five UPC codes developed. All
versions, with the exception of E, use
the nimiber of the code symbol charac-
ter to identify both the type of code and
the type of item.
Sdf-Testing
The UPC has a self-test feature that
assures an accurate read. It's found in
an UPC codes except versions B and E.
The self-check feature involves a value
called the modulo 10 check digit. A
modulo 10 check digit verifies correctly
coded data. It does so through a series
of calculations, the result of which must
ZCTO out; otherwise the read is unsuc-
cessful and a new read is required.
The modulo 10 of a number is its re-
mainder when divided by 10. For exam-
ple, the modub 10 of 16 is 6.
The equation used in determining the
modulo 10 of a UPC is:
moduk) I0(3X{UPC symbol + UPC even digits)^
UPCodddigiu)
The modulo 10 of this number is its re-
mainder when divided by 10.
As an example, use the UPC in Hg. 2
to cak:ulate the modulo 10. Here, the
code symbol is zero and the code num-
bers that fall in even positions are 1, 3,
Figun 2. Ideai UPC.
2, 2, and 0. The UPC numbers in odd
locations are 4, 7, 5, 5, and 1. So the
modulo 10 equation looks like
modulo 10(3X(0+l + 3 + 2 + 2 + 0) + 4+7 + 3 +
5+1)
or 46 divided by 10, or 4.6. The re-
mainder, 6, is the moduk) 10 of this
UPC.
Once the computer determines the
modulo 10, it uses this figure to deter-
mine the check digit using the equation
0=10- (modulo 10 + the check digit)
The check digit is encoded into the UPC
so that, when the calculation uses the
self-check calculation, it produces a
value of zero if all the UPC numbers arc
properly read.
The check digit for this particular
UPC is 4. The calculation is now
0=10^(6 + 4)
Since both »des of the equation are
equal to zero, the computer indicates a
successful read of the UPC in the exam-
ple above.
Code Structure
The actual structure of the code
makes it possible to scan from either di-
rection. The UPC has two codes (right
and left) separated by one guide strip.
This guide strip is a binary representa-
tion of 01010. Guide strips appear at
cither end of the code sequence so that
the binary code 101 identifies the start
or finish of the code. Figure 1 shows
these as the bars that extend below the
code. Table 2 is a representation of the
binary code sequences for the UPC.
These left/ri^t bit codes provide
further checks of scanning accuracy.
The left code begins with a logic 1 and
ends with a logic zero while the right
code begins with a togic zero and ends
Program Listing. UPC- A printer.
9030
43
8031
4^
8032
55
8033
52
8034
53
803^
45
9036
20
00190 DEFM ' FLATTEN SHIFte'
B037
50
(J038
4C
8039
41
803A
54
803B
54
803C
45
803D
4e:
8B3E
20
BB3F
b3
6040
48
8041
49
8042
46
8043
54
8944
40
BB45
22
00200 MSC3 DEFM '"SHIFT" OP ARRO '
8046
53
8047
48
8048
49
8049
4t>
8e4A
54
804B
22
Be4C
20
804D
55
604E
50
604F
20
8050
41
8051
52
liiiing conlmurd
eo Micro. Novemb9r1 983 • 115
Lisnng conlmurd
8052 52
BQ53 4F
8054 Si
B0S5 20
6056 4b
8057 49
8056 4E
8059 45
e05A 20
805B 50
60 5C 4C
605D 41
805E 54
8tSF 54
8060 45
6061 4E
6062 20
8063 53
8064 48
8065 49
8066 46
6067 54
606 6 40
806 9 45
806A 52
806B 52
B06C 4r
Steo 52
806 E 20
Ȥn
3C40
3CBf
01C9
• BF8
3C»0
0049
aaaa 46
3001 52
6002 41
8003 to
B004 45
8005 20
8006 50
8007 52
8008 49
8009 4E
e00A 54
B00B 45
80eC 52
B00D 20
8a0E 26
80flP 44
8111 45
8811 50
6012 52
8013 45
8014 53
8015 53
8016 20
8017 22
8018 45
8019 4E
601A 54
6015 45
801C 52
801Q 22
aeit 20
801F 54
8020 4F
6021 20
8022 45
8023 58
6024 49
6025 54
6026 40
6027 55
B02a 50
3029 20
B02A 41
602B 52
e02C 52
80 2D 4F
802E 57
e02P 20
806F 49
8070 4£
8071 20
8072 50
8073 52
8074 49
8075 4£
8076 54
B077 20
6076 43
8079 48
80TA 41
807B 52
00210
'W FINE FLATTEN
00230 KSG4
'SHIFTS'
'ERROR IN PRIKT
00000
00010 :
00020 :
08830 :
88840 :
00050 I
00060 ;
00070 t
O808B ,••"••
00090 CUKAD2
00100 CURAD3
00110 CLSCN
00120 PRTOUT
00130 CURADS
00140 KBWAIT
B0150 HSGl
ORG
8O00H
UNIVERSIAL PRODUCT CODE
UPCA
PRINTER
BY DAVEY S. THORNTON
8128 BRUCAB COL'RT
GAITMEBSBURG, MARYLAND 20877
with a logic 1. Further, the left code has
an odd parity (odd number of logic I's)
and the right code has an even parity.
Uniquely identified by its structure, the
code provides multiple methods to
check accuracy.
Look at the code closely and notice
that the 5 binary bits that represent the
decimal code (excluding the first and
seventh bits) provide 16 code combina-
tions with odd parity and 16 codes with
even parity. Of this 32-code total, the
UPC uses only 20 so that each code se-
quence has two light and two dark bars.
With the code uniquely identified,
you can devise a print algorithm that
EQL'
EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
ECU
DEFM
iC40H
3C80H
1C9)I
0FfiH
3C001I
4 9H
'FRAME PRINTER (
00160
■DEPRESS "ENTER"
Representation
Di|it
Left
Right
0001101
1110010
1
0011001
! 1001 10
2
001001 1
1101 100
3
on 1101
1000010
4
0100011
1011100
5
0110001
1001110
6
0101111
1010000
7
0111011
1000100
8
0110111
iOOlOOO
9
000101 1
1110100
Table 2
UPC le/t/righ!
bit codes.
Idol/bar
1 dots bar 3 dots bar
number of
logic
logic logk
bam
spaces
1
10 10
.01388 .01072
.02208 .18920 ,03028 .02712
1
.01104 .00946
.01924 .01766 .02744 .02586
2
.01009 .00901
.01827 .01724 .02649 .02544
3
.00962 .00883
.01782 .01703 .02602 .02523
4
Table 3. Dot-matrix bar/space widths
00180 NSG2
■UP ARROW COURSE'
■CHARACTEae^
Lisiiitg cvniinued
suitably prints the desired code. 1 wrote
the program in Assembly language in
order to improve the speed at which the
program prints. To print the bar codes
with a dot-matrix printer, you must en-
sure that the bars and spaces produced
by the printer are acceptable to the scan-
ning algorithm (see the Program Listing).
Printing the UPC
Figure 2 shows an ideal UPC bar
code divided into equal segments defin-
ing the bars and spaces. The closer the
printed code comes to this ideal, the
greater the first-read rate.
The dot-matrix printer prints bars by
using dots as shown in Fig. 3. The mim-
mum dot separation and the dot overlap
caused by the constraints cause varia-
tion in the thickness of the bars and
spaces (see Table 3).
This problem also shows up in the
116 • m Micro, November 1933
iPMgggg^gMgggMggggggggggg^
NEW TOLL FREE NUMBER T»chnlcal and calls within Taxas --[713]48S-B022
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The Dual Printer Switch from Computex can be used in
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5%UNE OEFINATION ERROR
6 HORIZONTAL DOT SPACE
B LOGIC "l"0NE BAR
C LOGIC "O" ONE SPACE
D logic"i"two bars
Figure 3. Printer dot pattern.
definition of the spaces. Since the bor-
dering bars define the space, the radius
of a single dot at each bar/space border
reduces the actual width of the space.
To overcome this problem, the print
algorithm inserts two additional spaces
with each group of spaces.
Figure 4 outlines the algorithm for
printing UPC bar codes. The flowchart
shows the six major modules of the
print programs. First you enter the data
and the program checks to ensure that it
is an ASCII representation for decimals
zero through 9. Next it converts the data
from ASCII to decimal by subtracting
30 hex. It then exchanges these decimal
digits for their corresponding bit pat-
terns (sec Table 2).
It loads these patterns into a bit buff-
er that contains the guide bar codes, and
Lisiing coniuiued
ae7c
eeTD
eeTE
SflTF
aese
8881
41
43
54
45
52
40
8B32
7 26 6
00250
PNTBT
DEFW
e672H
8084
6C42
00260
DEFH
4 26CH
8036
5C4E
00270
DEFW
4E5CH
8088
Se44
00260
□ EFW
44S0H
80BA
4874
00290
DEFW
7448H
seac
0D19
00300
PNTLT
DEFW
190DH
809E:
133D
00310
OCFW
3D13H
8090
2331
00320
DEFW
3:23H
6092
2F3B
00330
DCPU
3B2FH
B094
370B
00340
DEFW
0B37H
6096
FP00
00350
BIT8LT
DEFW
0FFH
809B
00Ff
00360
DEFW
0FF00H
B03h
00370
LPRNT
DEFS
36H
8U[>t5
i'ildii
00380
DEFW
B
m\i2
t-F0L'
00390
DEFW
0tFH
8HD4
aBFK
00400
DEFW
0FF00H
8BD6
0Bee
00410
DF.KW
0036
00420
RPRNT
DEFS
36H
81 at:
FF-BB
00430
DEFW
0FFH
8110
0BFF
00440
DEFW
0FF00H
8112
3031
00450
D I GELT
DEFW
3130H
8114
3233
00460
DEFW
3332H
8116
3435
00470
DEFW
3534H
8118
3637
00480
DEFW
3736H
BllA
3839
00490
DEFW
39381!
aiic
30
00500
DEFB
30H
BUD
31
00510
DIGCK
DEFB
31H
OBiiC
00520
DIGITS
DEFS
0CH
812A
B6
00530
SKPLN
DEFB
6
812B
05
00540
TABLN
DEFB
5
ei2(:
4 5
00550
«SG5
DEFM
'ENTER CODE SYMB'
812D
4£
812E
54
812F
45
eiae
52
8131
20
8132
43
8133
4F
8134
44
8135
45
8136
20
8137
53
B138
59
8139
4D
813A
42
I. HI lit lonunutil
118 • 80 Micro, Novemben 983
^
o.
H
HARD DISK MODEL 4
5 MHC. FIXHD + 5 MEG REMOVAHLH 82895.00
lOMKG FIXED 2295 00
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PAL only for 64K lo 1 28K ui)iiru<lc ;U.95
DISK III
Iiilcnial iloppy disk subsyMeiii for Model III & 4 ( in-
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all associured inouniing hurdware).
DISK III KIT - Wirlioui drive }*2S*9,9n
DISK III Kir - Wlib I drive (ss.<Id) 449.(M)
DISK Ml KIT - With 2 drives (ss. dd) ()9<).(H)
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80 Micro, November^ 983 • 119
SET
DK3IT
ENTER CODE
DISPLAY
MESSAGE
FRAME
PRINTER
DISPLAY
MESSAGE
DIGIT
CHECIOCONVERT
CALCULATE
CHECK DIGIT
ERHOR
EXCHANGE
PRINT BIT COOES
DISPLAY
MESSAGE
BIT
LOAD
LEFT BIT
LOAD
RK3HT BIT
LOAD
PRINT BAR CODE
SET
GRAPHIC
COOES
PRINT DECIMAL
CODE
SET
GRAPHIC
CODES
Figure 4. UPC prim flow diagram.
passes control to the bar code print
routine. The print routine passes the
contents of the bit buffer to the printer
substituting 255 for the logic Is. This
drives the printer in the dot graphic
mode to fire all or none of the dot print
pins during the print operation.
The program has an additional fea-
ture which allows the printer to advance
a line or a portion of a line to set the
print head in a desired position. This is
called framing and is available prior to
each beir code print sequence. Another
point to mention is that the printer only
prints in one direction. This is because
the printer drifts when it prints in two
directions. This has an adverse effect on
the quality of the printed bar code.
The minimum width chosen for bars
and spaces fixes the length of the code.
Ideally, this is easy to calculate but for
the dot-matrix printer, you must take
other things into consideration. The
code sequence has 29 spaces and 30 bars
including the guide bars. The equation
below gives the overall length of the
code that considers the addition of
spaces to compensate for bar overlap.
L= .01388 + 95«(.0083)*n + 29*(.0083)'2
where n equals the number of dots de-
fining nunimum width. Table 4 gives
/ iiling conlinued
813B
4F
0S560
DEFH
'OL 0-9g'
813C
4C
813D
20
S13E
38
813F
2D
8140
39
8141
4B
6142
45
00570 MSG6
DEEM
'ENTER 10 DIGIT '
8143
4E
8144
54
8145
45
8146
52
8147
20
6148
31
6149
38
814A
28
B14B
44
81 4C
49
81 4D
47
814E
49
814F
54
6150
28
8151
44
00580
DEFH
'DECIMAL CODESe'
8152
45
8153
43
8154
49
8155
4D
8156
41
8157
4C
8158
20
8159
43
Lisiinf conlinued
Minimum width
3ode length (inches)
n Bars
Spaces
1 .01388
.01102
1.28
2 .02221
.01932
2.07
3 .03048
.02762
2.86
4 .0388
.0359
3.65
Table 4.
UPC bar code lengths.
the minimum bar/space widths and
lengths for each of the code specifi-
cations.
The Test
To test my program, I enlisted the
help of a local grocery store and their
systems people to test the codes pro-
duced by the Epson printer. The results
prove my printed code completely
readable by the IBM 3867 supermarket
scanner.!
You can write to Davey S. Thornton
at 8128 Brucar Court, Gaithersburg,
MD 20877.
120 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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80 Micro, November 1983 • 121
Listing conlmurd
815A 4F
01500 ,•***•.*.«......•....•...•...«•..••**
B15B 44
01510 ;• DIGIT CHECK/CONVERT
815C 45
01520 ;*•****•***••**•«♦•-.«..■.••..*.».***
815D 53
S22fl 068C 01530 LD B,0CH
815E 40
6222 211261 01540 LD HL.DIGBUF
815F 2D
8225 0O211E81 01550 LD IX, DIGITS
Biee 2D
8229 7E 01560 DIGLOP LO A,(HL)
B161 2D
B22A 37 01570 SCF
6162 20
822B 3F 01560 CCF
8163 20
822C DE30 01590 SBC A,30H
8164 20
822E 77 01600 LD (HL) ,A
8165 20
822F DD7700 01610 LD (IX), A
8166 2D
6232 3002 01620 JR NCUPLMT
8167 20
8234 1810 01630 JR ERROR
B1E8 20
8236 FE0A 01640 UPLMT CP 0AH
8169 40
8236 3802 D1650 JR C.CNTU
823A 180A 01660 JR ERROR
0B610 !* SET DIGIT BUFFER
e23C 23 01670 CNTU INC HL
8230 DD23 01630 INC IX
816A 3E30
00630 BEGIN LD A,30H
823F 10E8 01690 DJNZ DIGLOP
816C 060C
00640 LD B,0CU
8241 CD9983 01700 CALL CALCDT
816E 211281
00650 LD HL.DIGBUF
8244 1810 01710 JR EXPBT
8171 77
00660 SETLOP LD (HL) ,A
017 20 ■*»••******»*••■■•*■*•••»••■•••■••■••
8172 23
00670 INC HL
01730 ;• ERROR SUBROUTINE
8173 10FC
00660 DJNZ SETLOP
01740 ;•**••**»••*••**••••••••••••■■••••**•
6246 CDC901 01750 ERROR CALL CLSCN
00700 ;• ENTER CODES
8249 DD21003C 01760 LD IX.CURADS
8240 216980 01770 LO HL,MSG4
6175 CDC901
00720 CALL CLSCN
6250 CD2864 01780 CALL DSPMSG
8178 OO2le03C
007 30 LD IX.CURADS
8253 C36AB1 01790 JP BEGIN
B17C 212CB1
00740 LD HLjMSGS
eiTF CD28a4
00750 CALL DSPMEG
01618 ;■ EXCHANGE PRIST BIT CODES
00760 ;•■• ENTER CODE SYMBOL
01820 ;•**•*•**•'*••••••■••••"•••••••**••
6182 CD4900
00770 CALL KBWAIT
B256 0606 01830 EXPBT LD B,6
B185 FD211281
00780 LD lY.DIGBUF
B256 CD57B4 01340 CALL LNFEED
8189 FD7700
00790 LD (lY) ,A
B25B 0606 01850 LD B,6
eieC FD23
00800 INC lY
3250 DD211281 01B60 LD IX.DIGBUF
818E CDC901
00810 CALL CLSCN
8261 1600 01870 LD D,0
8191 DO21003C
00620 LD IX.CURADS
8263 21BC60 01880 LD HL,PNTLT
8195 214281
00630 LO KL,H5G6
B266 OD5E00 01890 EXCl LD E,(IX)
6198 CD2884
00840 CALL DSPMSG
6269 E5 01900 PUSH HL
B19B DD21403C
00850 LD IX,CURAD2
B26A 19 01910 ADD HL.DE
B19F 215F81
00B60 LD HL,KSG7
326B 7E 01920 LD A, (HL)
B1A2 CD2B84
00870 CALL DSPMSG
b26C DD7700 01930 LD {1X),A
B1A5 DD21B03C
00860 LD IX,CURAD3
826F DD23 01940 INC IX
00890 ;•'" ENTER 10 DIGIT CODE
8271 El 01950 POP HL
81A9 060A
00900 LD B,0AH
8272 10F2 B1960 DJNZ EXCl
81AB CD4900
00910 ENTDIG CALL KBWAIT
B274 0606 01970 LD B,6
81AE FD770fl
00920 LD (lY) ,A
B276 218280 01980 LD HL,PNTRT
81B1 DD7700
00930 LD (IX) ,A
B279 DD5E00 01990 EXC2 LD E,(IX)
B1B4 FD23
00940 INC lY
e27C E5 02000 PUSH HL
81B6 DD23
00950 INC IX
B27D 19 02010 ADD HL,DE
aiBS 10F1
00960 OJNZ ENTDIG
B27E 7E 02020 LO A, (HL)
00970 ' i>««t*»»«mlil»*t«»«*****«« *•«•***««****«
il27F DD7700 02030 LD {IX) ,A
00980 ;• FRAME PRINTER
8282 DD23 02040 INC IX
00990 ;*»*••**••*••••••••*•••*••*•••****•«***
ti264 El 02050 POP HL
81BA CDC901
01000 START CALL CLSCN
15235 10F2 02060 DJNZ EXC2
81B0 DD21003C
01010 LD IX.CURADS
207 ;•••'•••'*•««*••**.••**••**••**.•*•••
elCl 210080
01020 LD HL,MSG1
02080 ;* LEFT BIT LOAD
81C4 CD2e84
01030 CALL DSPMSG
020 90 ,.*•***••***•**•**••••*»■**•«••••**•••
81C7 OD21403C
81040 LD IX,CURAD2
B2a7 FD219A80 02100 LD IV.LPRNT
8iCB 212780
01050 LD HL,MSG2
a26B 0606 02110 LD B,6
BICE CD2ea4
01060 CALL DSPMSG
328D DD211281 02120 LD IX.DIGBUF
81D1 DD21803C
01070 LD 1X,CURAD3
8291 DD7E0O 02130 LTBTLD LD A, (IX)
8ID5 214560
01080 LD HL,MSG3
B294 DD23 02140 INC IX
8108 C02884
01090 CALL DSPMSG
6296 CDFle3 B2150 CALL BITLOD
01100 ;
d299 10F6 02160 DJNZ LTBTLD
01110 .- KEYBOARD LOOP "ENTER" TO EXIT
2170 :•-••*•••**•*•••**••**••••••"•■■••■
D1120 ;
02130 ;• RIGHT BIT LOAD
61DB CD4900
01130 KBLOOP CALL KBWAIT
02190 ' ■■*■*■**■"'■**■***'***********"****
SIDE F5
01140 PUSH AF
b293 0606 02200 LD B,6
81DF F5
01150 PUSH AF
e290 FD21D880 02210 LO IY,RPRNT
eiE0 FE5B
01160 CP 5BH
a2Al DD7E00 02220 RTBTLD LD A.IIX)
01170 ; COURSE SHIFT
d2A4 0023 02230 ISC IX
81E2 2B0C
01180 JR Z, COURSE
ci2A6 COF183 02240 CALL BITLOD
61E4 Fl
01190 POP AF
d2A9 10F6 02250 OJNZ RTBTLD
61E5 FEIB
01200 CP IBH
0226 ;■•••*••••••*•••**••••••■'•••**••**
01210 ; FINE SHIFT
02270 ;■ PRIST BAR CODE
81E7 2818
01220 JR Z,FINE
B1E9 Fl
01230 POP AF
62AB 09 02290 EXX
BlEA FE0D
01240 CP 0DH
B2AC D60C 02300 LD B,0CH
01250 ; EXIT "ENTER"
B2AE D9 02310 OUTNXT EXX
eiEC 2628
01260 JR Z, ENTER
D2320 ; BAR CODE INDENT
81EE 18EB
01270 JR KBLOOP
a2AF CD69B4 02330 CALL TABIND
01280 ;•**• COURSE SHIFT
32B2 CD4884 02340 CALL ESCAP
81F0 3E9B
01290 COURSE LO A,9BH
82B5 3E41 82350 LD A,41H
81F2 C03B84
01300 CALL OUTPUT
a2B7 C03BB4 02360 CALL OUTPUT
81F5 3E30
01310 LD A,30H
B2BA 3E04 02370 LO A, 4
81F7 CD3BB4
01320 CALL OUTPUT
B2BC CD3B84 02380 CALL OUTPUT
81Fft 3E0A
01330 LD A,0AH
B2BF CDDA83 02390 CALL GRFSET
61FC CD3B84
01340 CALL OUTPUT
02400 ; PRINT LOOP
BIFF IBDA
01350 JR KBLOOP
82C2 DO2196B0 02410 LD IX,BITBUF
01360 ;•■•■ FINE LINE FEED
82C6 067C 02420 LD B,7CH
8201 CD4884
01370 FINE CALL ESCAP
B2C8 OD7E00 02430 OUTLOP LD A, (IX)
B204 3E41
01380 LD A,41H
82CB C03BB4 02440 CALL OUTPUT
B206 C03BB4
01390 CALL OUTPUT
82CE CD3B84 02450 CALL OUTPUT
3209 3E02
01400 LO A, 2
B2D1 DD23 02460 INC IX
6208 CD3B84
01410 CALL OUTPUT
82D3 10F3 02470 OJNZ OUTLOP
820E CD4EB4
01420 CALL GARRET
B2D5 CD4E64 02480 CALL CARRET
6211 CD57B4
01430 CALL LNFEED
62D8 CD57e4 02490 CALL LNFEED
6214 1BC5
01440 JR KBLOOP
02500 ; ESC "@" RESET PRINTER
01450 ;•••• ENTER (EXIT)
62DB CD4884 02510 CALL ESCAP
8216 3E9B
01460 ENTER LD A,9BH
82DE 3E40 02520 LD A,40H
8218 CD3B84
01470 CALL OUTPUT
82E0 CD3BB4 02530 CALL OUTPUT
B21B 3E40
01480 LD A,40H
82E3 D9 02540 EXX
821D CD3Be4
01490 CALL OUTPUT
1 82E4 10C8 02550 DJNZ OUTNXT
Lining continued
^22 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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eo Micro, November 1983 • 123
LaiiHg coniinutd
B2E6 CD48B4
82568 CALL
ESCAP
83CD C60F
83620 AND
OFH
B2C9 3E40
82578 LD
A,49H
83CF DD7700
83618 LD
(IX) ,A
B2EB CD3BB4
02580 CALL
OUTPUT
8302 00211081
83640 LD
IX,DtGCK
82EE D9
02598 EXX
B3D6 007700
B309 C9
83658 LD
83668 RET
(IXI ,A
S^C \ Ik it DDIUil* blllUP
82EP DD219AS0
V40jv 1 PRINT NvHCfii^ \,wz. i
03680 ]* CRPSET
SUBROUTINE
82638 J ••••••••■••••■
82630 LO
IX.LPRNT
82F3 0636
82640 LD
B,36h
e3DA DO219680
03700 GRPSET LD
IX,eiTBUF
82FS 3E00
82658 LO
A,0
03710 ;
SET DOT GRAPICS N1(N2
02660 1
CLEAR BIT BCFFER
e3DE C04S84
03720 CALL
ESCAP
82F7 DD770e
02678 LBUFC LO
(IX) ,A
e3El 3E4C
03730 LO
A,4CH
B2FA DD23
02680 INC
IX
83E3 CD3B84
03740 CALL
OUTPUT
B2FC 10F9
02690 DJNZ
LBUFC
83E6 )£F8
03750 LD
A, OFBH
B2FE OD21DBB0
02700 LD
IX.BPBNT
83b:8 JD3BB4
03760 CALL
OUTPUT
B302 0636
82718 LD
B,36H
83tB 3E00
03770 LD
A,0
8304 DD778e
82728 RBUFC LD
(IX) ,A
eSEO CD3B64
037 60 CALL
OUTPUT
8387 OD23
3309 10F9
82730 IMC
02740 DJNZ
IX
RBUFC
83F0 C9
03790 RET
3306 CD6964
B30C CDDA33
027 50 CALL
02760 CALL
TABIHD
GRPSET
03610 ;• BIT LOAD
SUBROUTINE
B311 067C
02770 LO
B,7C8
B3F1 DS
03830 BITLOD PUSH
DE
B313 DD2196SB
02780 LD
tX.BlTBUF
e3F2 E5
03648 PUSH
HL
B31T DDTE0O
02790 PBUF LD
A,:ixi
B3F3 07
03850 RLCA
B31A DD23
02800 IHC
IX
e3F4 07
03860 BlTl RLCA
631C CD33B4
02810 CALL
OUTPUT
S3F5 210700
03870 LO
HL,7
831P CD3664
02620 CALL
OUTPUT
83F8 110100
83880 LD
DE.l
B322 10P3
02830 DJNZ
PBUF
83FB 3011
03890 JR
NC, SPACES
82840 J SET LINE SPACING TO 5/216 INCH |
81FD FD3600FF
03900 BARS LO
(IV) ,8FFH
S324 CD4ee4
828Se CALL
ESCAP
8401 FD23
03910 INC
It
8327 3E41
02869 LD
A,41H
83928 ; CHECK FOB LAST BIT |
8329 C03B84
02871 CALL
OUTPUT
8403 37
03930 SCf
832C 3Ee5
02BBB LD
A, 5
8404 3F
03940 CCF
332E CD3Be4
02890 CALL
OUTPUT
6405 ED52
03950 SBC
HL.OE
8331 CD4E64
02900 CALL
CARRET
8407 2B1C
03960 JR
:,BTN1
6334 COS7B4
02910 CALL
LNFEED
8409 07
03970 RLCA
03920 : PRINT NUHCRIC VALUES
840A 3002
03980 JR
NC, SPACES
6337 CD69e4
02930 CALL
TAB 1 NO
B40C 18EF
03998 JR
BARS
833A 3E94
02940 LD
A,94H
84BE FD36OO0B
04808 SPACtS LO
(lY) ,0
e33C CD3B84
02950 CALL
OUTPUT
8412 F023
84010 INC
lY
833F 3E2e
0296B LD
A,29H
8414 FD36000e
84020 SPACl LU
(IY»,0
8341 CD3B84
82970 CALL
OUTPUT
8418 PD23
04030 INC
lY
8344 D0211E81
O29B0 LD
IX, DIGITS
04040 ;
CHECK FOH LAST BIT
8348 DD7E88
02998 LD
A, (IX)
B41A 37
04050 SCP
B34B C638
03000 ADD
A.IOH
a41D 3r
04060 CCP
B34D CD3BS4
03010 CALL
OUTPUT
841C £052
04070 SBC
HL.OE
B350 3E20
03020 LO
A,30H
841 E 2805
04080 JR
I, RTNl
6352 C03Be4
03030 CALL
OUTPUT
8420 07
84098 RLCA
835S C03S84
03040 CALL
OUTPUT
8421 30F1
04100 JR
NC.SPACl
8358 8605
03050 LD
B,5
8423 1808
04110 JB
BARS
835A DD23
03060 INC
IX
8425 Fl
04130 RTNl POP
HL
835C DD7E8a
B3O70 NUHLPl LO
A, (IX)
8436 01
84130 POP
DE
835F C638
8361 CD3BS4
039B0 ADD
03090 CALL
A,3eK
OUTPUT
8437 C9
84148 BET
8364 D023
8366 10F4
03100 INC
03110 DJNZ
IX
NUHLPl
84160 I* DISPLAY MESSAGE SUBROUTINE 1
04170 ;•••••••••••■•
8368 3C28
03120 LO
A,20H
6428 0640
04180 DSPHSG LD
8,4eH
836A CD3B84
03130 CALL
OUTPUT
84 2 A 7r.
04190 DSPLOP LO
A, (ML)
636D CD3B84
03140 CALL
OUTPUT
842B F5
04200 PUSH
AF
6370 CD3BB4
03150 CALL
OUTPUT
842C F£40
04310 CP
40H
8373 CD3BB4
03160 CALL
OUTPUT
842E 3809
04220 JR
Z,RNT2
8376 8685
03170 LD
B,5
H430 Fl
04230 POP
AF
8378 OD7S80
03189 NUHLP2 LO
A,(IXI
8431 007700
04240 LD
(IXt.A
837B C630
03190 ADO
A,30H
8434 33
04250 INC
HL
837D CD3B84
03200 CALL
OUTPL'T
8435 DD23
04260 INC
IX
S380 DD23
03210 INC
IX
6437 10F1
04370 djn:
DSPLOP
8382 10F4
03220 DJNZ
NU(1LP2
8439 Fl
84268 RNT2 POP
AF
8364 CS4E84
8387 CD5784
03230 CALL
W3240 CALL
CARRET
LNFEED
843A C9
04290 RET
838A CO6034
8380 3A2AS1
03250 CALL
03260 LD
NORKLS
A,(SKPLN)
04310 ;• OUTPUT
SUBROUTINE
e390 47
03270 LD
B,A
843B F5
04330 oi;tpjt push
AF
8391 CD5784
03280 LFEOLP CALL
LNFEED
843C DBFS
04340 LOOPCr IN
A.ioFati)
8394 lOFB
03290 djh:
LFEDLP
843e E6F0
04350 AND
OFOH
6396 C36A81
83300 RTN5 JP
BEGIN
8440 FE3e
8442 20F6
8444 Fl
8445 D3F8
8447 C9
04360 CP
04370 JR
04380 POP
04390 OUT
04400 RET
30H
NZ.LOOPOT
AF
(OFBH) ,A
03320 ;• CALCULATE
CHECK DIGIT SUBROUTINE
8399 DD2Hnei B3340 CALCDT LD
IX, DIGITS
S39D OD7E00
03350 LD
A,(IX}
6448 3E1B
04418 ESCAP LO
A.lBtf
83A0 87
03360 ADD
A, A
S44A CD3BB4
04420 CALL
OUTPUT
eSAl 27
03370 DAA
8440 C9
04430 BET
S3A2 DC6680
033S? ADO
A,{1X)
844E CD4884
04440 CABBET CALL
ESCAP
93A5 27
e3A6 069^
mma DAA
8451 3E8E
04450 LO
A,BEH
01400 L.0
6.5
6453 CD3Be4
04460 CALL
OUTPUT
e3A6 DD23
a3AA DO860B
03410 IKC
IX
8456 C9
04470 RET
03420 AODLOP ADO
A,IIX)
8457 CD4884
84480 LNFEED CALL
ESCAP
83AD 27
a3AE D023
03430 DAA
B4SA 3E8A
04490 LD
A, BAH
83440 :NC
IX
845C CD3B84
04500 CALL
OUTPUT
e3B0 008688
S3B3 27
03450 ADD
A, (IX)
845F C9
04510 BET
03460 OAA
8460 CD4884
84520 NORnLS CALL
ESCAP
83B4 008680
03470 ADD
A, (IX)
8463 3e32
04530 LD
A,33H
83B7 27
03480 DAA
6465 C03B84
04540 CALL
OVTPUT
83B8 DD860O
83BB 27
e3BC DD23
B3BE 18EA
83C8 F6F8
63C2 C68F
83C4 47
83CS 3E8A
S3C7 37
e3CB 3F
83C9 98
83CA 27
B3CB F6FB
03490 ADD
03SOO OAA
03510 INC
O3S20 DJNZ
03530 OR
03540 AND
03550 LD
03560 LO
03570 scr
03560 CCF
03590 SBC
03600 DAA
03618 OR
A, (IX)
IX
ADDLOP
eFOH
OFH
B,A
A.OAH
A, 6
OFBH
8468 C9
8469 3A2Bei
B46C 47
B46D 3C20
B46F CD3BB4
8472 lOFB
8474 CD4E84
8477 C9
816A
80080 Total
84550 RET
84570 ;• INDENT
CODE SUBROUTINE
04590 TABIND LD
84680 LD
04610 LD
04630 TBLOOP CALL
04630 OJNZ
04640 CALL
04650 BET
04660 END
Errois
A,(TABLN)
B,A
A,30H
OUTPUT
TBLOOP
CARRET
BEGIN
124 • 00 mem, November 1983
GRAPHICS
DOTDRAW
MICRO-ART
NEWDOT
DISK OASHD SOFTWARE
TRS-Bl) MODEL I. III. IV
Includi^.s Printer Options for EPSO\' ^^
-<n< W
— fnrtln->'i)iinHS( "lonngiil H(^iirt,32K $27,50
— PowertulGriiphii, UcbigniT [or A(Jiills.4HK $37,50
— Tdols 81 Enliirliiinmenl for ProKrammf;rs. 48K $47,50
FREE Catalog & Information ^33
Write or Call
ISLAND TECHNOLOGIES
P.O. BOX 856
STATE COLLEGE, PA 16801
(814) 234-4589
LET'R'WRYT
<A>DO AN ADDRESS TO ADDRESS FILE
<C>HAhtGE AN ADDRESS
eH>UNT TOH A NAME <V>IEW AN ADDRESS
<Z> TO ALPHABETIZE THE ADDRESS FILE
<:L>1ST all ADDRESSES ON PRINTER
iC>a TO DIFFERENT ADDRESS FILE
<W>RITE OR rtODIFV A PARAGRAPH
tS>HOW A PARAGRAPH ON SCREEN
<F>OftMAT LETTERS AND ENVELOPES
<PJRINT LETTERS AND/OR ENVELOPES
(KilLL OLD PARAGRAPHS AND ADD. FILES
LBT'R'WRYT is Dore Chan a form letter
oc mailing list. tout letter contains
only paragraphs of interest to your
client or friend. Then you send
letters to only those you wish — there
are several selection pcoceduiea. The
menu shown at left la only 1/12 of the
prompts which ggide you through all
caaka without dependence on programming
skills. All options are stored on disk
BO you don't have to reenter them.
These include format, greeting,
closing. nickname, search, sort,
selective nailing, etc-no dead ends.
Models 1.3,4. ONLY S*1.99
MEYER'S PLACE
5132 Kitson Lane ^2^b
W Bloomfield, MI. (8033
CHECK-CO. D.-M.O.
313-683-5094
B Y T E M 1 C R
o
ONABSKEE
p
AUTOTRO)N
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N
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1 N T (£/0 SUB
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F R M A T 1 M
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PutRNDWORD- to Work!
• Menu driven system
• Solves popular word find puzzles
• User manual included
• 10 day money back guarantee
MOD 1 or MOD III (specify)
Min. sys: 32K & 1 disk. Printer optional.
$39.95
plus $5-00 shipping & handling
"^ WORDFIND DIVISION ^^
2700 REVERE SUITE 115
HOUSTON. TEXAS 77098
1-409-245-7692 -J^
^pof^
cofliPuSfffi
AT WHOLESALE PRICES
-Thousands of Satisfied Customers- ^
Compulcr Hobbyists- Public School Districts-Governtnenl Agencies
>='«^% ^^^
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Blank Diskettes
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.0
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5U
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luu
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with custom T\,Lvk Envelope. Add 15C
10-pack Custom Case tS^o 50-pa^k Casc"522'^
ilU'ING (10 Jut M
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1
Blank Cassettes
100% Error-Free & Fullv Guaran
teed
1 .-n.4111
1:
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")( K 1 ■
C-05
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1,09
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Boxes
.26
.21
.20
.16
,13
*250,500 Quantities without labels,
With labels Add 4c |
1 1'^ sHi'
riNi .
'. '' \
it. Mt,|-fi
iJ-)i)r;^
(Siitir:- f
200*4'*'* ■ ■]■ shipping « handling
lOOO^lS"' - ■■ shipping & handling
These labels are for cassettes
TM
TAPE-PACK SPECIAL
6 E*ch; C-5, C-IO. c-20. c-30
TfTTWv^
Tape
caddy
' . .)- snipping ft
m(Q
Hi©
>}5^1)^r»i
2665 t. Busby Road
Oak Harbor, Wash.. 98277 .-m
Orders 1-800-553-0035 Ext 80
OnLY 1-80O-528-6050 Ext 3005
Inquiries 1-206-675-6143
V See List ol Advertisers on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 125
Aerocomp's
Proven
Best-By Test!
The
II
» i
Double Density Controller
* Technical Superiority
At last! A double density controller for Model i with higher probability OF DATA RECOVERY than with any other
DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER ON THE MARKET TODAY! The "DDC ' from Aerocomp. No need to worry about the pro-
blems that keep cropping up on existing products. AEROCOMP'S new analog design phase lock loop data separator
has a wider capture window than the digital types currently on the market. This allows high resolution data center-
ing. The finest resolution available with digital circuitry is 125 ns (nano seconds). The DOC analog circuit allows in-
finateiy variable tuning. Attack and settling times are optimum for 5-1/4 inch diskettes.
The units presently on the market use a write precompensation circuit that is very "sloppy". Board to board
tolerance Is extremely wide - in the order of + 100 ns. The 'DDC" is accurate to withint 20 ns.
The bottom line is state of the art rellabltlty!
* Test Proven
Tests were conducted on AEROCOMP'S "DDC", Percom's "Doubler A"* and "Doubler II"* and LNW's "LNDoubler"' using
a Radio Shack TRS80" ' Model i, Level 2, 48 K with TRS80 Expansion interface and a Percom TFDIOC * disk drive
(Siemens Model 82). Diskette was Memorex 3401. The test diskette chosen was a well used piece of media to deter-
mine performance under adverse conditions. The various double density adapters were installed sequentially tn the
expansion interface.
The test consisted of formatting 40 tracks on the diskette and writing a 6DB6 data pattern on all tracks. The 6DB6
pattern was chosen because it is recommended as a "worst case' test by manufacturers of drives and diskettes. An
attempt was then made to read each sector on the disk once - no retrys. Operating system was Newdos/80, version
1 with Double zap, version 2.0. Unreadable sectors were totalled and recorded. The test was run ten times with
each double density controller and the data averaged. Test results are shown in the table.
• Features
TRS80 Model I owners who are ready for reliable double
density operation will get (l) 80% more storage per
diskette, (2) single and double density data separation
with far fewer disk I/O errors, (3) single density com-
patibility and (4) simple plug-in Installation. Compatible
with all existing double density software.
• TEST RESULTS •
SUMMER SPECIAL $99.00
for the Best 00 Controller on the market.
MFR & PRODUa
SECTORS LOCKED OUTiavci
AEROCOMP "DDC"
PERCOM "DOUBLER H"
18
PERCOM "DOUBLER A"
250
LNW "LNDOUBLER"
202
"DDC" and LDOS $1 69.95
$149.95 for "DDC" with DOSPLUS 3.3D (limited quantity)
Not«; test results available upon written request. All tests conducted prior to 8-2S41
Aerocomp's ia dav monev Back guarantee applies to hardware only.
Special? will be prorated. Shipping S2-00 in Cont. US. See opposite page for details.
Data Separators
The advances that make the "DDC" great are incorporated
and Double Density Data separator ("DDS").
• Has your original manufac-
turer left you holding the bag?
I( you already own a Percom "Doubler A", "Doubler II" or LNW
"LNDoubler" or Superbrain, the AEROCOMP "DDS" will make tt right.
Look at the test results:
In the new AEROCOMP Single Density Data Separator ("SDS')
MFR. & PRODUa
SECTORS LOCKED OUT
WITHOUT 'DDS"
WITH "DDS"
PERCOM "DOUBLER II"
18
1
PERCOM "DOUBLER A"
250
LNW LNDOUBLER"
202
• "DPS" $49.95
(Use 1731 chip from vour DO Con-
trollen
'A' OUS witn Olsk controller
ctilp included $'9-95
ic Disk controller
chip $34.95
isNpptng $2.00 Cont US ■ see ooPOMe
page for detaH
Nota same test orocedures as "OOC'.
• Trademark of Percom Data Co.
• * Trademart of uw
• • • Trademark of Tandv Corporation
Plugs directly Into your existing
Double Density Controller.
DO you need a
single Density Data
separator?
ine Internal data separator In tne
WD1771 cnip (R'S Expansion interfacel
Is NOT recommended by wo for
reliable data transfer. Do vou Have any
of tnese proDlems: Lost data, tracks
locked out, CRC errors, disk retry? you
NEED ONE<
• "SDS" $29.95
(For Mod. I: sNpping $2.oo)
See opposite
pagei^mi
126 • 80 Micro, November 1983
DISK DRIVES
40 & 80 TRACK
SINGLE & DOUBLE SIDED
$169
PACESETTERS ^*
Aerocomp leads the way to the BEST value in
disk drives on the market Quality, performance,
reliability, warranty, service plus free trial -
that's what you get from the leader.
AEROCOMP!
BEST FEATURES
■*■ Fast 5 ms. track-track access
■*■ Single or double density
* Easy entry door
■*■ "Flippy" feature allows read-write to the
back of the diskette to cut media cost in
half! (MPI)
* Disk ejector (MPI)
* External drive cable connection
(no need to remove the cover to hook up
the cable]
NEW!
3s low as
COMPLETE DRIVES
TRS80 Mod I & III. IBM PC & Tl 99/4A Power
supply S enclosure. Specify silver or almond
5.25 inch.
* 40 track single side (Tandon) $199
* 40 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $239
* 40 track Dual Head (either) $279
* 80 track SS (MPI) $299
* 80 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $329
* 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) $379
Shippaig & Handling S5 00 per dnve
HALF-HIGH DRIVES
Two complete drives In the space of one.
Complete with power supply & enclosure.
(Tandon).
• Two 40 track SS $389
• Two 40 track Dual Head . , . , $539
• Two 80 track Dual Head .... $579
BARE DRIVES
Internal drives for TRS80 Mod. Ill
99/4A. 5.25 in (controller required)
IBM PC, Tl
* 40 track Single Side (Tandon) $169
* 40 track Dual Head (either) $249
* 80 track SS (MPI) $269
* 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) $339
*■ 8 inch Single Side Thinllne $260
* 8 inch Dual Head Thinline $375
SniDpmg i, Hanging M 00 Per Drive
MODEL III DRIVES
Convert your cassette Mod, 111 to disk. Complete
internal drive kits witti 40 track SS drives, disk
conttoiter, power supply, mounting towers, hard-
ware & cables (Tandon),
• Drive Kit Only (no drives) $199
• One Drive System Kit $369
• Two Drive System Kit $539
Shviwig & HancSng S8.00 Pef Sysism
MODEL I STARTER PACKAGE
One 40 track SS drive. 2-drive cable,
TRSDOS 2.3 disk & manual, freight &
insurance (Tandon).
$249
MISCELLANEOUS GOODIES
• TRSDOS 2.3 disk & manual $20
• LDOS(Mod I or III) $119
• NEWDOS/80, 2,0 (Mod I or III) $129
• Diskettes (10 in litxary twx) $23
• MX80 ritjbons $9
• 5.25" Drive Power Supply & case $59
• 2-Drlve Cable $24
• 4-Orive Cable $34
■*■ Extender Cable $13
Shipping & HandUoQ S2.0D
8" EXPANSION BOX
Complete with power supply &
fan (Tandon slimline)
Two 8" Single Side $699
Two 8" Double Side 849
FREE TRIAL OFFER
bseyouf AEROCOMP drive lof up 10 14 days If you
are not satislied for ANY REASON (except misuse
or improper handling), return m the original shipping
container for a full purchase price refurid. Applies to
hardware only Sorry, we cannot refund on software
We have confidence in our products and we know
you will be satisfied
WARRANTY
We offer a six months warranty on parts and labor
against defects in materials and workmanship In
the event service becomes necessary for any
reason, our service department is fast friendly and
cooperative. Our goal is 48 hour turnaround on all
warranty or repair drives*
100% TESTED
AEROCOMP disk drives are 100% subjected to
burn-in and bench test We even enclose a copy o(
the test check list signed by the test technk:ian,
with each drive AEROCOMP means reliability!
ORDER NOWl
Order by mail or call TOLL FREE TO THE
NUMBERS BELOW. Please note toll free lines will
accept orders only. We accept VISA or MASTER-
CARD. Be sure to include card number and expiration
date We will not charge your card until the day we
ship Order by mail with credit card or send check or
money order Rease allow 2 weeks for personal
checks to clear our bank Order COD. No deposit
required but all COO's will arrive cash, certified
check or nwney order only. We'll send a card
showing the exact COD arnount before your
shipment arrives. Shipping is not included in the
prices shown. Texas residents add 5% sales tax.
NE)a DAY SHIPMENT on all in stock items.
CALL TOLL FREE FOR FAST SERVICE
(800) 824-7888, OPERATOR 24
FOR VISA/MASTCKHAKOI/C.O.D. ORDIItS
Colifornio dial (800) 852 7777 Operator 2< Aloska
and HowQil dial [BOOJ 824 7919 Opvrotor 24
TOll FKII LINES WILL ACCIPT CWDCH ONLTl
for ApplicQiions and Techoieal irilormalion call
(2M| 337-4346 or drop u» o card
Dealer inquiries invited
AE^CCCIilP
Redbird Airport, Bidg. 8
P.O. Box 24829
Dallas, TX 75224
^82
^ Sm Ust oi Aitmtlaan an Paga 307
eO Micro. November 1963 • 127
UTILITY
"•)
LOAD 80
Decoding Bar Codes
by Robert S. Craft and Richard G. Beplat
N
ow that you have a solid background in bar
codes, you're ready to use them with these
applications programs and your Model III.
Okay, you've heard all about bar
codes. You know they're a fast, effi-
cient, and accurate means of data input.
You've read about UPC, 2 of 5, 3 of 9,
and Codabar codes, and modulo 10s,
check characters, and read rates. You
know that there are many scanners
and readers on the market, but as of yet
you haven't found a way to use one
with a Model III.
This article brings bar code technol-
ogy to Model III owners. It includes
sample programs for the three types of
bar code data transmission — on-line,
talk-only, and block -transfer uploads —
that you use in a wide variety of applica-
tions, such as point -of-issue (or -sale)
inventory control, materials tracking.
Program Listing i
BAR CODE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM II
ON-LINE USE OF A BAR CODE READER
in a MENU DRIVEN APPLICATION PROGRAM
R.S. Craft
by:
of:
TAURIO CORPORATION
R.G. Beplat
This pcogram is intended tor use on the
TRS-80 Model III / 48K ram / 2 Disks / RS-232C
under the
DOSPLUS 3.5 operating system,
by Micro-Systems Software, Inc.
10 CLS
20 '
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180 CHD"RS232 (WAIT=N) "
190 CLEAR 500
200 DEFSTB A
210 INPUT@448, "Enter today's date as HM/DD/YY
220 CHD"FORCE 0KI 9RS"
230 CLS
240 OPEN "D",l,'DOCDAT:l",64
250 FIELD 1,50 AS AA,3 AS AB,3 AS AC , 8 AS AD
260 R1=L0F(1)
270 OPEN "D",2,"USRDAT:1",16
280 FIELD 2,10 AS Al,5 AS A2,l AS A3
290 R2=LOF{2)
300 CLS
310 LPRINT -•=*=•=•=*=•"
320 PRINTCHRS(23)
330 PRINTe86,"KAIN MENU"
340 PRINTe202,"WAND: FOR:"
',8,-$-iAT
Listing I conlinurd
document control, properly control,
library status, transaction recording,
and more.
Converting to Bar Codes
Bar code readers scan and interpret
bar code labels to produce a series of
ASCII characters that the computer ac-
cepts and processes. An important aspect
of adding bar code technok)g>' to any
microcomputer application is a well-
thought-out data manipulation plan.
Converting existing applications to
bar code technology requires additional
processing operations. Il is important,
therefore, that you understand how
software handles bar code data.
You may have to modify your exist-
ing applications programs to accept in-
formation that you normally enter
through the keyboard from the bar code
reader or from a specially created file on
a mass storage medium. Applications
that require a software package written
from scratch can use either technique.
We'll present examples of program-
ming each way. These techniques apply
not only to bar codes, but to almost any
portable data collection device, and
many other peripheral devices that
transmit data to a microcomputer.
The key to using a bar code reader
with a microcomputer is communica-
tion between the two devices. This in-
volves both hardware and software
compatibility.
The Key Box
Model m
48KRAM
Disk Bask
DOSPLUS 3.5
128 • 60 Micro. November 1983
I
Tired of WAITING on your printer
or is your printer too SLOW . . . ?
CALL 1-800-231-6667
MBIP STAND-ALONE PARALLEL
PRINTER BUFFER
32K Parallel $299.95
64K Parallel $349.95
64K Upgrades $179.95
How It Works
The MBIP in-line parallel buffer works with almost any
computer/printer combination ulllizing a Centronics
type parallel interface. Available with up to 256K of RAM
for data buffering, the MBIP can accept very large files
for buffering as fast as your computer can send il.
Saves Time
Most computers are able to send data to the printer at
very high speeds, usually much taster than the prinler
can print it. The MBIP, placed between the computer
and the printer, accepts this data as fast as the com-
puter can send it, stores it in Its own memory and then
sends it on to the printer at the printers own speed. Un-
der normal circumstances without a MBIP the computer
could be tied up for hours on a large file being dumped
into the prinler costing you valuable time and money.
Improves Efficiency
Using the MBIP's touch sensitive front panel controls,
multiple copies of your document can be made without
lying up the computer any further. Printing may be
hailed at any point and continued where it left off later.
You can even turn your computer oft and the MBIP will
continue until the print job is complete.
The MBIP requires no user modifications of software
and installs in seconds with virtually any computer (In-
cluding TRS-80, ATARI, IBM-PC. APPLE. OSBORNE,
NEC etc.) and any printer (including EPSON,
CENTRONICS, NEC, C.ITOH. IDS, ANADEX, OKIDATA.
IBM PERSONAL etc.), dimensions are 5\"\N x 7V^ D x
INTERNAL PARALLEL BUFFER
FOR EPSON
MBP
MBP
MBP
16K
32K
64K
$159.95
$199.95
$249.95
Operation
The MBP is an intelligent Centronic-Compatibie
parallel interface for the Epson MX-80, MX-80 F/T. and
MX-100 printers, with 16K, 32K, 64K bytes of on-board
RAM for data buffering. FX80 and FX100 compatible.
Eliminates Printer Bottleneck
The buffering capability of the MBP mcreases your
data processing efficiency by eliminating the wait nor-
mally experienced while printing. An Epson printer
prints at 80 characters per second; at this speed it lakes
about five minutes to print a 16,000 character document.
During most of this time the computer is waiting for
Epson to finish one line so it can send the next. By using
the MBP rt takes the computer only four seconds to
send a 16,000 character document. The Practical Peri-
pherals MBP interface typically accepts data as fast as
the computer can send it, until full, returning use of the
computer to you while it handles the printing. You can
continue wiih oiher processing while simultaneously
printing data from a previous job, gaining all the time
you normally would have spent wailing for the printer to
finish. Any program that involves printed output will be
speeded up using the MBP.
The MBP supports all standard Espon Commands, is
compatible with GRAFTRAX-80. and is plug compatible
with the standard Epson cable. THE MBP does not re-
quire any user software for control.
Installs In MJnufes
The MBP is easy to install — it simply plugs into Ihe
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without modification of the printer.
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^ See Ust 0/ A<finrttsefs on Page 307
BO Micro, Novamber 1983 • 129
Withdcawal'
Re t u r n ■
Status Printout"
Close of Business'
■,5,-S«";A
,4,"S*";A
( iMing I loniinued
350 PRINT@334,"1
360 PRINTe462,"2
370 PRINTg590,"3
380 PRINTe718,"9
390 A-INKtiY?
400 IF A<> "9" AND A<>"1" AND A<>"2' AND A<>"3" THEN GOTO 390
410 IF A-^'l" THEN GOTO 540
420 IF A="2" THEN GOTO 870
430 IF A-"3" THEN GOTO 1000
440 CLS
450 PRINT'CLOSING FILES"
460 CLOSE
470 PRINT
480 PRINT'RETURNING TO KEYBOARD CONTROL"
490 CMD'FORCE gKI 0KI"
500 PRINT
510 PR I NT "RETURNING TO DOSPLUS 3.5*
520 PRINT
530 CHD
540 CLS
550 INPUT§64,'Wand Document Id Label
560 IF LEN{A)<>5 THEN GOTO 540
570 N=VAL(RIGHTS(A,4) )
5B0 IF N >R1 THEN GOTO 540
590 GETI1,N
600 PRINT@192,AA!PRINTe320,AB
610 lNPUT@44e,"Wand User Id Label
620 IF LEN(A)<:>4 THEN GOTO 800
630 H=VAi.{LEFTS[A,3) )-100
640 AZ=RIGHTS(A,1)
650 IF M>R2 THEN GOTO 800
660 GETi2,M
670 IF Ai<>A3 THEN GOTO 800
680 PRINT@512,Al;A2
6 90 PRINTe704, "DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL APPROVED"
700 LPRINT AT
710 LPRINT "DOCUMENT RECORD • ";N
720 LPRINT AA.AB
730 LPRINT "ISSUED TO "!LEFTS(A,3)
740 LPKlNT A1,A2
750 LSET AC=LEFTS(A,3)
760 LSET AD=AT
770 PUT»1,N
780 CLS
790 GOTO 310
600 CLS
810 PRINTCHR$(23)
820 PRINT§320, "WITHDRAWAL DENIED"
830 PRINTe640,"USER NOT AUTHORIZED"
640 FOR 1=1 TO 2500:NEXT I
850 CLS
860 GOTO 3 20
870 CLS
880 INPUT@64, "Wand Document Id Label ",5,"S*";A
890 N=VAL{RIGHTS(A,SJ )
900 IF N>R1 THEN GOTO 880
910 GETIl.N
920 PRINT@192,AA;PRINTe320,AB
930 PRINT?44B, "RETURNED"
940 LSET AC="
950 LSET AD="
960 PUT»1,N
970 LPRINT AA,AB
980 LPRINT"RETURNED " ; AT
990 GOTO 300
1000 CLS
1010 PRINTCHR$(23)
1020 PRINT@320,"Wand 4"
1030 PRINTe448,"when the pcintet is ready"
1040 A-INKEYS
1050 IF A<>"4" THEN GOTO 1040
1060 CLS
1070 LPKINT
1080 LPRINT AT
1090 LPRINT
1100 LPKINT"LABEL DOCUMENT
CPY USR DATE"
1110 LPRINT
1120 FOR I-l TO Rl
\\M I^l'U^HEN AS.-000-+RIGHTS(STR$(I),l):GOTO 1180
1 " F <100 THEN AS = "00"-fBIGHTS{STR$(I).2):GOTO 180
U60 IF K1000 THEN AS-"0-+RIGHT5(STRS { I) .3} :GOTO 1180
1170 AS-RIGHTS(STR${I) ,41
"jACf" ";AD
1180 AR='"D"+AS
1190 LPRINT AR; "
1200 NEXT I
1210 GOTO 300
■AA; " ";ABj"
Hardware Interfacing
Bar code software transfers ASCII
data throu^ an RS-232C serial input/
output G/O) interface, available as an
option for both the microcomputer and
most bar code readers. Consult the
technical manuals for both devices be-
fore purchasing (or fabricaling) the re-
quired interconnect cable. Proper cable
selection ensures that the transmit line
for one device connects to and is com-
patible with the receive line on the other
device.
For example, if transmitted data ^
pears on pin 2 on one device and on pin
3 on the other, then received data ap-
pears on pins 3 and 2, respectively. This
requires a normal straight-through RS-
232C cable. Should both devices use the
"Each barcode
reader operates
differently with modems. "
data, then reverse pins 2 and 3 on one
end of a normal RS-232C cable. This
type of cable configuration is called null
modem.
Parity, word length, baud rate, and
number of stop bits are either switch- or
menu-selectable on portable bar code
readers and menu-selectable on the
Model UI. Set the same parameters for
both devices.
You can also interface bar code read-
ers with microcomputers via telephone
lines. This requires a modem and
modem software on the microcomputer
end, and additional communication
equipment on the bar code reader.
Modem communication is well-suited
to applications involving remote data
acquisition and batch uploading.
Since each individual bar code reader
operates differently with modems, the
manufacturer is the best source of in-
formation concerning modem interfac-
ing. The software discussion that fol-
lows concerns only direct connection
through the RS-232C serial interface.
Note that the same application
programming principles apply to batch
processing whether you upload data
directly or through a modem link.
Software
Program Listings 1, 2, and 3 provide
the software needed to interface bar
130 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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-&
2
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:ll
code readers with your Model III. The
data manipulation and storage tech-
niques demonstrate the relative ease
with which you can implement a plan.
After oq)erimenting with a number
of the disk operating systems available
for the Model III, we found DOSPLUS
3.5 by Micro-Systems Software to be
the choice for interfacing input devices
through the serial port. The progruns
here only operate under DOSPLUS 3.5.
After you boot the system and before
loading Basic, install the RS-232 driver.
Do so with the command:
ASSIGN O RS RS/DVR
If you attempt to invoke this command
from Basic using the CMD function,
the system performs a wann boot back
to the operating system (not Basic) on
completion of the driver installation.
Once you install the driver, set the
commumcation parameters (baud rate.
word length, number of stop bits, pari-
ty, and wait mode). When initialized,
the interface is set for 300 baud, 7-bit
words, 1 stop bit, even parity, and wait
mode on. You may change any of the
first four parameters to be compatible
with the bar code reader. You must,
however, turn off the wait mode. If you
don't, Basic executes only one line at a
time and expects a carriage return from
the operator after each executed line.
You can change the parameters from
10 CL5
20
30
BAR CODE DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM
12
«0
bz
BATCH UPLOADING - TALK
ONLY -
NO CONTROL
60
70 CLEhR 10000
80 DIM A$ (1000)
90 CHD ■RS232 (WAIT-N) '
100
CMD "FORCE SKI gRS"
110
OPEN 'D'flj'HOLDATil'.a
120
FIELD 1,8 AS BS
130
CS-"ENDENDEN"
140
1-0
150
I-I+l
160
INPUT AS{I)
170
IF A$(I) OCS THEN GOTO
150
180
CHD "FORCE gKI gKl"
190
FOR J-i TO (I-l)
200
LSET BS-AS(J)
210
PUT #1,J
220
NEXT J
230
PRINT "CLOSING FILE"
240
CLOSE
250
PRINT'RETURNING TO DOSPLUS"
260
CMD
Program Listing 2. Batch uphading, laik-only applicatioa.
10 CLS
20
BAR CODE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 13
BATCH UPLOADING - BLOCK TRANSMISSION
30
40
50
60
70 CLEAR 500
60 OPEN "D-,l,"HOLDATtl",128
90 FIELD 1,12B AS F$
100 B$-CHRS(3) !TS-CHRS(4) :CS-CHRS(13) :SS-CHRS(32) :Z$=CHRS(17)
110 CHD "RS232 (WAIT-N) "
120 PRINT"WHEN THE DISKS STOP SPINNING, TRANSMIT THE DATA"
130 CMD'FORCE gKI gRS"
140 CMD"FORCE §DG gRS"
150 DS-""
160 AS-INKEYS
170 IF AS-"' THEN GOTO 160
180 IF A$-BS OR AS-TS THEN GOTO 220
190 IF AS-CS THEN A$-SS
200 DS-DS+AS
210 GOTO 160
220 LSET F>-DS
230 PUT •I
240 DS-""
250 IF AS-B$ THEN PRINT ZStGOTO 160
260 CHD"FORCE gDO gDO"
270 CLS
280 PRINT"DISPLAY RESTORED"
290 PRINT"RETURNING TO KEYBOARD CONTROL"
300 CMD"FORCE WI PKI"
310 PRINT"CLOSING FILE"
320 CLOSE
330 PRINT" RETURNING TO DOSPLUS"
3 40 CMD
Proffmt Listing 3. Batch uploading, biock iransmission appiication.
''The first step toward
successful programming for
batch data processing
is the development of a
data collection plan. "
the Operating system using the RS232
command, or while operating in Basic
with the CMD"RS232" command. Re-
member to include WAIT = N in the list
of parameters. Note that you can load
these commands into JCL keyboard
queue file and either invoke auto-start
or access them with a single command
from the keyboard.
On-Line Data Entry
When you use a bar code reader (or
any peripheral device) for on-line data
entry, you have to signal your Model HI
to expect incoming data from the RS-
232C port. Do this in Basic by rerouting
inputs using the Force command. This
command takes the form:
FORCE normal device new device
To reroute the data from the keyboard
to the RS-232C port in Basic, type:
(line number) CMD"FORCE @KI @RS"
The computer now expects subsequent
Input, Input®, InkeyS, Line Input,
and Line Input® commands from the
bar code reader instead of the key-
board. Note that the display still func-
tions normally. Don't forget to insert a
Force @KI @KI before the end of the
program to return control to the board.
Program Listing 1 uses two data files
simultaneously. You must specify this
as it loads initially in Basic. Call Basic
with the suffix -F:2 (BASIC -F:2).
This program illustrates how to use
bar codes in the technical library of a
132 • W Micro. NovambT 1983
TIRED?
of typing DDL i, corr "riLEMAia": i to
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"TttXKJMX". 1, LOAD "FILKNAHI" (7 = 3),
PDRIVI = and on and on and onl
Then you aie ready loi DOST Ann Imagine
over 140 commands thai YOU define exe-
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Instant sorted dliedoiles with 1 key Load
Basic, protect memory, nin youi progiam
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the prlntei. pnnt a directory, copy a Me
tiom one disk to another copy the entiie
disk, and loi Newdos BO ownen. change a
PD8IVE mm 2 keystiokes
Youi DOS has a lot ol great lectHoies The
trouble Is. you hare to lemembei alt those
commands With DOSTAHn those com-
mands aie 1 OI 2 keystiokes away Nothing
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use II'
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Hello thayuh. This is Eben Flow, propriGlor
of the Fish or Cut Bait Company, buyer and
seller of lobstah bait for 49 years. My hobbies
arc collecting linoleum samples, squashing flies
and playing pac person on my home computer.
But here on Martinicus Rock, off the coast of
Maine, the power can be a tad erratic. So, to
cure the brownout and blackout problems,
and to keep them spikes and surges off my
picture tube, I got me a MAYDAY
Uninterruptible Power Supply from SUN
RESEARCH. Them fellas fixed me up real good
and real light on my pocketbook, too. Got me
a MAYDAY for my mini calcaputer with a
voltage regulator and everything for only 325
clams They even included the battery in a nice
waterproof box. Handy out here, you know.
Now, if MAYDAY would only keep them sea
dogs out of my barrel. . .
MAYTJAY - Protection even you can afford!
SUN RESEARCH, INC. ^28&
Box 210
New Durham, NH 03855
603/859-7110
TWX 5102974444
Sm Uai ot Arfwfiisers on Pege 307
BO Micro. Novemberl 983 • 133
Variables
No. of Oiaraders
Field Description
AA
50
Document Title
AB
3
Copy Number
AC
3
Current User
AD
8
Date Issued
TaWe /. Data box simcture.
small corporation. (You can expand it
for use at the circulation desk of a small
lending library.) In this application, the
librarian applies bar codes to all docu-
moits and affixes bar code labels to
empbyee ID cards. The librarian issues
documents to authorized employees
and uses bar codes to record the date of
issue and the borrower's identification.
The system uses a custom-made bar
code label board for entering menu
selections.
A direct-access data file (DOCDAT:l)
stores the document dma base. Each
document receives a label with the letter
D and four numbers, such as D0025 or
DI0I4. The D signifies that the label is a
document, and the four numbers repre-
sent the record number of the document
in the file. Opening the file sets the
logical record length to 64 characters.
Table 1 shows the structure of this
data base. The first two fields, AA and
AB, don't change as they identify the
document. The last two fields, AC and
AD, are blank until a document is issued
to a user. At this time, these two fwkls
take on the ID number of the user and
the date of issue, respectively. When the
borrower returns the document, these
fields revert to their original, null
values. The program also records trans-
actions on a printout. Table 2 shows a
sample of the document data base.
The program stores the employee
data base in a direct-access data file
(USRDAT:!). Each employee's ID card
has an affixed bar code label with an en-
coded employee number, three digits,
and an authorization letter. Employee
numbers begin with 101. Subtract 100
from the employee number to obtain
the record number for that employee.
Table 3 shows the structure for the
employee data base. The logical record
length of this fite is 16 characters. Table
4 shows a sample of the employee data
base. Table S presents the list of general
variables for this program.
This is but one of many on-line appli-
cations for a bar code reader and your
Model III. The techniques it presents
apply to almost any system that requires
operator interaction from a peripheral
data entry tenninal device.
Baicta Data Entry Device
Most bar code equipment manufac-
turers market portable bar code
readers. These devic« are stand-alone
data collection and storage devices that
you can program to prompt the opera-
tor for input in a regular sequence. This
is especially useful in on-ihe-shelf inven-
tory data coUeaion and similar applica-
tions. The progranunability provides
the options for accepting specifically
formatted data, such as set field lengths
and data types for each pronipt. You
can also collect free-form (unprompted
and unformatted) data with some of
these devices.
After you collect data, you subse-
quently upload it into the Model III for
on'-line proces»ng in an applications
program. Uploading and processing
take place in two distinct steps. Upload
and format (if necessary) all data prior
to its use in the applications program.
The demonstration programs present
the two general methods with which you
can upload and store batch data. Your
choice depends on the form of dau col-
lection and method of reader transmis-
sion to the microcomputer.
The first step toward successful pro-
gramming for batch data processing is
the development of a data collection
plan. Remember, you can coUca data
in either free-form or program-
prompted modes. The two scenarios
that follow describe these approaches.
The method of choice depends on pro-
gramming for operator convenience or
programming for assurance of correct
data entry.
l^iel [>ocuineiil
D(lfMH DOSPl US VER 3.5 USER'S MANUAL
D(a}2 MIL STD 1 189:STANDARD SVMBOLOGY FOR MARKING UNIT P
D000.1 MIL-STD I29H:MARKING I OR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE
DOOM 80MICRO OCTOBER 83
[XM05 80MICRO OCTOBER 83
DO0O6 80M1CRO OCTOBER 83
D0007 DBASE II USER'S MANUAL
D0008 STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
DOOW STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
DOOlO STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERS
DOOM STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MARINE ENGINEERS
D00I2 STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MARINE ENGINEERS
D0013 STANDARD HANDB(X)K FOR MARINE ENGINEERS
D00I4 FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS PART 61
D00I5 FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS PART 91
D0016 FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS PART 121
DOOr FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS PART 135
D0018 CG-16I
D00I9 CG-232
DOOaO CG-169
D002I TRS-80 MODEL III OPERATION AND BASIC LANGUAGE REFE
DO0C2 TRS-SO MODEL III OPERATION AND BASIC LANGUAGE REFE
T<Me 2. Sample data box printout.
CTR
tSR
Dale
001
102
10/07/83
«0I
101
07/04/83
001
101
07/04/83
001
002
003
001
102
10/07/83
001
105
(M/ 14/83
001
105
04/14/83
001
001
103
11/14/82
002
109
07/17/83
003
113
09/17/83
OUI
l(M
12/10/82
001
001
001
001
001
001
001
114
06/09/83
002
134 • 80 Micro, November 1983
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.^273
.' Sot List of AOMftisan on Paga 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 135
Free-Fonn EhUa CoHectioii
Free-form data collection is possible
with some portable bar code readers. In
this mode, data field length, structure,
and type don't affect data collection.
You can't select data validity confirma-
tion, however. This is a useful mode for
collecting different types of data in a
regular but uncontrolled sequence.
For example, suppose thai all the fur-
niture in a building has a bar code label
Variable
No. of Characters
I-lHd Descripliofl
Al
10
Last Name
A2
5
First Name
A3
1
Authorizaiion Letter
Table 3. Structure for tmptoyee data base.
for inventory control. Each room also
has a bar code label, along with the reg-
Employee H
Last Name
Prst Name
Auth
101
BEPLAT
RICHA
A
102
CRAFT
ROBER
A
m
CLARK
JAIV
A
104
MODER
KIM
A
105
MECHAUD
DENIS
A
106
CROW
VIRGI
A
107
SMYTHE
DONAL
B
108
JOHNSON
JANE
B
109
RICHARDS
SEAN
B
110
AUFRANC
ERNES
B
111
BJELKIER
SAM
D
112
FERGUSON
FRED
D
113
GEEBEE
MARG
C
114
WILLIA.MS
JARRO
D
Table 4. Employee data base sample.
ular room number tag, on its waD. You
want to inventory each piece of furni-
ture and its room location.
You can accomplish this in the free-
form mode by instructing the operator
to scan the room label, then scan the
label on every piece of furniture in the
room, repeating this for all rooms. This
is more efficient than forcing the oper-
ator to scan the room label before (or
after) scanning each furniture label, or
predicting the average number of items
in a room and scanning the room label
for every nth ftimiture label.
A comprehensive data collection and
processing plan establishes the labeling
convention so that room and furniture
labels have either different scannable
field lengths or unique imbedded char-
acters or both. This is so the microcom-
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136 • 80 Micro, November 1983
THE WORD
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puter can distinguish between a room
number and a furniture number, and
format the data so the output report ac-
curately reflects the corresponding
rooms.
Prograniined Data Colection
You can program all portable bar
code readers to prompt the user for data
entry and to accept specifically fonnat-
ted data. The specific formats include
data type, such as alphanumeric or nu-
meric, and field length, which is a max-
imimi and minimmn, or exact number
of scannable characters. The bar code
reader accepts no data that doesn't meet
the specified format, and usually re-
prompts the user with an audible tone.
An example which efficiently em-
ploys programmed data collection is an
on-the-shelf inventory. Each shelf has a
bar code label with the stock number of
the item it houses. The quantity of items
ranges from zero to 99. This translates
to a 1- to 2<haracter numeric variable.
The reader prompts the users first for
stock number and then quantity. The
system defines each input differently.
An attempt to input two of the same
variable types consecutively results in an
error message to the operator and a
reprompting for the correct input.
TaBt-Only and Block-Transfer
Batch Dirta Transmission
The majority of portable bar code
readers transmit batch data as talk-only
devices, without the benefit of
handshaking routines. This means that
when you force the microcomputer to
perform operations it can*t do in the
time between transmitted characters, it
k>sesdata.
For example, the Copy command
seems to be the logical choice to copy
data from a device to a file. Unfortun-
ately, the storage buffer hokis only 256
characters before it writes a file. As the
nucrocomputer performs one function
at a time, it doesn't accept input while
writing to the file. Meanwhile, the bar
code reader continues to transmit data,
resulting in data loss.
Some portables transmit data in
blocks. The operator designates the size
of these blocks. The bar code reader
transmits one data block at a time, talk-
only, and waits for a control character
from the host before it transmits the
next block. This allows the microcom-
puter to stop listening, perform any re-
quired housekeeping operations, and
signal the reader when it's ready to re-
ceive another block of data.
A control character delimits the
Variable
Purpose
Rl
Number of Records in E>OCDAT
R2
Number of Records in USRDAT
AT
Today's Date
A
General INKEYS Assignment
N
Document Record Number
M
User Record Number
I
For. . Next Counter
AS
Document Record Number to String Holding Variable
AR
Reconstructed Document ID Label
Table 5. Variabie list for Program 1 .
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flO Micro, November 1983 • ^Z7
Variable Purpose
AS Input Data Array
B$ File Variable
C$ End of Fde Check Variable
1 For. ..Next Counter
J For . . . Next Counter
Table 6. Variables lisi /or Program 2.
blocks and signak the host when the
transmission is complete with an end-
of-file marker. You can also use inter-
nal delimiters to separate data within
the bk)cks.
As with on-line applications, the mi-
crocomputer must expect the incoming
data from the RS-232C port. If the bar
code reader requires control signals
from the microcomputer, then you
must also reroute output through the
RS-232C port.
Do this the same way you reroute in-
put, except that two possible output re-
routings exist — to the line printer and to
the display. You determine to which
unit you want the output rerouted. If
your system requires display prompts
and status messages, then you shoukl
reroute the line printer data. If, how-
ever, you don*t need the display, then
mymmt^'^:
/
A STATIC
MONSTER?
■»,
Si^-,
Siotic eiectrKTifv 'S pfOtxiDiv the most i^J
pe»asieni pfoDiem loced bv the average ,
personal/ micro-comouier user Static con
cause erratic or erfoneous data transmis
sion loss of progiam oamoge to discs
and accessories, ond even compuier
component failute All this is costly, annoy-
ing and unr^ecessaiy'"
the Sialic Control Computer Mat puts
stotic protection at vour (mpertips wtiere it
belongs Simply toucti the mat before
touching the computer or any accessories
and static ;s sateiy dtdrned ott to the mot
ond IS sent huriymg oft to ground before it
can oecome o problem There is no ZAP Of
spork ond by penodicdiiy touching the
mot white operating the computer you
will remain static sate it is the effective
economical oppioocn ic static control m
th e home or office
The Static Control
Computer Mat.
l»CI> MQ. COO
ELECTRONICS, mC.
mdiMtrtal Etoctrenlct Dtatributor
174 Main St., Norwalk. CT 06661
003>e4772«S
1
VuteMe
Purpose
F$
File Variable
B$
End of Block Check Variable
T$
End of File Check Variable
CS
Carriage Relum Check Variable
s$
Space (Replacement for carriage return in data siring)
z$
ASCII DCI Conlrol Character
A$
INKEYS Assignment Variable
D$
Data Siring
Table 7. Variables list for Program 3.
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME! .^346
138 • do Micro, November 1983
you should reroute its data.
You don't need to reroute either de-
vice until you require the control signal
because I/O rerouting falls under pro-
gram control as often as you need it,
and the bar code reader waits as long as
necessary for the control signal. We rec-
ommend, however, that you reroute
one device for the duration, rather than
jockeying back and forth. The Force
command parameters become @PR
@RS for the line printer and @IX>
@RS for the display.
Program Listing 2 receives the entire
data set from a portable bar code reader
and holds it in a one-dimensional string
array. Using the string "ENDENDEN"
as the end of file marker sends the data
in one bmch. The transmitted variables
are all eight characters long and delimit-
ed by a carriage return. Make the array
large enou^ so it loads all of the data.
Because the program is small and
writes the array to a disk file, you
shoukl reserve most of the memory for
string space. Too much space is better
than too little. This program requires
input rerouting only, and utilizes the In-
put command for whole variable input.
A direct access data file (HOLDAT:l)
with a logical record length of eight
charaaers stores the data after a com-
plete rejul to the computer.
Table 6 presents the list of general
variables this program uses. Note that it
requires a batch of dau of fewer than
1,000 entries. You can collect this free-
form or progranuned.
Program Listing 3 receives blocks of
data from a portable bar code reader,
and signals the bar code reader when the
microcomputer is ready for subsequent
blocks. An ASCII carriage return
(CHR$(I3)) delimits data within the
block although many of the available
units aDow the programmer lo select a
different delimiter if you de^re.
The normal end-of-block delimiter is
an ASCII ETX (CHR$(3)) and the end-
of-file delimiter is usually an ASCII
EOT (CHR$(4)). On some units these
may change.
The normal signal for next block
transmisaon is an ASCII DCI
(CHR$<17)). You select the number of
dau records to transmit in each block.
Determine this number so that no char-
acter variable ends up in an overflowed
condition. Also specify accordingly the
k)gical record length of the data holding
file.
The program analyzes incoming data
one character at a time for delimiters
and simis it to a holding variable string.
It writes this string to a direct access da-
U file (HOLDAT:l). Then It sends the
control signal to the bar code reader for
the next data block.
You can reformat the filed data for
use in an application program, if neces-
sary, by substring manipulation func-
tions (such as LEFTS, MID$, INSTR).
Table 7 represents the list of general
variables the program uses.
A Final Word
You should note that this article on
bar code implementarion is generic in
nature and assumes the reader deter-
mine present and future growth require-
ments for the following:
•data base size
•code formats to be read
• label length, characters encoded and
quiet zones
• batch vs. on-line processing or com-
bination
•direct connect vs. nuxlem or com-
bination
•data transmission modes available
•bar code reader equipment feature,
options, and capability for expansion
• bar axle printing capatoihty
•environmental considerarions
• off-the-shelf application software
compatibility
These considerations emphasize that
bar code systems are neither inexpensive
nor for everyone. But if you want to im-
prove the efticiency and integrity of
TRS-80 data input, then bar codes may
be for you. ■
Write Robert S. Crqft and Richard
G. Beplat c/o Taurio Corporation, 36
Laurehvood Road. Groton, CT 06340.
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GRAPHICS
LOAD 80
Graftrax Art Palette
140 • 80 Micro. November 1983
If you have a Model I/III and an Ep-
son MX-80 or MX- 100 printer with
Graftrax, you can duplicate most of the
expensive machines* color outputs. You
can even top them with your own fine-
art color printouts. And, you can do it
without getting lost in an endless maze
of data lists, without the neariy ceaseless
Read/Print loops for data items, and
without binary calculations to figure
dot-graphic pattern ASCII values.
I'll describe how to develop, pro-
gram, and print Graftrax color art u^ng
direct printing statements with abbrevi-
ated codes for Graftrax patterns, mixed
pattern strings, and printer control.
Direct-print coding For... To loops
and GOSUB routines repeat identical
parts of color art to simplify program-
ming and coding requirements.
A reusable main program defines all
printer control and Graftrax codes. It
provides in-progress instructions and a
fill-in area for your own color art print-
ing routines. I include three fill-in pro-
grams and their art printouts as exam-
ples. A fill-in program works when
merged with the main program.
Graftrax Art Codes
Figure 1 shows the program-defined
codes for Graftrax color art. All codes
consist of two alphanumeric characters;
they appear directly below the column
patterns they represent. The alphanu-
meric codes specify individual column
p^tems in LPRINT statements for col-
or print runs.
Except for zero (blank dot column)
and 255 (full dot column), dot-graphics
codes are assigned in double-hexadeci-
mal fashion, using starting letters A-H.
Starting letter codes are incremented 32
times by sequentially adding numer-
als zero through nine, then letters A-V.
In one diversion from this scheme, FW
replaces reserved word FN to code
CHR$(183).
Each column pattern's assigned
ASCII decimal value spears directly
below its alphanumeric code. The
ASCII values economically specify five
or more of the same column pattern by
means of the STRING$(n,c) function.
For example, you can specify five Al
codes as STRING$(5,1). This example
The Key Box
Model I and m
32K RAM (Cassette Basic)
48K RAM (Disk Baac)
Epson MX-80/-100 with Graftrax
Program Listing I. Main program.
' INITIALIZE THEN JUMP TO INTRODUCTION AND CODING ROUTir-JES
1 CLS:CLEAR3000:DEFSTRA-S,W,Z:CY="REn":GOTO9000
4 * SPECIFY TWO LINEFEEDS THEN DROP TO 10 AND DO THEfl
5 1=2
9 * DO T QUANTITY OF LINEFEEDS
10 FORU=lTOT:LPRINT:NEXT:RETURN
14 ' PRINT T QUANTITY OF PREDEFINED P-PATTERN STRINGS
15 F0RU=1T0T:LPRINTP; :NEXT:RETURN
19 ' PRINT T QUANTITY OF RANDOM PATTERNS WITH ENDING SEMICOLON
20 F0RU-1T0T:LPRINTCHR5 (RND ( 24 3) +12) ; : NEXT: RETURN
24 ' PRINT T+1 RANDOM PATTERNS WITHOUT ENDING SEMICOLON
25 GOSUB20:LPRINTCHRS (RND (242)+12) :RETURN
29 ' DISPLAY COLOR PRINT RUN INSTRUCTIONS
30 CLS:PRINTia20/'I NSTRUCTION S" : PRINT: RETURN
34 ' TEST FOR "DONE" FLAG. IF NOT DONE, DISPLAY INSTRUCTIONS
35 IFCY="DONE"THEN8990ELSEGOSUB30:PRINT" 1. TURN PRINTER POWER
OFF.
40 PRINT3258, "2. BACKFEED PAPER AT LEAST 1/2-INCH PAST FIXED IND
EX MARK.
45 PRINT?386,"3. INSERT SLIPSHEET BETWEEN RIBBON GUIDE AND PAPER
50 PRINTaB14, "4. PUT ";CY;" COLOR RIBBON IN PRINTER. REMOVE SLIP
SHEET.
55 PRINT(a642, "5. CAREFULLY ADVANCE PAPER TO EXACTLY ALIGN INDEX
MARKS.
60 PRINTia770, "e. TURN PRINTER POWER ON.
65 PRINT3898,"7. PRESS <P> KEY TO START ";CY;" COLOR PRINT RUN.
69 ' MONITOR <P> KEY FOR PRINT RUN START COMMAND
70 S=INKEYS:IFS<>"P"THEN 70
74 ' DISPLAY PRINT-RUN-IN-PROGRESS MESSAGE
75 CLS:PRINT3650,"NOW LOCAL CODING AND PRINTING ";CY;" COLOR.
79 ' define complementary 6-column pattern ■ strings pi and p2
80 pi=cl+fa+cl+fa+€l+fa:P2=fa+cl+fa-k:l+fa-k:l
84 • set line spacing to 8/72 inch
85 LPRINTLY:RETURN
89 ' MOVE PRINTHEAD SEVEN SPACES RIGHT FOR RIBBON CHANGE
90 LPRINTS7 ; BY ; Al ; Q2 ;: RETURN
94 '
95
96 •
99 '
100
999
1000
1990
1999
2000
2990
2999
3000
3990
3999
4000
4990
4999
5000
5990
5999
6000
6990
6999
7000
@ MAIN PROGRAM - GRAFTRAX COLOR ART ?
@ FOR 48K LEVEL II TRS-80 MODEL I/III ^
@ AND EPSON MX-80/100 PRINTER WITH GRAFTRAX 3
@ BY: FRANCIS S. KALINOWSKI <?
& 16 N. ALDER DRIVE, ORLANDO, FL 32807 ?
la WITH TRS-80 MODEL I PRINTER DRIVER (3
@ BY: BOB BOOTHE (SEE NOV 82 80 MICRO.) B
@ 3 § ;a 3 [3 (3 (3 (3 .5 3 la la '3 (3 (3 .^ (3 (3 '3 :a -a la
FILL-IN ART PROGRAM GOSUB ROUTINES
- 990 ARE RESERVED FOR GOSUB ROUTINES CALLED FROM USER'S
COLOR ART FILL-IN PROGRAM.
' RED COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA
CY="RED":GOSUB70
GOSUB90
' BROWN COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA
CY="BROWN" :GOSUB35
GOSUB90
' BLUE COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA
CY-"BLUE" :GOSUB35
GOSUB90
' GREEN COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA
CY="GREEN" :GOSUB35
GOSUB90
' BLACK COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA
CY="BLACK" :GOSUB35
GOSUB90
' ADDITIONAL COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA OR 'DONE' FLAG
CY="DONE" :GOSUB35
GOSUB90
' ADDITIONAL COLOR PRINT RUN FILL-IN AREA OR 'DONE' FLAG
CY="DONE" :GOSUB35
Listing I conlmutd
80 Micro. November 1983 • 141
uses 12 bytes compared to 15 bytes
needed for five Al codes with trailing
semicolons.
Q- and Z-code series are assigned to
blank- and full-column patterns and
pattern strings. Codes Z1-Z9 define
full-colimm patterns 1-9 in one-column
increments. ZA-ZJ codes define 10 to
100 full columns in 10-column incre-
ments. Combine Z codes to print any
quantity of full-column patterns on a
print line. Codes ZJ;ZA;Z5, for exam-
ple, specify a string of 115 full-column
patterns. Similarly, you can combine Q
(ASCII zero) codes to leave any number
S S
I I
SEE
A£ A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 AS A9 SEE '• FOR AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM
2 3
7
9 MODEL i/III 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
• •
s $ s s
s i
1 s s $
s 1
i
I I I I
Bl B2 83 B4 B5
BC BD BE BF BG 8H BI BJ BK BL BM
32 33 34 35 36 37 36 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
S S
S
49 50 51 52 53 54
V V V u u
! i i M
AN AO
23 24
BN BO
55 56
? I
o i
• o
AP AQ
25 26
BP BQ
57 58
AR AS
27 28
o o
$ s
: :
i §
BR BS
59 60
AT
29
AU M
30 31
BU BV
62 63
s :
§ I
: :
g s
C0 Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ OR CS CT CU CV
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 38 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
:
Dl D2 03 D4 05 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA
:
:
96 97
DC DD DE OF D6 OH DI DJ DK DL DM ON DO DP DQ OR DS DT DU OV
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
S
$ ? 5 ?
S
I I I
m El £2 L3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED £E EF EG EH EI EJ EK EL EH EN EO EP EQ ER ES ET £U EV
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
S
8 5
o 5
i i
s s
i •
o o
g s
F0 Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH F! FJ FK FL FM FU FO FP FO FR FS FT FU FV
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191
? f
I X
t :
o o
s
:
X X
o o
o t
: 8
t s
G0 Gl G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 GA GB GC GO GE GF GG GH
: : X
o o o
X X X
• • •
o o •
o * o
:
GQ 6R GS GT GU GV
192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223
t ::::::: t : :
8 ••••••••••
ooooooooSo
Jt0 ;u ■\2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH Hi HJ HK HI HM HN HO HP HQ HR MS HT HU ZJ
224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
! i i i ! ! !
! 1 » ' » ' »
PRINTER CONTROL CODES
-m - SET 960-DOT GRAPHICS
'BY = SET 480-DOT GRAPHICS
CY = RIBBON/PRINTING COLOR
DV = DOUBLE-STRIKE MODE ON
DX ^ DOUBLE-STRIKE MODE OFF
EY ^ EMPHASIZED MODE ON
EX = EMPHASIZED MODE OFF
lY = ITALIC CHARACTERS ON
IX - ITALIC CHARACTERS OFF
NY - NARROW CHARACTERS ON
NX = NARROW CHARACTERS OFF
WY = WIDE CHARACTERS ON
WX = WIDE CHARACTERS OFF
ZY = ZINGER ON (DS + EMPH)
ZX ^ ZINGER MODE OFF
'NOTE: CODES FOR nl AND n2
MUST FOLLOW BW AND BY CODES.
FULL-COLUMN
:hrs(255)
CODES
Zl
-1
FULL COLUMN
Z2
-2
Z8-8
ZE
50
Z3
-3
Z9=9
ZF
60
24
=4
ZA=10
ZG
70
Z5
=5
Z6=20
ZH
80
Z6
=6
ZC=30
ZI
90
Z7
-7
ZD-40
ZJ
10
6-
COLUMN
WIDE
SPACING CODES
SI
= 1
SPACE
S2
'2
S7 = 7
SC
30
S3
=3
S8-8
SD
40
S4
=4
59=9
SE
50
S5
'5
$A=10
5F
60
S6
=6
SB=?0
SG
70
"•ZERO
CHR$[0) CODES
CODES FOR MODEL I
Ql^l
ZERO
QA=10
Q2-2
06-6
QB-20
Q3=3
q/ = /
QC=30
Q4=4
08-8
QD-40
(Jb=5
09-9
QE=50
VARIABLES AVAILABLE
FOR FILL-IN
PROGRAM
AB
11
AC
12
1-LETTER STRING
A B C D E F G H I
JKLMNOQRS
NUMERIC
V AND V0 THRU V10
X AND X0 THRU X10
y AND Y0 THRU Y10
DO NOT USE THE ABOVE
CODES FOR MODEL III.
COMPLEMENTARY PATTERNS
P1=CL+FA+CL+FA+CL+FA
P2-FA+CL+FA+CL+FA+CL
142 • 60 Micro, November 1983
Figure L Code chart.
of blank columns before, between, or
after printed column segments.
Six-column spacing (S) codes provide
a faster means to jump wide gaps be-
tween printed column segments. The S
codes may also be economically substi-
tuted for Tab commands at the start of
an LPRINT statement. For example, S9
and TAB(9) move the print head nine
spaces; but, the alphanumeric code uses
only 3 bytes compared to 6 needed for
TAB(9).
Bob Boothe's printer driver in the
main program ("Trick Your ROM," 50
Micro, November 1982, p. 190), lets
Mode! I users send alphanumeric Q
codes (ASCII zeros) plus codes AA,
AB, and AC (ASCII 10, II, and 12) to
the printer directly. No more POKEs
and PEEKS needed for that task. Model
III users shouldn't attempt to use the
AA, AB, or AC codes because AA works
only occasionally, AB works unreliably,
and AC invariably form-feeds the paper
to the next lop-of-form point. Use substi-
tute codes in critKal situations. (See the
section on programming differences.)
Complementary pattern codes PI
and P2 provide 50 percent color shad-
ing. Use the patterns to combine two
available colors into a third. For exam-
ple, blue P2 patterns printed over red
PI pattems interweave dots to produce
lavender.
Printer mode control codes perform
the functions listed in Fig. 1. Escape
codes are already included where need-
ed in the two-character codes.
String and integer variables used in
color art fill-in programs also appear
listed in Fig. 1. Use the single-letter
string variables without string declara-
tion ($) characters. P3-P9 and PA-PV
define any length pattern string used
more than once in a fill-in program.
Main Program
The main program for Graftrax color
art. Program Listing 1, has three func-
tional seaions. The top section displays
print/run instmaions and in-progress
messages, initializes the printer for each
color print run, and provides useful
GOSUB routines accessed from fill-in
programs.
The middle section accommodates
user-programmed code sequences for
separate color print runs. The first part
of this section allots space for user-
coded GOSUB routines accessed during
color print runs. Change only the mid-
dle section for different Graftrax color
art printouts.
The bottom sectk)n provides code con-
versions for Graftrax dot-column pat-
Liaing I continued
7990 GOSL1B90
7999 ' ART-DONE FLAG
8000 CY="DONE":GOSUB35
8989 ' DISPLAY ART-DONE MESSAGE
8990 CLS:PRINT'3 530, "GRAFTRAX COLOR ART IS DONE ." :CLEAR50 : END
8999 ' DISPLAY INTRODUCTION
9000 PRINTTAB(7) ; "EPSON GRAFT .^ AX COLOR A
R T" :PRINTTAB (7) ; STRINGS (50,61) : PRINT388T , "CODE END"; :PRINT(3962
,"** DO NOT TURN PRINTER POWER ON/OFF DURING CODING CYCLE. **";
9005 PRINTai32,"THIS PROGRAM PRINTS MULTICOLOR ART ON AN EPSON M
X-80 PRINTERWITH GRAFTRAX ROMS AND INTERCHANGEABLE COLOR RIBBON
CARTRIDGES.";
9010 PRINT" COLORS ARE PRINTED IN SEPARATE PRINT RUNS. THE P
APER MUST BE REPOSITIONED (MANUALLY BACK-FED) TO THE SAME START
POINT BEFORE" ;
9015 PRINT"EACH COLOR PRINT RUN. USE START POINT INDEX MARKS ON
RIGHT-HANDEDGE OF PAPER AND ON RIGHT-liAND TRACTOR FEED MECIiANIS
M.
9020 PRINT" FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS DISPLAYED BEFORE EACH PRINT R
UN. INITIALINSTRUCTIONS APPEAR AFTER PATTERN CODES ARE DEFINED A
ND STORED. "PRINT" "; STRINGS (62 , 45)
9024 ' DISPLAY CODING PROGRESS STATEMENT NUMBERS
9025 PRINTSTRINGS (7,92) ;" CODING NOW IN PRO
G R C S S "; STRINGS (7,92) ;
9030 TRON
9049 ' DEFINE CODES FOR DOT -COLUMN PATTERNS THROUGH 255
9050 01=CHRS (0) :A1=CHRS (1) :A2=CHRS (2) :A3=CHRS (3) :A4=CHR$ (4) :A5=C
HRS (5) :A6=CHRS 16) :A7=CHR$ (7) :A8=CHRS (8) :A9=CHRS (9) :AA=CHR$ (10) :A
B=CHRS (11) :AC=CHRS (12) :AD=CHRS (13) :AEK:HR$ (14) :AF=CHRS (15)
9055 AG^CHRS (16) :AHK:HRS (17) :AI=CHRS (18) :AJ-CHRS (19) :AK=CHR$ (20)
:AL=CHRS (21) ;AM=CHRS (22) :AN=CHRS (23) :AO=CHRS (24) :AP=CHRS (25) :A2=
CHRS (26) :AR=CHRS (27) :AS=C}1RS (28) :AT=CHRS (29) :AU<;HR$ (30) :AV=CHRS
(31)
9060 B0=CHRS (32) : B1=CHRS (33) :B2=CHRS (34) :B3=CHR$ (35) :B4=CHRS (3&)
:B5=CHRS (37) : B6=CHRS (38) :B7=CHRS (39) : B8=CHRS (40) : B9-CHR$ (41) : BA=
CHRS (42) :BB=CHR5 (43) :BC=CHR$ [44) :BD^HRS (45) :BE^CHRS (46) : BF=^CHRS
(47)
9065 BG=CHRS (48) :BH=CHR$ (49) :BI=CHRS (50) :BJ=CHRS (51) :BK=CHRS (52)
:BLK:HRS (53) : BM=CHR$ (54) :BN=CHRS (55) :B0K:HR$ (56) :BP=CHRS (57) : BQ=
CURS (58) :BR=CHRS (59) :BS=CHRS (60) :BT=CHR$ (61) :BU=CHRS (62) : BV<:HRS
(63)
9070 C0=CHRS (64) :Cl=CHR$ (65) :C2=CHR$ (66) :C3=CHR5 (67) :C4=CHR$ (68)
:C5=CHRS (69) ;C6=CHRS (70) :C7=CHRS (71) :C8=CHRS (72) :C9=CHRS (73) :CA=
CHRS (74) :CB=<:HRS (76) :CC^CHRS (76 ) :CD<:HRS (77 ) :CE=CHRS (78) :CF=CHR$
(79)
9075 CG=CHRS (80) :CH=CHRS (81) :CI=CHRS (82) :CJ=CHRS (83) :CK=CHRS (84)
:CL=CHR$ (85) :CM=CHRS (86) :CN=CHRS (87) :CO=CHR$ (88) :CP=CHRS (89) :CQ=
CHRS (90) :CR=CHRS (91) :CS=CHRS (92) :CT=CHRS (93) :CU=CHRS (94) :CV=<:HR$
(95)
9080 D0=CHRS (96) :D1K:hRS (97) :D2=CHRS (98) :D3=CHRS (99) :D4k:HRS (100
) :D5=CHRS (101) :D6=CHRS (102) :D7=CHRS (103) :D8=CHRS (104) :D9=CHR$ (10
5) :DA=CHRS (106) :DB=CHRS (107) :DC=CHRS (108) :DD=CHRS (109) :DE=CHR$ (1
10) :DF=CHRS (111)
9085 DG=CHR5 (112) :DH=CHRS (113) :DI=CHRS (114) :DJ=CHRS (115) :DK=<:HR$
(116) iDL=CHRS (117) :DM=CHR$ (118) :DN=CHRS (119) :DO=CHRS (120) :DP=CHR
S(121) :DO=CHR$ (122) :DR=CHR3 (123) :DS=CHR$ (124) :DT=CHR$ (125) :DU=CH
RS (126) :DV=CHRS (127)
9090 E0=CHRS (128) :E1=CHRS (129) ;E2=CHR$(130) :E3=CHRS (131) :E4=CHRS
(132) :E5=CHRS (133) :E6=CHR5 (134) :E7=CHRS (135) :E8=CHR$ (136) :E9=CHR
S (137) :EA=CHR$ (138) : EB=CHRS (139) :EC=CHRS (140) :ED=CHR$ (141) :EE=CH
RS (142) :EF=CHRS (143)
9095 EG=CHRS (144) tEH=CHRS (145) :EI=CHRS (146) :EJ=CHRS (147) :EK=<:HR$
(148) :EL=CHRS (14 9) :EM=CHRS (150) : EN=CHRS (151) : EO=CHR$ (152) :EP=CHR
$ (153) :EQ=CHR$ (154) :ER=CHR$ (155) :ES=CHRS (156) :ET=CHRS (157) :EU=CH
RS (158) :EV=CHRS (159)
9100 F0=CHRS (160) :Fl=CHRS (161) :F2=CHRS (162) :F3=CHR$ (163) :F4=CHRS
(164) :F5-CHRS (165) :F6=CHRS (166) :F7=CHRS (167) :F8=CHR$ (168) :F9=CHR
S (169) :FA=CHR5 (170) :FB=CHRS (171) :FC=CHRS (172) :FD=CHRS (173) :FE=CH
RS (174) :FF=CHRS (175)
9105 FG=CHRS (176) :FH=CHRS (177) :FI=CHRS (178) :FJ=CHR$ (179) :FK=CHRS
Lisntg I caniimitd
80 Micro, November 1983 • 143
tems. frequently used pattern groups,
and printer mode control conunands.
This section also displays a program in-
troduction, initial print run in^ruc-
tions, and equipment-used questions.
Your responses to these questions initi-
ate applk:able code ^justment and/or
printer driver loading routines.
The main program uses 7,967 bytes
with remarks, 6,135 bytes without
"ybw can duplicate
most of the expensive
machines' output, "
them. You can remove all remark state-
ments without affecting program oper-
ation. Delete remarks between lines
9030-9145 to ensure correct sequencing
(180) :FL-CHR5 (181) jFM-CHRS (182) !FW-CHR$ (183) :FO-CHRS (184) :FP=CHR
S(18S):FQ=CHR$(186):FR»CHR$(187):FS^HRS(188)!FT=CHRS(ia9):FU=CH
RS(190)tFV=CHRS(191)
9110 G0=CHR5 (192) :G1=CHRS (193) :G2=CHRS (194) :G3=CHRS (195) :G4-CHRS
(196) :G5»CHRS(197):G6=CHRS(198):G7=CHRS(199):G8=CHRS(200):G9=CHR
S (201) :GA=CHR$ (202) :GB-CHR$ (203) :GC-CHRS (204) :GD=«CHRS (205) :GE-CH
RS(206):GF=CHRS(207)
9115 GG=CHR$ (203) :GH=<:hR$ (209) !GI«CHRS (210) :GJ-CHRS (211) :GK=CHRS
(212) :GL«CHR$ (213) :GH=CHRS (214) :GN=CHRS (215) :GO««CHRS (216) :GP=CHR
S (217) :GO=CHR$ (218) :GR-CHRS (219) :GS=CHRS (220) :GT=CHRS (221) :GU=<H
RS(222):GV=CHRS(223)
9120 H0=CHRS(224):Hl«CHRS(225):H2=CHRS(226):H3=CHRS(227):H4=CHRS
{228):H5=CHR$(229)!H6=-CHR$(230) :H7-CHR$ (231) :H8=CHRS (232) :H9=CHR
S(233):HA=CHRS(234) :HB<:hRS (235) :HC»CHR$ (236) :HD=CHRS (237) :HE=CH
RS(238):HF=CHR$(239)
9125 HG=CHRS(240):HH=CHR5(241):HI=CHR$(242)!HJ<:HRS(243) :HK-CHR$
(244) : HL=CHR$ (245) :HM=CHRS (246) : HN=CHRS (247) :HO-CHRS (248) :HP=CHR
$(249):HQ=CHRS(2S0):HR=CHRS(251) :HS=CHR$ (252) :HT=CHRS (253) :HU«CH
RS(254):21=CHR$(255)
9129 • DEFINE SPACE, ZERO, AND 8-DOT COLUMN CODE STRINGS
9130 Sl«CHR$(32):S2=Sl+Sl!S3=S2+Sl:S4=S3+SX:S5=S4+Sl:S6=S5+Sl:S7
=S6+Sl:S8=S7+Sl:S9=S3+Sl:SA=S9+Sl:SB=SA+SA:SC»SB+SA:SD=SC+SA:SE=
SD+SA : SF=SE+SA : SG=SF+SA : 02-Ql *Ql : Q3-Q2+01 : Q4=Q3+gl : 05=04 +Ql : 06=0
S+Ql : 07«Q6+01 :08=0''+0l : Q9=0S+gl
9135 OA=09+Ql:OB=OA+QA:QC=0B+OA:QD=QC+0A:0E=QD+C)A:22=Zl+Zl:23=Z2
+2l:24=Z3+Zl!Z5*Z4+2l:Z6=Z5+Zl:27=Z6+Zl:Z8=Z7+2l:29=Z8+2l:ZA=Z9+
21 : ZB-ZA+ZA : ZC-ZB+ZA : zb=ZC+ZA : 2E=ZD+ZA : ZF^ZE+ZA: ZG=ZF+ZA : ZH=2G+2
A:Z1»ZH+ZA:2J=2I+ZA:ZK=ZJ*ZJ
9139 ' DEFINE PRINTER MODE CONTROL COOES
9140 BV=AR+CB:EY=AR+C5:DV-AR-K:7:NY-AR+CG:Vnf=AR+CJ:IY»AR+BKiLY=AR
+C1+A0:ZY=EY+DY:IX=AR+EL:WX-AR-k:K:NX=AR+CH:DX=AR-K:8:EX=AR+C6:ZX=
EX+DX:BW«AR+CC
9144 ' DISPLAY GRAFTRAX VERSION USED QUESTION
9145 TR0FF:PRINT^962,"D0ES YOUR PRINTER HAVE: 1. GRAFTRAX-80 OR
2. GRAFTRAX-PLUS?";
9149 ' ADJUST PRINTER MODE CODES IF GRAFTRAX-PLUS IS USED
9150 S=INKEYS:IFS-"l'*THEN9l55ELSEIFS="2'*THENCLS:NY=AF:NX=Al!WY=A
E:WX=AKELSE9150
9154 ' DISPLAY TRS-B0 MODEL USED QUESTION
9155 CLS!PR1NT:3969,"ARE YOU USING A: 1. MODEL I OR 3. MODEL III
?" !
9159 ' LOOP THROUGH PRINTER DRIVER ROUTINE IF MODEL I IS USED
9160 S-INKEYS:IFS=*'3"THEN9165ELSEIFS='*l"THENCLS!PRINT0973,"NOW L
OADING MODEL I PRINTER DRIVER"; :GOSUB9180ELSE9160
9164 • DISPLAY FIRST PRINT RUN INSTRUCTIONS; GO TO FIRST RUN
9165 GOSUB30:PRINT" 1. VERIFY THAT PRINTER POWER IS OFF.":PRINT
@258,"2. INSERT PAPER; ALIGN IT WITH FIXED INDEX MARK ON PRINTER
9170 PRINT@386,"3. INSTALL ";Cy;" RIBBON IN PRINTER." :PRINT@514,
"4. TURN PRINTER POWER ON.
9175 PRINT@642,"5. PRESS THE <P> KEY TO START ";CY;" COLOR PRINT
RUN.": GOTO 1000
9179 • LOAD MODEL I PRINTER DRIVER (SEE CREDIT BOX: REMS 94-96)
9180 B="21E837CB7E20FC211100397E32E837C9"!V=16571
9185 FORX-lTOLEN (B) STEP2 : y=ASC (MIDS (B, X , 1') ) -48 : IFY >9THENY=Y-7
9190 T=ASC {M IDS (B ,X+1 , 1 ) ) -48 : IFT >9THENT-T-7
9195 P0KEV,Y*16+T;V=V+1:NEXTX!P0KE164 22, 197 :P0KE16423, 64: RETURN
of the introductory display. The display
shows in-progress whkh st^ement
numbers may overrun a fixed end mark
if you include remark line numbers.
Initialization line I, clear string
space, defines all letters used as string
variables, and identifies the first print-
ing cotor. It then jumps to title and cod-
ing routines.
Lines 9000-9025 introduce the pro-
gram and display general instructions
for its use. A printer power on/off pre-
caution appears at the bottom of the
screen while line 903O's TRON com-
mand pops statement numbers under a
coding-in-progress message.
Lines 9050-9125 defme two-charac-
ter codes for Graftrax dot-column pat-
terns CHR$(0)-CHR$(255), whUe lines
9130 and 9135 defme codes for various
length spacing, blank-column, and full-
column pattern strings. Finally, line
9140 defmes ^breviated printer mode
control codes for Graftrax-80.
When coding ends, line 9145 turns
off the tracer function and asks for the
Graftrax version you used. If it's Graf-
trax-Plus, line 9150 redefmcs the com-
pressed and expanded character on/off
codes.
Line 9155 asks whether you use a
Model I or III. The Model I response
displays a Loading Printer Driver mes-
sage £U line 9160. then loops through
statements 9180-9195. The four-state-
ment routine loads a Model I printer
driver into reserved but unused RAM.
(See "Trick Your ROM." ioc. cit.)
Lines 9165-9175 display initial color
print run instructions. At that point, the
fill-in area line 1000 assumes display
control. See the how-to section for fill-
in area use and operation.
Frequently used GOSUB routines,
lines 5-90. are located in the main pro-
gram's top section where the program
can access them faster during print
runs. Remarks preceding the various
routines describe their functions.
Line 90 portions the print head for
easier ribbon change on an MX-80.
Code BY warns the printer of dot-
graphics ahead, so it responds to first
code S7 and moves the print head seven
spaces plus one column. S7 or TAB(7)
alone won't fool the printer into mov-
ing the print head unless there's a com-
mand to execute at the end. Line 90
works only by making the print head
leave a blank column after its move.
For MX-80F/T use, add SC; between
the LPRINT command and spacing
code S7 in line 90. The SC;S7 combina-
tion approximately centers the print
head between the two plastic rollers on
144 • 00 Micro, November 1983
tnrsj- »>a
IM r
I
-.U
1 (HjK;iil SysU.-mb. Iiic 8970 N. 55th P.O. Box 23956 Milwaukee. W! 63223 (414) 355-5454
iOG/CAL
/systems
IMC,
the paper scale bar. Execute the main
program without a fill-in program to
verify displays and uncover key-in syn-
tax errors. Save a master copy of the
main program to later reload and fill in
with your own color art print run rou-
tines.
A HoW'To Example
Figure 2 and Program Listing 2,
Monorail Train Art, show how Graf-
trax color art evolves from an art sketch
to coded fill-in program. An art subject
is sketched and cok>red on a layout
sheet having print lines eight dots high
divided into blocks six columns wide.
The layout arrangement simplifies col-
unm (X}imts for initial coding and subse-
quent print run debugging.
I numbered print lines in increments
of 10. This numbering rule allows up to
10 consecutive statement munbers for
coding each print line. I program num-
bered a print line's six-column blocks
consecutively from left to right. The
blocks correspond with positions al-
lotted for nomial alphanumeric charac-
ters and spaces.
I further subdivided the art sketch in
Fig. 2 into horizontal areas A-B, B-C.
and C-D above the monorail's lower
edge and areas A-E, E-F, F-G, and G-D
below the nonorail. These subdivisions
alk>w For. . .To loops to repeat identi-
cal print line segments of cars, support
pillars, and background.
Monorail Train Art codes and prints
train-end areas A-B and C-D once for
each cok>r. It also codes upper area seg-
ment B-C and tower area segment E-F
once but prints them four times for each
cok}r. Identical print lines are similarly
programmed once, then repeated with
GOSUBs or For. . .To kwps as needed.
Listing 2 includes routines for six-col-
or print runs. The listing also includes
several GOSUB routines (lines 100-500)
called to print identical graphics seg-
ments during color print runs. The pro-
gram divides many of the print line
coding sequences into three consecu-
tively numbered statements for clarity.
In most such cases you can combine the
three statements into one numbered
statement.
The Monorail Train fill-in program
phis the main program fill 8,861 RAM
bytes and clear 3,000 bytes of string
space. The (X>mbined program runs on
a 16K tape or 32K disk system.
Detailed remarks precede all func-
tk)nal statements in Listing 2. Apostro-
phes identify numbered and unnum-
bered remarks. I indented the remarks
Qmikmed on p. IX
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Basic S599 kit (not shown) includes:
• Software compatibility with TRS-80 Model III and Model
IV. plus CP/M
• 128k RAM card (64k normal plus 64k bank-selectable),
less RAM
• 80 X 24 and 64 x 16 U/L case alphanumeric displays
(software selectable)
• Z-80 CPU, with bootstrap ROM and hardware/software
selectable 2 MHz and 5 MHz clock
• High resolution 512 x 256 graphics circuitry, with
alphagraphics (less I6k high resolution RAM)
• Disk controller for any mix of up to four disk drives
(5-V4"/8'', single/double sided, single/double density.
built-m/external)
• Parallel printer and light pen interfaces.
• Built in audio
• Provisions for readily available system ROM
• Tan polyurethane enameled metal enclosure, with
power supply
• Standard typewriter keyboard, plus numeric keypad
• CPU board, with six expansion slots
• Parts kit, including ICs, sockets, fasteners and
mounting hardware
• Assembly manual
vt
Complete S1699 kit sl^own includes:
• High-resolution 12" green screen monitor
• Two SSDD slimline 5-V4" floppy drives and power
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• System ROM
• 128K system and user RAM
• 16k high resolution graphics RAM
Additional Options
• Single or dual built in slimline B'A" SSDD or DSDD
floppy drives and power supply
• Single or dual external slimline 8" SSDD or DSDD
floppy drives, enclosure, power supply
• 128k bank selectable RAM board {for 256K total)
• 4164 RAMs
• Monitor
• Color Graphics (available 12/83)
• Light Pen (available 10/83)
• Hard disk host adapter (available 10/83)
• Factory assembled units (available soon)
PKXRIiSSM: ISI.I£CR()NIC5
537 East Main Street • Lancaster, Ohio 43130 • Tel: (614) 687-1019 ^143
IRS 80 IS a Tandy trademark CP'U is a Oigiial Reseatcn tradamarK Dealef Inqui'ies invited
148 • 80 Micro. November 1983
94
95
Program Listing 2. Monorail Train program.
3 MONORAIL TRAIN - GRAFTRAX COLOR ART '?
^ FOR 32K LEVEL II TRS-80 MODEL I/III
a AND EPSON MX-80/100 PRINTER WITH GRAFTRAX
(3 BY: FRANCIS S. KALINOWSKI
? 16 N. ALDER DRIVE, ORLANDO, FL 32307
97 * NOTE: ADD STATEMENTS 1-90 OF PROGRAM LISTING 1.
99 ' SPACE 1-4, SET 480-MODE FOR 405 COLUMNS, PRINT WINDOW PANES
IN 5-10 TO B.
100 LPRINTS4;BY;EL;Al; AE; AS; BSfDS; STRINGS ( 14 , 2 52 ) QS ; STRING$ (5,25
2)QB;
' PRINT SEGMENT B TO C WINDOW PANES FOUR TIMES.
101 FORU=lTO4:LPRINTQ5;H0;H3;HO;HS;HU;Z2;Q3;Z6;Q3; Z6 j Q3 ; Z6; Q3 ; Z6
;Q3;26;Q3;Z6;Q3;Z2;HU;HS;HO;HG;H0;Q8; :NEXT
' PRINT WINDOW PANES IN 67-74 PLUS THREE COLUMNS.
102 LPRINT05; STRINGS (5 , 252 ) QS ; STRINGS (14 , 252 ) DS ; BS ; AS ; AE :RETURN
299 ' SET 480-HODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, LOOP TO PRINT 75 SIX-COLUMN
PATTERNS PLUS ONE COLUMN FROM A TO D .
300 LPBINTBY;G3;Al; :G0SUBl5 :LPRINTCL: RETURN
309 ' FROM B, SPACE 11-23, SET 480-MODE FOR SIX COLUMNS, PRINT
THREE BLANK AND THREE FULL COLUMNS TO C . DO THIS FOUR
TIMES.
310 F0RU=1T04:LPRINTSA; S3 ; BY ; A6 ; Q4 ; Z3 ; : NEXT : RETURN
319 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT SKY AND SUPPORT
PILLAR (BIANK) FROM A TO E , ZERO VARIABLE X.
320 LPRINTBY;G3;Al;P;CL;04;FA; :X=0
' LOOP TO PRINT 17 SIX-COLUMN PATTERNS FROM E, THEN PRINT
SUPPORT PILLAR (BLANK) IN 20 ENDING AT F. DO THIS FOUR
TIMES ENDING AT G, THEN PRINT SKY FROM G TO D.
321 GOSUB15:LPRINTCL;Q4,-FA; :X=X + 1 : IFX <4THEN321eLSELPRINTP;CL : RET
URN
399 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, LOOP TO PRINT SIX RANDOM
COLUMN PATTERNS FROM A, PRINT 6 BLANK COLUMNS TO E,
ZERO X, DEFINE T.
400 T=6:LPRINTBY;G3;Al; :GOSUB20 :LPRINTQ6; :X=0:T=102
' FROM E, LOOP TO PRINT 102 RANDOM COLUMN PATTERNS THEN six
BLANK COLUMNS TO F. DO THIS FOUR TIMES, ENDING AT G, THEN
LOOP TO PRINT SEVEN RANDOM COLUMN PATTERNS FROM G TO D .
401 GOSUB20:LPRINTQ6; :X=X+1 : IFX <4THEN401ELSET=6 : GOT025
499 ' SPACE 1, SET 4B0-MODE FOR SIX COLUMNS, PRINT P PATTERN
IN 2. SPACE 3-19, PRINT P PATTERN IN 20 TO F. DO THIS
FOUR TIMES TO POINT G.
500 LPRINTS1;BY;A6;Q1;P; : F0RU=lT04 : LPRINTSA ; S7 ; BY ; A6; Ql ; P; :NEXT:
LPRINT: RETURN
999 ■ DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR START INSTRUCTION AND INITIALIZATION
OF PRINTER, DEFINE T, LOOP TO DO THREE LINEFEEDS.
1000 Cy="RED":GOSUB70:T=3:GOSUBl0
1039 ' PRINT TRAIN'S WINDOW PANES RED. (SEE 100, 101, AND 102.}
1040 GOSUB100
1049 ' SPACE 1-3, SET 480-MCOE FOR 42 COLUMNS, PRINT 4-10 TO B.
1050 LPRINTS3;BY;BA,-Q4;E0;G0; H0; HG ; HO;DO; DS ;DS;DO; DO;DO; STRINGS (
25,112)03;
' SET 480-MODE FOR 84 COLUMNS, PRINT SEGMENT B TO C . DO
THIS FOUR TIMES.
1051 F0BU=lT04:LPRINTBY;CK;Ql;STRINGS (81,112)Q3; :NEXT
' SET 480-MODE FOR 36 COLUMNS, PRINT 67-72.
1052 LPRINTBYfB4)Ql; STRINGS (25 , 1 12)DO;DO; DO;DS ; DS ,-DO; HO; HG ; H0; G0
;E0
1939 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
1990 GOSUB90
1999 ' DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND INITIALIZATION OF
PRINTER, LOOP TO DO TWO LINEFEEDS.
2000 CY="BROWN":GOSUB35:GOSUB5
2029 ' SPACE 1-5, SET 480-MODE FOR 390 COLUMNS, PRINT 6-70, LOOP
TO DO TWO LINEFEEDS.
2030 LPRINTS5; BY; E6;Al; STRINGS (195 ,2) STRINGS (195,2) :G0SUB5
2059 ' SPACE 1-6, SET 480-MODE FOR 24 COLUMNS, PRINT 7-10 TO B.
2060 LPRINTS6; BY ; AO ; Q3 ; E0 ;G0;F0; EG ;C8;B4; STRINGS (16,18) ;
/ isiing conlinurd
TRS-80 MODEL III
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
A (omplelp (ouise in assembly Idnjiuaj^e
wdtiPfi lo( (he beginner. Bjsk (ontepis,
Ihp Z-BO insiFuclion set complete Model
HI ROM and RAM in tor mat ton pfOR'jm
minn pxjmples the disk controller the
TRSDOS 1 ) diik operdimi; system
RS-212-C mieifdce
With the book you can also pur( hjse
Monitor IS. i comprehensive maihir^r
lannuaRe monitor Ispeci'v Model 1 (h H
Book only $lb.9S
look dnd Monitor #5 on disk )29.9S
SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC
( ompleie diagnostic tests (c every
tomponeni ot your TRS-80 Model 1 or \
Tesis (or ROM, RAM, Video Display
Keyboard. Line Printer, Cassette Rei order.
Disk Drives. RS-2J2-C Intettace Individual
or continuous testing modes Models 1 or
) only.
System DJaftnotlic $99.95
SMART TERMINAL
The rn(e//(gen( terminal program, with
automatic transmission and sto'age o( daia.
Iruc HRtAK key. cassette and disk tiles
(ompdlible with SCRIPSIT' and E lee trie
Pentil' Same program supports both cas-
sette and disk systems
Model 1 or 1 veriion $74 95
Model 2/13 (CP/M) Verfton $79 95
TYPITALL
The SCR/PSIT' Compatible Word Processor
TYPITALL IS a new word processing pro-
gram which IS upward compatible with
SC RIPSIT" lor Ihe Model 1 and 1 TRS 8(1
TYPITALL includes features like ihese as
sign any sequence ot keystrokes to a smglf
(on[rol key See the formatted tr»I on ;he
screen before p'iniing. Send the lormalied
lexl lo a disk tile tor later printing Merge
data Irom a file while printing Send any
control or graphic character to the printer
LJse the same version on the Model 1 or \
Reenter the program with all teni iniact it
you acf idenially e»it without saving te»t
TYPITALL (disk only) $129.95
SMALL BUSINESS
ACCOUNTING
Based on Dome Bookkeeping Record
|fal2. this program keeps track o( income,
expenses, and payoll (not included in
cassette version) lor a small business
Model 1/3/4 disk version $S9.9S
Model 1/3/4 cassette version $29.95
Model 2/12 or IBM/PC version . . . , $69.95
HOME BUDGET
Analyzes your income and expenses,
computes monthly and year-to-date sum-
maries including tax deductions
Model 1/3/4 disk version $49 95
Model 1/3/4 cassette version $29.95
Model 2/12 or liM/PC version . $59 95
24-hour TOLL-FREE Order number:
Outside Californta call
(800) 428-7825, ext 169
Inside California rail
(800) 428-7824, ext 169
Visa, Master Card, or COD Orders
only for information call;
(914) 634-1821 ^i75
9-S tastern time only
Add il.OO postage & handling
New Vork residents add sales tax
Howe Software
14 Lexington Rd. New City, NY 109^6
•THS BO IS * Irddrmjik ^^l I^ndy < <Hp
^ See list ot Adwltsw^ on Page 307
ao Micro, November 1983 • 149
Conlinued from p. 14?
to distinguish them from functional
statements. Each remark tells what the
statement directly below it does. Delete
all remarks when keying in the pro-
gram.
Letters A-G in the remarks identify
start and end point letters on art sketch
Fig. 2. Unless otherwise notod, one- and
two-digit numbers identify the sbc-col-
umn blocks on Fig. 2 print lines. Hy-
phens between two such numbers de-
note through. For example, 1-10 means
blocks 1 through 10.
Loop means branch through one or
more GOSUB routines and return.
Set mode for a quantity of columns
requires three codes. The codes activate
the printer's Graftrax mode for a speci-
fied number of eight-dot columns. First
code BY or BW sets a 480 or 960 mode.
Second and third codes represent nl
and n2 values; both must follow a BY
or BW code. The second code (obtained
from Fig. 1) specifies a number of col-
umns up to 255. The third code specifies
a number of columns in 256-column in-
crements. This code may be Ql for zero
columns, Al for 256, A2 for 512, and
A3 for 768. A2 and A3 codes may be
LJOing 2 conlinued
' SET 480-MODE FOR 84 COLUMNS, PRINT B TO C . DO THIS FOUR
TIMES.
2061 F0RT=1T04:LPRINTBY;CK;Q1;STRING$ (12 , 18) STRINGS ( 56, 210) STRIN
G$ (16,18) ; :NEXT
' SET 480-MODE FOR 19 COLUMNS, PRINT 67-69 PLUS ONE COLUMN.
2062 LPRINTBY;AJ;Ql; STRINGS (13 , 18 ) B4 ;C8; EG; F0; G0; E0
2069 ' DEFINE- T, LOOP TO DO FIVE LINEFEEDS.
2070 T=5:GOSUB10
2119 ' LOOP FOUR TIMES TO PRINT LINES 120, 130, 140, AND 150
FROM A TO D. (SEE 400 AND 401.)
2120 FORY=lTO4:GOSUB400:NEXTY
2989 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
2990 GOSUB90
2999 ' DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND INITIALIZATION OF
PRINTER, DEFINE P PATTERN. (SEE PATTERN Pi IN FIG. 1.)
3000 CY="BLUE":GOSUB35:P=Pl
3009 ' DEFINE T, LOOP TWICE TO PRINT SKY ON LINES 10 AND 20.
(SEE 300.)
3010 T=75:GOSUB300:GOSUB300
3029 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT
A TO B, ZERO X, DEFINE T.
3030 P=C0+F0+C0+F0+C0+F0:LPRINTBY;G3;Al;Pl;Pl;Pl;Pl;Pl;CK;FA;CK;
F3;CK;F8;CK;Fa;CG;F8;CG;F8;P;P;C0;F0,-C0;FV;DV:FV; :X=0:T=13
' LOOP TO PRINT 13 P-PATTERNS PLUS SIX COLUMNS FROM
B TO C. DO THIS FOUR TIMES.
3031 GOSUB15:LPRINTC0;F0;C0;FV;DV;FV; :X=X+1 : IFX <4THEN3031
' PRINT P AND Pi PATTERNS AND SINGLE COLUMNS FROM C TO D .
303 2 LPRINTP ; P ; CG ; F0 ; CG ; F8 ; CG ; FB ; CG ; F8 ; CK ; F8 ; CK; F8 ; Pi ; Pi ; Pi ; Pl ; P
1;CL
3039 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 60 COLUMNS, PRINT FROM A TO B.
3040 LPRINTBY ; BS ; Ql ; Pl ; PI ; PI ; CL ; FA ; CL ; FA ; CK ; F8 ; CG ; F0 ; C0; E0 ; QB ; Q9
;Z3;
' LOOP TO PRINT SEGMENT B TO C FOUR TIMES. (SEE 310.)
3041 GOSUB310
' SPACE 67-71, SET 480-MODE FOR 25 COLUMNS, PRINT 72-75
PLUS ONE COLUMN.
3042 LPRINTS5;BY;AP;Ql!C0;F0;CG;F8;CK;FA;Pl;Pl;Pl;CL
3049 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 60 COLUMNS, PRINT FROM A TO B.
3050 LPRINTBY ; BS ; Ql ; Pl ; Pl ; Pl ; CL ; FA ;CL;BA;AL;AQ;A5;A2;Al;A2;Al;A2
;QB;Q7;Z3;
' LOOP TO PRINT SEGMENT B TO C FOUR TIMES. (SEE 310.)
3051 GOSUB310
' SPACE 67-70, SET 480-MODE FOR 31 COLUMNS, PRINT 71-75
PLUS ONE COLUMN.
3052 LPRINTS4;BY;AV;Q5;Al;A2;A5;A2;A5;AQ;AL;BA;Pl;Pl;PljCL
3059 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, SET 480-MODE FOR 60 COLUMNS, PRINT FROM
A TO B.
3060 P=Q1+E0+Q1+E0+Q1+E0 : LPRINTBY ; BS ; Ql ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; QB ; Ql ; Z3 ;
' LOOP TO PRINT SEGMENT B TO C FOUR TIMES.
3061 GOSUB310
' SET 480-MODE FOR 54 COLUMNS, FROM C PRINT 21 BLANK
THEN 3 3 COLORED COLUMNS TO D.
Listing 2 continued
used only in 960 mode. See p. 7 in the
Graftrax-80 manual or appendix p. B-2
in the Graftrax-Plus manual for mstruc-
tions on determining nl (second code)
and n2 (third code) values.
The program redefines integer vari-
able T and string variable P and uses
them throughout the program. T's nu-
meric value denotes the number of
times a function should repeat in a
GOSUB routine's For... To loop. T
specifies a number of line feeds at the
start of most color print runs. T is sub-
sequently redefined to specify any
quantity of P-pattem strings or ran-
dom-pattern columns it prints on a line.
String variable P normally represents
a six-column pattern string like P 1 or P2
(see Fig. 1). You may redefine P to rep-
resent any length mixed-pattern string
used more than once on a print line.
The best way to see how the program
codes color print runs is to compare art
sketch lines with corresponding print
line statements in Listing 2. Add a print
run's first line number to Fig. 2's print
line numbers to identify matching
LPRINT statements. See Fig. 1 to iden-
tify the various two-character codes
used in the statements.
Trace each print run's funaional
statements in turn. Divert through every
GOSUB to see what the routine does
and how. Along the way, verify a few
dot-graphics codes by checking their
patterns (Fig. 1) against corresponding
print run colored column patterns in the
art sketch (Fig. 2).
Print Run Descriptions
Fill-in program execution starts at
line 1000. String variable CY defines the
ribbon color used for the run. CY ap-
pears as the ribbon color in displayed
instructions and in Now Printing Color
messages. GOSUB70 loops through the
main program's print-start routines in
70, 80, and 85. T specifies a quantity of
three, and GOSUBIO advances the pa-
per three lines.
Line 1040 loops through statements
100, 101, and 102 to print the train's
windows red for later overprint with
green. Code S4 m statement 100 moves
the print head four spaces. Codes
BY;EL:A1 set the Am-doi graphics
mode for 405 columns. The nl;n2 codes
(EL;A1) are derived using 405-256 =
149, wherein EL represents 149 and Al
represents 256. The statement's remain-
ing codes print the left-end train win-
dows in line 40. Last, code Q8 moves
the print head eight blank columns to
point B (see Fig. 2).
Line 101 prints four sets of car win-
dows exactly like those shown between
150 • 80 Micro, November 1983
MODEL III
MODEL 4
Staleo(ttiearttectino1cigyint)oan)(JesiBn.oufdifecl replacemenl of Radio ShacK's'
internal RS-232 board, mounts inside the Model III Or 4 on tlie eiisting brackets All
cables, screws and complete mounting mslructions are included ^lon- tech meal
peoole will find Itiat inslallalion is quick, straight forward and simple requiring less
than 1 5 minutes to complete.
Total compatability witn Radio Shack' and all enisting software is maintained.
Software programmable baud rates from 50 to 19,300 tjaudare supported along with
programmable word length, stop bits, and parity. May be utiliied in either halt of full
duplax operation.
Outstanding Valu*
Guaranteed One Full Year
Oeatef InQuiries 'nvited.
4831 SOUTH HAMPTON PID LB41
DALLAS, TEXAS 75232
^86
MOVING?
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Attach old label where indicated and print new address in
space provided. Also include your mailing label whenever
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Canada and Mexico $27.97/1 y«ar only US funds drawn on US bank.
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Please allow 6-6 weeks for delivery.
80 MICRO
// you have no label handy, print OLD address here.
^ Name.
>< Address
-C City
State.
Zip.
print NEW address here.
Name.
Address
City
State.
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.e'
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at
COLOR COMPUTER
' SOFTWARE
DISK COLORCOM/E
The Intelligent Communications Package
COLORCOM/E, the most popular smart terminal program for the Color Com-
puter, fias just gotten smarter. In fact, from now on, we're going to call it The
Intelligent Terminal program.
The new DISK COLORCOM/E contains a unique COMH^AND MODE that
allowsyoutosetupcompletecommunications sessions in advance. Anything
you normally do from ttie keyboard DISK COLORCOM/E can do all by itseli
Log-on, log-oft, read and store messages, disconnect, transmit and receive
files, dial auto-dial modems, - anything! DISK COLORCOM/E will even make
decisions based upon how the host responds.
Here are some examples of how YOU might want to use the new DISK
COLORCOM/E.
• Call yourfavorite bulletin board, download all messages addressed to
you, log off,and write the messages toadisk file. AND do all of this with
one keystroke!
• Call Dow Jones, log on and get tfie latest prices on your favorite stocks,
and then log off. Again all with ONE keystroke.
• With an Autodial modem let COLORCOM/E Make youf calls for you at
3:00 A.M. when rates are cheap. Then read the results with your morn-
ing coffee.
In addition we've added 64K support and yourchoice of number of characters
per line. Of course you still get the regular COLORCOM/E features such as
upload/download, graphics, easy storing and printing of data, and much more.
For 16, 32 or 64K disk systems.
COLORCOM/E Disk $49.95
COMPLETE YOUR WORD PROCESSOR
SPELL- RITE
THE Cassette Spelling Verifier
You've got the best word processor. Now complete your system with the best
spelling verifier. Spell-Rite is aconvenient, fast way to insure that all of your
documents are letter perfect Spell-Rite was designed specifically for
cassette-based word processors. Like Yours!
Spelt-Rite Is EASY to use, completely menu driven.
Spell-Rite is FAST! You can verify a 1000 word document in under 9minutes
■ including cassette I/O.
Spell-Rite is COMPLETE. It comes with its own 10,000 + word dictionary
which you can expand. Also included is a superb manual,
Spell-Rite works with any word processor that generates ASCII tape files, such
as Color Scripsil, Super Color Writer and Telewriter 64, 32K of RAM and
Extended Basic are required.
Cassettes and manual S59.95
Send check or money Ofdei tor total purchase price, plusS1.50S&H. Charge
cards: Include all embossed information.
C Spell-Rile D Send Free Catalog ■''^■^
□ OiskColorcom/£
SEND to C7i^ ^ PO- Box 180006
Austin, Texas 78718
(512)837-4665
f'O Rox 981 •F,irmin^daU' MY 117^7
^ See List ot AOfertisars on Page 307
80 Micro, Novemtmr 1983 • 151
Figure 3. Monorail Train black/while art.
Liamg 2 coalinued
3062 LPRINTBY;BM;QB;Q2;E0;Ql;E0;P;P;P;P;P
3069 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT
FROM A TO E, ZERO X, DEFINE T.
3070 P=AL+AQ+AL+AQ+AL+AQ:LPRINTBY;G3;Al;P;AL;Q4;AQ; :X=0:T=17
' LOOP TO PRINT 17 P-PATTERNS AND SIX COLUMNS FROM B TO C.
DO THIS FOUR TIMES.
3071 GOSUB15:LPRINTAL;04;AQ; : X=X+1 : IFX <4THEN3071
■ PRINT SEVEN COLORED COLUMNS FROM G TO D.
3072 LPRINTP;AL
3079 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, DEFINE T, LOOP FOUR TIMES TO PRINT
LINES 80, 90, 100, AND 110. (SEE 320 AND 321.)
3060 P=Pl : T=17 : F0RY=lT04 : GOSUB320 : NEXTY
39R9 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
3990 GOSUB90
3999 ' DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND INITIALIZATION OF
PRINTER, DEFINE T, LOOP TO DO THREE LINEFEEDS.
4000 CY="GREEN":GOSUB35:T=3:GOSUB10
4039 ' LOOP TO OVERPRINT TRAIN'S RED WINDOW PANES WITH GREEN TO
MAKE THEM A DEEP BROWN. (SEE 100, 101, AND 102.)
4040 GOSUB100
4049 ' DEFINE T, LOOP TO DO SEVEN LINEFEEDS.
4050 T=7:GOSUB10
4119 * LOOP FOUR TIMES TO OVERPRINT BROWN RANDOM- PATTERNED
LINES 120, 130, 140, AND 150 WITH GREEN PATTERNS.
(SEE 400, 401, 402).
4120 FORY=lTO4:GOSUB400:NEXTY
4159 ' SET 960-MODE FOR 902 COLUMNS, PRINT FROM A TO E .
4160 LPRINTBW;E6;A3;ZA;Z2;STRINGS(12,15) ;
' PRINT SEGMENT E TO F FOUR TIMES, ENDING AT POINT G
4161 FORU=lT04:LPRINTZJ;ZJ;Z4; STRINGS (12,15) ; :NEXT
' PRINT 14 DOUBLE-DENSITY GREEN COLUMNS FROM G TO D.
4162 LPRINTZA;Z3;HF
4989 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
4990 GOSUB90
4999 ' DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND INITIALIZATION OF
PRINTER, LOOP TO DO TWO LINEFEEDS.
5000 CY="BLACK" :GOSUB35:GOSUB5
5029 ' SPACE 1-4, SET 480-MODE FOR 401 COLUMNS, PRINT 5-10
TO B, ZERO X.
5030 LPRINTS4;BY;EH;Al;Q4;Al;Al;A3;A3;A3;A5;A5;AS;A5;STRING$ (5,9
)AH;AG;AG;AG;AH;STRING5 (6, 3 3 ) STRINGS (7,32) ; :X=0
' PRINT SEGMENT B TO C FOUR TIMES.
5031 LPRINTSTRINGS (5,32) ; ;F0RU=lT08 :LPRINTSTR1NGS (8,33)B0; :NEXT:
LPRINTSTRINGS (7,32) ; :X=X+1 : IFX <4THEN5031
' FROM POINT C, PRINT 67-70 PLUS THREE COLUMNS.
5032 LPRINTB0;B0;B0;B0; STRINGS ( 6, 3 3} AH; AG ; AG; AG; AH ; STRINGS (5, 9) A
5 ; A5 ; A5 ; A5 ; A3 ; A3 ; A3 ; Al ; Al
5039 ' SPACE 1-3, SET 480-MODE FOR 415 COLUMNS, PRINT 4-10,
ZERO X.
5040 LPRINTS3;BY;EV;A1;Q2;A1;A2;A4;AE;AI;B2;C2;E2;STRINGS{14,2)H
U;Q3;HU;STRINGS (5,2)HU;Q7; :X=0
' PRINT WINDOW SIDES IN SEGMENT B TO C . DO THIS FOUR TIMES.
504 1 LPRINTQ4 ; H0 ; AG ; AS ; A4 ; A2 ; Al ; Q2 ; Zl ; Ql j : F0RU=lT06 : LPRINTZ 1 ; Q6 ;
Zl;Ql; : NEXT : LPRINTZ 1 ; Q2 ; Al ;A2;A4;A8; AG ;H0;Q7; :X=X+1 ; 1FX<4THEN504
1
List^ 2 mnlimied
print line 40 points B and C. Z6 and Q3
codes repeat to print the solid red por-
tions of the six square windows with
three blank columns between them.
Statement 102 prints the line 40 right-
end windows to the third column of
block 72. First code Q5 moves the print
head five blank columns from point C
to the first printing column for
STRING$(5,242).
Lines 1050, 1051, and 1052 print a
line 50 red stripe on the train's left end,
four cars, and right end, respectively.
S3 in statement 1050 moves the print
head three six-column spaces. BY;BA;
Q4 set the 480-dot graphics mode and
move the print head three blank columns.
In this case, BA denotes 42 columns;
the first zero of Q4 denotes add zero
columns to 42; the last three zeros of Q4
do three blank columns. The rest of the
codes in line 1050 print the left -end part
of the red stripe to the center of charac-
ter block 10. Last code Q3 moves the
print head to point B, leaving three
blank columns to be printed later in sol-
id blue.
Line 1051 prints an 81 -column long
red stripe plus three blank colunms four
times. BY;CK;Q1 set the 48(klot
graphics mode for 84 columns plus zero
columns during each iteration of the
statement's For. . .To loop.
Line 1052 prints the red stripe's right
end across line 50's character blocks 67
through 72. BY;B4;Q1 codes set the
480^iot graphics mode for 36 columns.
The remaining codes print the columns.
The loop in Une 1990 calls line 90 to
move the print head to the right seven
spaces for ribbon cartridge change.
Brown print/run line 2000 loops
through main program routines at lines
35-85, then lines 5-10. The first state-
ment group displays new instructions,
redefines PI and P2 patterns, and reini-
tializes the printer for Graftrax line
spacing. The latter statement pair ad-
vances the paper two print lines. Subse-
quent statements print lines 30 and 60,
then advance the p^>er five lines.
Line 2120 loops through the full-line
152 • 80 Micro. November 1983
It ■ • — — — - — — - — — ■ ' —
"nr— t^*""
iejjHHnHrf.MBHHefaiHHK j ■ "^
ji' "
■
JfliMJIMlanHiHilliltf^i
Figure 4. Monorail Train five-color art.
printing routine at lines 400 and 401 to
print four identical background lines.
The code BY;G3;A1 in line 400 sets
480Klot grj^Dhics for the 451 columns
between points A and D. A loop
through main program line 20 starts line
120 by printing six random pattern col-
umns. Code Q6 moves the print head
six blank columns to point E. The semi-
colon after Q6 holds the print head at
point E while variable X is zeroed and T
is assigned a value of t02.
Line 401 prints four 102-column E to
F segments, ending at point G, then
prints seven more columns to point D.
The statement first loops through line
20 to print 102 random column pat-
terns, moves the print head six blank
columns with Q6, then increments X by
1 . This cycle repeats until X equals 4. At
that point, T is assigned a quantity of
SK, and a jump to statement 25 prints
the seven random column patterns be-
tween points G and D.
Figure 3 shows a black and white
printout from the Monorail Train Art
program, using a black ribbon for all
color print runs. (Figure 4 shows a five-
color result of the same program.) If
you don't plan to get colored ribbons,
try your hand at programming black
and white art for a single black print
run. You can even use PI or P2 patterns
(see Fig. 1) to achieve gray shading in
single-run art printouts.
Printing Gn&ftrax Art
Graftrax color art requires a separate
print run for each color. The paper's
start point, established for the first print
run, must be exactly the same for the re-
maining print runs. Use 20-pound white
bond p^)er.
Paper edge and fixed index marks
provide a fairly accurate means to repo-
sition the p^jer between print runs. Es-
tablish index marks as follows:
• Feed the paper into the printer, and
engage its pinfeed holes with the pins of
both tractor feed mechanisms.
• Lock the right-hand feed mechanism.
Leave the left-hand mechanism un-
Lisriit 2 comhtual
' PRINT 67-72 PLUS ONE COLUMN.
5042 LPRINTQ4;HU; STRINGS ( 5 , 2 ) HU ; Q3 ; HU ; STRINGS ( 14 , 2) E2;C2 ; B2 ; AI ; A
E;A4;A2;Al
5049 • SPACE 1-3, SET 480-HODE FOR 18 COLUMNS, PRINT 4-6, SPACE
7-10 TO B, ZERO X,
5050 LPRINTS3 ; BY ; AI ; Q3 ; E0; C0; B0; AG; AS; A4;A4;A2;A2;A2; STRINGS (6,1
)S4; :X=0
' SET 480-MODE FOR 84 COLUMNS, PRINT SEGMENT B TO C .
DO THIS FOUR TIMES.
5051 LPRINTBY;CK;Q1;QA;E0;E0;E0;Q1; :F0RU = lT06 :LPRINTSTRINGS !8,12
3)Q1; :NE>:T:LPRINTE0;E0;E0;QA;Q3; :X=X + 1 : IFX<4THEN5051
' SPACE 67-69, SET 480-nODE FOR l9 COLUMNS, PRINT 70-72
PLUS ONE COLUMN.
5052 LPRINTS3; BY ;AJ;Q1; STRINGS {6 , I ) A2 ; A2 ; A2; A4 ; A4 ; AS ; AG; B0;C0; E0
5059 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT LINE 60 FROM A TO D.
5060 LPRINTBY;G3;Al;STRINGS ( 36, 80 ) GG; CG ; BG ; AG ; AG ; A4 ; A2 ; STRINGS ( 1
7,1)STRINGS (160,1) STRINGS (168 , DSTRINGS (14 , 1 ) A2 ; A4 ; A8; AG ; BG;CG; G
G;STRINGS (34,80)
5069 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT FROM A TO E.
5070 LPRINTBY ; G3 ; Al ; STRINGS (7 , 144 ) EV ; EG; EG ; EV ;
' PRINT SEGMENT E TO F FOUR TIMES, ENDING AT POINT G.
5071 F0RU=lT04;LPRINTSTRINGS (104 , 144) EV; EG; EG; EV ; :NEXT
' PRINT FROM G TO D.
5072 LPRINTSTRINGS (8,144)
5079 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, LOOP FOUR TIMES TO PRINT IDENTICAL
LINES 00, 90, 100, AND 110. {SEE 500.)
5080 P=Q1+Zl+Q2+Zl+Q1:FORX-1TO4:GOSUB500:NEXTX
5119 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, LOOP FOUR TIMES TO PRINT IDENTICAL
LINES 120, 130, 140, AND 150. (SEE 500.)
5120 P=Zl+^4+Zl:FORX=lTO4:GOSUB500:NEXTX
5159 ' DEFINE P PATTERN, LOOP TO PRINT LINE 160. (SEE 500.}
5160 P=HG+AG+AG+AG+AG+-HG:GOSUB500
5989 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
5990 GOSUB90
5999 ' DEFINE CY, LOOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS AND INITIALIZATION OF
PRINTER.
6000 CY="BORDER":GOSUB35
6009 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT TOP-EDGE BORDER
FROM A TO D.
6010 LPRINTBY ;G3;Al;Zl; STRINGS (224 , 128 ) STRINGS (225,128)Z1
6019 ' SET 480-MODE FOR SIX COLUMNS, PRINT ONE FULL AND THREE
BLANK COLUMNS, SPACE 2-75, SET 480-MODE FOR ONE COLUMN,
PRINT FIRST COLUMN OF 76. DO THIS 15 TIMES TO PRINT
LEFT AND RIGHT EDGE BORDERS.
6020 F0RU=1 T015 : LPRINTBY ; A6 ; Ql ; Zl ; Q5 ;SG;S4; BY ;Al;Ql;Zl: NEXT
6169 ' SET 480-MODE FOR 451 COLUMNS, PRINT BOTTOM-EDGE BORDER
FROM A TO D.
6170 LPRINTBY ;G3;A1; STRINGS (225 , 128)STRINGS (226,128)
6989 ' LOOP TO MOVE PRINTHEAD FOR RIBBON CHANGE.
6990 GOSUB90
7999 ' ASSIGN "DONE" TO CY, LOOP THROUGH DONE-FLAG DETECT
STATEMENT 35 TO ART-DONE MESSAGE DISPLAY STATEMENT
8990 OF MAIN PROGRAM.
3000 CY="DONE":GOSUB35
8009 ' NOTE: ADD STATEMENTS 8990-9195 OF PROGRAM LISTING 1.
80 Micro. November 1983 • 153
Program Listing 3. Bird of Prey program.
94' @@(3@i3@@@?ia'?'a??iaa@(a@;a@^^
? BIRD OP PREY - GRAFTRAX COLOR ART <?
@ FOR 48K LEVEL II TRS-80 MODEL I/III la
@ AND EPSON MX-00/100 PRINTER WITH GRAFTRAX @
95 • @ BY: FRANCIS S. KALINOWSKI ^
@ 16 N. ALDER DRIVE, ORLANDO, FL 32807 @
99 ' NOTE: ADD STATEMENTS 1-90 OF PROGRAM LISTING 1.
300 LPRINTS2;BY;GU;Q1; :GOSUB15 :RETURN
400 G0SUB15:LPRINTHN:RETURN
1000 CY="RED":GOSUB70:T=6:GOSUB10
1070 LPRINTTAB ! 27 ) BY ; AP ; Q6 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; A7 ; A7 ; AF ; AF ; AF ; AV ; AV ; BV j BV ; B
U f DS ! HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
1080 LPRINTTAB{26)By;AM;Q6;A8;AG;BG;DG;STRING$ (10, 240) H0; F0; E0
1090 LPRINTTAB { 37 ) BY, • AT; Ql;Al;Al; A3 ;A7;A7;AF;AF;AV;BV;DV;DV;Z4;D
V ; DV ; Z8 ; DV ; DV ; BV ; AV
1100 LPRINTTAB ( 22 ) BY; AG; Q5;Al; A3 ;A7;A7;AF; STRINGS ( 5 , 3 1) BV; BU ; Bl) ;
BS;BO;BG;BG;B0;C0;E0;S4;3Y;AI;Ql;Al;A3jA3;A3;STRING$ (7,7)AF;AF;A
F ; AE ; AE ; A8 ; Ql ; 52 ; BY ; B9 ; Ql ; Al ; A3 ; A3 ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; AV ; BV ; DV ; DV ; ZB; Z6
; HU ; HS ; HG ; H0
1110 LPRINTSB;BY;AU;Q6;Al;A3;A3;A7;AF;AV;AV;BV;DV;Z3;HU;HS;HS;HO
;HG;H0;G0;G0;E0;Q4;S3;BY;CE;Q4;Al;Al;Al;Al;A9;AV;BV;DV;Z7;HU;HS;
HO ; HG ; H0 ! G0 ; E0 ; Q6 ; A 1 ; A 1 ; A 3 ; A 3 ; A 7 ; A 7 ; AF J AV ; BV ; D V ; ZC ; Z 2 ; HU ; HS ; HO ; H
0;HG
1120 LPRINTTAB { 19) BY ; AO ; Q2 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; A? ; AF ; AV ; BV j BV ; DV ; Z 3 ; HU ; HS ; H
O ; HO ; HG ; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0 ; B0 ; AG ; 54 ; BY ; CE ; Q2 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DV ; Z8 ; HU
J HS ; HO ; HG ; H0; G0 ; E0 ; Al ; Al ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; A7 ; AF ; AF ; AV ; AU ; BS ; DS ; DO ; DC ; HG ;
HG ; H0 ! H0 J G0 ; E0 ; Ql ! E0 ; G0 ; HG ; HO ; HU ; ZB ; Z 3 J HU ; HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; G0
1130 LPRINTTAB ( 17 ) BY ; AO ; Q3 ; Al ;Al; A3 ;A7;AF;AF;AV;BV;DV;DV;Z3;HU;H
S ; HO ; HO J HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0 ; E0 ; S5 ; BY ; B4 ; Ql ; Al ; A4 ; AE ; AU ; BU ; Z9 ; HU ; HT ; HR ; HJ
; H3 ; G7 ; E7 ; AF ; AV ; AV ; AV ; BV ; DV ; DV ; Z 2 ; HN ; HH ; H0 ; G0 ; 00 ; E0 ; S 3 ; BY ; AN ; Ql ;
A4 ; E0 J G0 ; HG ; HO ; HU ,- ZA J HU ; HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
1140 LPRINTTAB ( 24 ) BY ; BG ; Q4 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; A6 ; A4 ; A4 ; Q8;Al; A3 ;E7;EF;EF;E
V!rV;ZB;DV;BV;AF;A3;S4;BY;A9;Ql;El;H2;HK;HO;HO;HG;H0;G0;E0
1150 LPRINTTAB(25)BY;C2;Ql;AljAl;Al;A3;A3;A7;A7;AF;AV;CV;ZC;Z3;D
V; AV ; AF ; A3 ; Q9 ; Al ; A2 ; A2 ; A4 ; A8 ; AG ; B0 ; C0 ; E0; E0
1160 LPRINTTAB ( 12 ) BY ; AO ; Q3 ; Al ; A3 ;A7;A7;AF; STRINGS ( 9, 31) AU ; AS ; AS.-
AO; AG ; AG ; B0 ; 00 ; S 5 ; BY ; CG ; Ql ; A4 ; A8 ; AH ; B3 ; C 7 ; EF ; AF j AV ; AV ; BV ; CV ; Z 1 ; Z
F ; flU ; AS ; A8 ; AS ; AG ; B0 ; C0 ; E0
1170 LPRINTSA;BY;AU;Q4;Al;A3;A3;A7;AF;AF;AV;BV)DV;Z6;HU;HS;HS;HO
; HG ; H0 ; G0; E0 ; E0 ; Q3 ; S4 ; BY ; CJ ; Q4 ; A3 ; A? ; A7 ; Bl ; BG ; DU ; Z 5 ; ZF ; HU ; HU ; HS J
HO;HG;H0;H0;G0;E0
1 180 LPRINTS8 ; BY ; AU ; Q6 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DV ; DV ; Z7 ; HU ; HS ; HS ; HO
; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; G0 ; E0 ; Ql ; S 5 ; BY ; CF ; Q6 ; A 1 ; A3 ; AV ; Z 2 ; ZF ; HU ; HU ; HS ; HO ; HG ; HG ;
H0;G0;E0
1 1 90 LPR INTS7 ; BY ; AU ; Ql ; Al ; A 1 ; A 3 ; A7 ; AF ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DV ; ZA ; HU ; HS ; HO ; HO
; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0 ; B0 ; E0 ; AG ; S 5 ; BY ! CB ; Q4 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DV ; ZF ; HU ; H5 ;
H0 ! GG ; E0
1200 LPRINTS6;BY;AO;QlfA7;AF;AV;BU;DU;HS;HS; HO; HO; HO, -STRINGS (H,
240)H0;G0;E0;S6;BY;CO;Ql;Al;A3;A7;AF;AV!BV;DV;ZA;Z2;HU;HS;HU;Z8;
ZD!HE;HS;HO;G0;E0;Al;Al;Al;A3;A3;STRINGS (6,7)AE;A8
1210 LPRINTTAB ( 14 ) BY ; Dl ; Q6 ; A2 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; BV ;DV;ZA;Z2;HU;HS; HO ;HG;H
0;G0;E0;Q4;E0;H0;HG;HO;HS;HU;Z3;HU;HS;HS;HO;HO;HO;HS;HS;HS;HO;HO
;HG!HH;H7;AF;AV;ZA;Z8;HS;HO;HG;G0;El;A7;AF;BV;DV;Z7;HU;HS;HG;H0;
E0
1220 LPRINTTAB ( 1 3) BY ; AU ) Ql ;Al;Al; A3 ;A7;AF;AV!BV;DV;BV;BV;DV;DV;D
V ; DV ; Z7 ; HU ; HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0 ; Q2 ; S4 ; BY ; BC ; Ql ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; DV ; ZA ; Z 7
; HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; E3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; DV ; Z8 ; HU ; HO ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
1 2 30 LPR INTTAB ( 1 2 ) BY ; AU ; Ql ; Al ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DV ; HU ; HU ; HS ; HS ; HO ; HO ; H
O;HG;HG;HG;H0;H0;H0;H0; STRINGS ( 5, 192 )E0; Q4 ; S3 ; BY; BI ; Q6; Al ; A3; A7 ;
AV ; BV ; DV ; ZA ; Z7 ; HS ; HO ; HG ; G0; E0 ; A8 ; Al ; A4 ; DV ; Z9 ; HS ; HO ; H0; G0
1240 LPRINTS4;BY;A6;Ql;Al;Al;A2;A2;Al;Al;S7;BY;A6;Ql;G0;G0;E0;Q3
; S6 ; BY ; BJ ; Q5 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; DV ; ZA ; Z7 ; HU ; HS ; HO ; HG ; G0; E0; Q9; G0 ; H0 j
H0;H0;G0;G0;G0;G0;E0
1250 LPRrNTS4;BY;A6;Ql;G0;G0jB0;B0;G0;G0;5A;S3;BY;Bl;;Q6;A6;AF;A
V ; BV ; ZA ; za ; HU ; HS ; HO ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
1260 LPRINTTAB ( 17 ) BY ! Bl ; Q4 ; Al ; A3 ;A7;AF;BV;AF;AF;AV!AV;AV;EV;FV;Z
6 ; HU ; HU ! HU ; H5 ; HS ; H5 ; HS ; HO ; HG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
using } conlmueel on p. ISS
locked to minimize paper buckling dur-
ing dense color print runs.
• Using the printer's paper feed knob,
advance the paper until the first fanfold
crease moves up slightly past the print
head.
• Attach a short strip of white sticky-
black label to the outer rear surface area
on top of the right-hand feed mecha-
nism. Position the label strip with its
left-hand edge ri^t next to the printer
paper's right-hand edge.
• Using a fine-point pencil, draw a
short straight index line across the pa-
per's edge and the fixed label strip. The
two resulting marks are papwr reposi-
tioning indexes for subsequent color
print runs.
Load and start the Graftrax color art
program. Displayed instructions tell
you what to do in a specific order. The
last instruction tells you to press the P
key to start the first color print run.
Instructions to turn printer power
off, reposition paper, insert slipsheet,
change ribbon, remove slipsheet, align
index marks, turn printer power on,
and start the next print run appear after
each print run. Follow all instructions
exactly and in the given order.
The instruaions may display long be-
fore a print run ends if you use a serial
interface with a large character buffer.
In this case, allow enough time for the
print run before complying with in-
structions. Play it safe by adding code
A7 after LPRnsfT in line 90. Code A7
gives you a 1/3-second beep tone when
a print run ends. You must set the print-
er's internal DIP (dual in-line package)
switch SWl-6 to on for beeper opera-
tion.
When instructed, rewind the paper by
carefully backfeeding it with the paper
feed knob while gently pulling straight
back on the paper's trailing end. Use
just enough rearward pull to eliminate
paper slack in the print head area. Con-
tinue backfeeding in this manner until
the paper's index mark moves at least
1/2 inch past the fixed index mark.
The slipsheet mentioned in the in-
structions can be any thin piece of paper
about 4 inches square. A slipsheet in-
serted between the art paper and print
head ribbon guide prevents accidental
color smudging during ribbon cartridge
change.
When instructed, carefully advance
the papti until its index mark is within
1/4 inch of the fixed index mark. Stop at
that point, grasp input part of paper at
both edges just behind the p^>er separa-
tor, and pull it straight back slightly.
Now, carefully and slowly advance the
paper to exactly align its index mark
1$4 • dO Micro, November 1963
Learn to Program Like a Professional!
THE COMPLETE BOOK OF RANDOM ACCESS
& DATA FILE PROGRAMMING
Written for TRS-80^ I, II, & III - IBM VPC - APPLE" M/S - OSBORNE^ - HEATtT" - DEC^ -
SUPERBRAIN^" - and all Computers using CP/M with Microsoft BASIC^
The last word on disK random access and file handling techniques, this series is intended for everyone — beginning programmers, t)usinessmen
and professionals will learn how to create custom programs to handle inventories, mailing lists, work scheduling, record keeping, and many other
tasks, while more experienced programmers will learn advanced, professional programming techniques for faster, more efficient data storage
and retrieval.
Although random access file handling is a matter of some complexity, the subject has been treated in a simple and down-to-earlh fashion, so that
anyone with some smalt familiarity with programming in Microsoft BASIC will be able to cope with the material. Each stage of learning uses a
sample program as a starting point. The programs grow in capability and complexity as the books progress into all of the various aspects of tile
handling and record manipulation. An extensive effort has been made to keep the material coherent and every program line is explained in detail.
Volume I
BASIC FILE HANDLING
• The writing ol a Menu to summarize program functions
" Screen format for data entry
• The creation of a basic record
■ The FIELD and LSET routines for buffer preparation
• Disk storage of random access records
• Changing or editing stored records
• The LPRINT capability from disk using three different formats
• Sorting the random file
• Searching by name or key field
• Search in "next" or "prior" fashion
• Purging deleted records
• Using disk file data for calculations
• Future expansion of data fields
• Using flags to prevent program crashes
• Date setting, printer on-line and many other routines to make a pro-
gram run like a commercially written program
VOLUME I $29.95
Option Vol. I Program Disk
TRS-80 MocM I/Ml S28.S0
TRS-80 Mod«l II $32.50
Volume II
ADVANCED FILE HANDLING TECHNIQUES
Relational database programming
Comprehensive self-balancing accounting system with printouts
Hashcoded data tile manipulation - (probably the fastest nwthod of
data retrieval). Hashing the input key and recovery method explained
Span-blocking techniques allow creation of records longer than 256
bytes without wasted space
Blocking & Deblocking
Shell-Metzner sort
In- pi ace screen editing
Recovery of deleted record space
Alpha-index record retheval
Fast machine language/BASiC sort
Linked list record structure and sort-merge, deleted record removal
and file reorganization
Multi-kev file reoraanization and record searching
VOLUME II $29.9B
Optional Vol. II Program Dtak
TRS-80 Mod*! l/ll/lll $49J5
2]
SON. PASCACKHOAD
SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977
NEW TOU-FREE ^
ORDER LINE S
(OUTSIDt OF NY, STATt)
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME
(800) 431-2818
HOUR
ORDER LINE
(914) 425-1535
30-DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
"■ ALL PRICES • 8PCCIFICAT10M8 SUBJECT TO CHANGE "•
PELiVERV SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY
ADO $3 00 FOR Shipping in upS areas
* ADD * ^^"^ S4 00 FOfi C □ OR NON-UPS AREAS
ADD t5 00 TO CANADA & MEXICO
ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE OF U S .
CANADA a MEXICO
GRAFTRAX-80
12 3 4
GRAFTRAX-PLUS
1 2 3
spacing Test Fill-in Pcogcam
1B10 LPRINTBYtAliQliZlf BT;ByjA2;Ql; Z2
1020 LPBINTBY!A2;Ql)Z2jBT;BY;A2;QljZ2
103 LPRINTBYjA3jQljZ3!BT;BY;A2;Ql;Z2
1040 LPRINTBY;A4;Q1;Z4;BT;BY;A2;Q1; Z2
IflSa LPRINTBy;A5;Ql;Z5;BT;BV;A2;Ql;Z2
1060 LPRINTBY;A6;Ql;Z6;BT;BY;A2;QljZ2
1070 LPRINTBy;A7;QljZ7;BTjBY!A2!Ql!Z2
Note: Code BT is tised instead of SI (Space)
to print the equals sign for clarity.
Figure 5. Gra/lrax spacing characteristics.
Figure6. Bird of Prey five-color art.
1H • ao Micro, November 1983
with the fixed index mark. If you pass
the fixed mark even stigtitly, backfeed
the paper about 1/2 inch (don't fcvget
the gentle backward pull) and try align-
ing the index marks again.
Don't pull on or move any part of the
paper during a color print mn. Let the
tractor feed mechanism advance the pa-
per normally. Any external tension on
the paper may shift the slight clearance
around feed pins and skew it out of
alignment. Sudden misalignment causes
horizontal or vertical streaking.
Displayed messages identify the color
iwintai. When the last print run ends,
you'll get a message to that effect.
Clean the print head before doing an-
other printout that starts with a light-
colored ribbon. Fold a piece of smooth
firm paper towel into three layers and
crease them into a U shape. With rib-
bon removed, slip the towel's U-creased
area between the print head and its rib-
bon guide. Wait a few seconds and re-
move the towel. Repeat this action with
an unused part of the towel until it
comes out clean.
Flatten and smooth a cok)r art print-
out with a wavy surface in two ways:
Place it between two pieces of clean pa-
per and press with a clothing iron set on
low heat, or place it under a stack of
magazines overnight.
Running the Prog^wn
To merge a cotor art program (List-
ings 2-4) with the main program (Listing
1), first save the cok)r art program in
ASCn formal (SAVE "file/BAS",A).
Run the program; when the message
Coding in Progress appears on the screen,
press and hold the ^3ace bar while the
program steps through the printer codes.
When the coding is complete, the pro-
gram prompts you througji the cokir art
printing process.
Doing Your Own Art
Graftrax cokir art requires suitable
sketching material, colored pencils or
pens, and cotor ribbon cartridges.
You'D need a sheet of graph paper to
lay out your art sketch. Green- or black-
lined paper with six or eight squares per
1/2 inch is ideal. Avoid blue-lined pa-
per; it doesn't reproduce on most copi-
ers. Get an 11- by 17-inch sheet for
copying convenience.
Using a black ball-point or nylon tip
pen, line the graph paper so that it's six
squares wkle by eight squares tall. See
the layout sheet in Fig. 2 for examples.
Number the six-column blocks con-
secutively, starting with the topmost
left-hand block. Number the lines in in-
crements of 10. Allowing a 3/8-inch
CQIYIPUTHQMICS
N
C.
• • EVERYTHIMG FOR YOOR TOS-BO" • ATARI" • APPLE" • PET" • CP/M" • XEROX"" • IBM" • OSBORNE" •
• TRS80 IS a trademark o( ttw Radio Shack Dnflsjoo o* T•x^ Cofp ' ATARI is a tradwnarti o* Atad inc 'APPLE a a Oademaiti al Apple Cofp ' PET is a trademari< ot Commodore
• CP/M IS a nademarti ol Digiid Research •5<EHOX rs a nademaik ot Xerox Coip " IBM a a (rademarlt al IBM Corp * OSBOflNE a a tiademarti o( Osborne Co^i
BUSINESS PAC 100
^ 30-Day mon«ry
100 Ready-To-Rim
Business Programs
(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Osers Manual
Inventoiy Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.
Checkbook Maintenance.... Accounts Receivable... .Accounts Payable
BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM UST
NAME DESCRIPTION
1 IKJLE78 [merest Appoitionmer* by Ruk of the 78's
2 ATiflCJ] Annurty computabon program
3 DATE Time between d«es
4 DAVYEAR Day of year a particular dote falls cxi
5 LEASEJTfT tnlerESt rale on lease
6 BREAKEVTi Breakeven ariarysis
7 DEPRSL StraighUne depreciation
8 DEPRSY Sum al the digits depreciation
9 DEPRDB Declining balatx^ depreciation
10 DEPRDDB Double declining balance depreciation
1 1 TAXDEP Cash flow vs. depreciation tabiea
12 CHECK2 Prints MEBS checks alor^ with dal^ register
1 3 CHECKBKl Checkbook rrviinter^arxre program
14 MORTGAGE/A Morlgage amoitiiation lable
15 WJLTMON Computes bnte needed for money to doubte. triple.
16 SALVAGE DetenrsFtes salvage vaiue of an investment
i 7 RRVARJN Rate of return on investment with vailsWe inflows
1 8 RRCOfiST Rate of return on investment with constant inftews
1 9 EFFECT Effective interest rate of a loan
20 FVAL Future value of an divestment (compound interest)
21 FVAL Present value of a future amount
22 LOANPAY Amount of payment on a kxm
23 REGWtTH Equal witfxfrawals from investment to leave over
24 S1WDI5K Simple discount anafysis
25 DATEVAL Equivalent & nonequtvalent dated values for oblig.
26 AMhGDEF Present value of deferred annuities
27 ^\ARKUP * l^^arkup anafysis for items
28 SffSKFtIND Sinking fund amortiaitwn program
29 BOriOVAL Value of a bond
30 DEPLETE Depk^ion analysis
31 BLACKSH Black Scholes optwns analysis
32 STOCVALl Expected retum on stoci< via ifiscounts dividerKb
33 WARVAL Value of a wanvil
34 BOMDVAL2 Value of a bond
35 EPSEST Estimate of future earnings per share for company
36 BETAALPH Computes alpha and beta variables for stock
37 SHARPEI PonfolK) setectwn modefi.e, what stocks to ho«
38 OPTWRfTt Optxsn writing computations
39 RTVAL Value of a right
40 EXPVAL Expected value analysis
4 1 BAYES Bayesian deciskjns
42 VALPRIMF Value of perfect information
43 VALADihF Value of additkjnal informaboo
44 UTlLfTV Denves utflity function
45 SIMPLEX Linear programming solution by simplex nwSJxid
4b TRAMS Transportaion method for linear programming
47 EOQ Economic order quantity inventory model
48 OLIECJEI Sirigle server queueing (waiting line) n>odel
49 CVP Cost-vdumeproflt analysis
50 COhDPROF Conditional profit labtes
51 OPTLOSS Opponunity k>ss tables
52 FQUOQ Fixed quantity economk: order quantity model
53 FQEOWSH As above but with shortages permitted
54 FQEOQPB As above but with qu«ility price breaks
55 QUEUECB Cost-benefit wailing line analysis
56 NCFANAL r*et cash-flow anafysis for simple Investment
57 PROIND Profitabifity index of a profect
58 CAPl Cap. Asset Pr. Wodel analysis o( project
59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital
60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with cortipensating bal required
61 DISCBAL Tnw rate on discounted loan
62 MERGANAL Merger analysis computations
63 FffHRAT RnarKial rattos for a firm
64 NPV Net present vahie of project
65 PRI^^DL^S Laspeyres price index
66 PRINDPA Paasche prkre index
67 SEASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indkres for company
68 TJMETR Time series analysis lirwar trend
69 TWEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend
70 FOPRIMF Future price estimation with inflatran
71 MAILPAC Mailing list system
72 LETWRT Letter writing syslem-hnks with MAILPAC
73 SORT3 Sorts list of names
74 LABEL 1 Shipping label maker
75 LABEL2 Name label maker
76 BUSBUD DOME business bookkeeping system
77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timecloch info.
78 ACCTPAY In nTemory accounts payable system-storage permitted
79 IIWOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer
80 INVENT2 In memory inventory control system
81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory
82 TIMUSAM Time use analysis
83 ASSKjM Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.
84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok
85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of toans
86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given net
87 SELLPR Computes selling pnce for given after tax anxjunt
88 ARBCOMP Art)Hrage computations
89 DEPRSf^ Sinking fund depreciation
90 UPSZOME Finds UPS zones from zip code
91 ENVELOPE ^ypes envelope including retum address
92 AUTOEXP Automobile expense arvilysis
93 IMSFILE Insurance pobcy file
94 PAYROLL2 bi memory payroH system
95 DILATHAL Dilutk>n analysis
96 LOANAFFD Loan amcHjnt a borrower can afford
97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property
96 SALELEAS Sale-leaseback analy^
99 RRCONVBD Investors rate of retum on convertable bond
1 00 PORTVAL9 Stock n^rket portfolio storage-valuation program
D TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95
a TRS-80 (H^od-I or III), Pet, Apple
or Atari Versions $99.95
D TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne
and CP/M Versions $149.95
ADO S3 00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS
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■CQUflHiTHQCIICS
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DELIVCnv SUB^CT TO AVAILABILITY
•" Sm Ust of Aettmrtlsers on Page XT
80 Micro. November 1983 • 157
NEW
First in
Its Class
and
Looking
for
Work.
TRS-80 1, 2. 3, 4, 12, 16
CPM XENIX
Multiple Regression
Stepwise
Ridge
All Sobseis
BacKwafd Eiimmaiion
Time Series Analysis
' Descriptive Statistics
' Transformations
■ Survey Research
■ Nonparametrics
• X-Y Plots
■ AN OVA
• Random Samples
• Data Base
■ Search & Sort
' Hypothesis tests
Please call TOLL FREE
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Box 628
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■TRS-80 is A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP
Lctmf J contrmed from p. /W
1270 LPRINTS4;BY;A6;Ql;A3;A3;A4!A4)A3;A3;S4!BY;A6;Ql!A4;AE!AH;AH
;AE;A4;S6;BY;AM;Q6;AE;AU;BU;DS;HS;HO;HO;HG;HG;H0;H0!H0;G0;G0!E0;
E0;E0
1280 LPRINTS4;BY:A6:Q1;E0;E0;C0;C0;E0;E0
1290 LPRINTTAB(31)EY;C2;D9;DI;D4;S1;DF;D6;S1;CG;DI;D5;DP;EX
1300 LPRINTS9;BY!A6!QljA8;AS;B2;B2;AS;A8
1990 GOSUB90
2000 CY="BROWN":GOSUB35:T=9:GOSUBl0:P=A2+Al-t-A2+Al+A2+Al
2100 LPRINTTAB(41)BY;A4;Ql;A2;A4;AB;B0
2110 T«114-LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;:GOSl.'B20:LPRINTCK;HK;E8!B8;BG;FGjB0
;E0!Q3;Al;A3;A3;A7;AR;AI;BL;BP;:T-30:GOSUB20:LPRINTFG;B0;G0;E0;e
7-Al;A2!A5;A7;AI;BL; :T=9:GOSUB20
2111 LPRINTD1;E2;D4;CK;FG;BG;C0;E0;E0;Q3;A1;A2;A1;P:P;A2;A1;A2;A
5-A2-A5-A2;A5;AQ;AL;AQ;AL;BA;CK;B3;CK;EK;B3;:T=30:GOSUB25
2120 T-104:LPRINTS2;BY;FQ;Ql;:rx:)SUB20:LPRINTF2;GC;AS;DB;F0;C0;GO
.E0-g3;Al;A2;A5;A3rAT;A2;BO;A8;:T=29:GOSUB20:LPRlNTF2;GC;AS;D8;F
0-E0-QA;Ql:A9;AJ;BL;FC;FQ;GH;DF;Dl;C8;CK;FG;CG;CG;B0;C0;E0!E0;S2
;BY;C3;Q1;E0;C0;E0;C0:E0;C0;E0;C0;E0;C0;F0;C0;F0;C0;F0;C0;F0;CG;
2121 LPRINTF0;CG;F0;CG;F0;C0;F0;C0;F0:C0;E0;:T='37:GOSUB25
2130 T=94:LPRINTS2;BY;F8;Ql;:GOSUB20:LPRINTH2;CK;BO;G8;EGjC0;GO;
E0-Q3-A1;A2!A5;A4;AF;AK;CJ;:T-24:GOSUB20:LPRINTD8!CG;C0; STRINGS (
5,i28)H0;BK;G8;CG;C0;E0;Q9;A2;A8;A4;BK;B8;H0;EG;F0;H0;S8,BY;BH;Q
1;A7;AQ;BI;CL; :T=44 :GOSUB25
2140 T-86:LPRINTS2;BY;EG;Ql;:GO3rB20:LPRIOTHG:B0;E0;C0;E0;Q7:Al;
AE;AL;CL;:T=*27:GOSL'B20:LPRINTCD;CO;FC;A3;E4;C0;CL;F8;Ba;AG;BO;BD
;g3;5A:BY;Br:Ql;Al;A2:A2;A3;AE;A9;BE;B5;DV;:T=51:GOSi;B2S
2150 T=76:LPRINTS2;BY;EG;Q1; :GOSUB20 :LPR:NTF0; GC ; C0; E0; Q7 ; Al ; A2 ;
A3;A4;A9;AU;BA;CL; :T=32 :GOSUB20:LPRINTFC ; Al ; Al ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A6; AE j AO
;BV;BV;BV;2l;JU;HS:AG;B0:AG;S8;BY:C9;Ql;E0:AG;Al;Al:Ai;A2;A5;A9;
AN;DO; :T=62 :GCSUB2:j
2160 T»63:LPRINTS2:BY;DO:Ql;:GOSrB20:LPRi:;TBK;Fe;H':;CG;F0;C0rSTR
1NGS(6,128)A1;A1;A2;A1;A5;A6:A9;BA;CL;:T=33:GO5UB20:LPRINTF8;C8;
F0;S2;BY;A6;Q&;A1;A5!S8;BY;CF:Q1;A1;A2;A7;A3;A9;AK!B8;:T=71:GOSU
gT 5
2170 T=52:LPRINTS2;BY;DC;yi; :GOSUB20:LPRINTFA;CK!E8; HG;CG;D0;E0
E0;Q6;Al;A2;Al;A2;A4;A3:AQ;:T=3 3:oOSUB20:LPRINTFC;FO;S3;BY;AI;Q
;Al;A2;A5;BA;CL;FA;CL;F8;CG;Q7;S5;BY;CR;gi;Al;Al;Al;A2;A4;A9;AQ
AL;BI;CL; :T=O0:GOSUB25
2180 T-42:LPRINTS2;BY;DC;Q1;:GOSUB20:LPR1NTCK;HK;E8;B8;BG;FG;B0
E0-Q9-A5;AQ;AL;CJ;DA;:T-38:GOSUB20:LPRIt:TB0;E0;Q4:S2;BY;AI;Ql;Al
;A2;A5;BA;CL;FA;Pl;CK;Fl;J4;S5:BY;Dl;Ql;A3rA4;A9;AQ;B5;DJ;:T=90-
GOSUB25
2190 T=32:LPRINTS2;BY:D6;Q1; : GOS-JB20 : LPRINTHK; EB; B8 ; BG; EG ;C0; E0
Q9;Al;Al;A2;Aa;AD;AL;BN;:T=39:GOSUB20:LPRINTGA;CK;BO;F0;C0;E0!Q2
,S2;BY;AI;Ql;A5;A2;AL;FA;CL;FA;Pl;CL;FAjCL;FA;CK;Fl;S5;BY:D7;Ql-
A4;B2; :T=100 :GCSUB25
2200 T=-25■LPRI^JTS2;BY;CC:Qi; :GOSUB20:LPRINTHG;B0;GO;El; A2; Al;A5
A4;A2;A9;AR;A8;AO;A2;AlrAerA9;AE;A2;A4;AH;BP::T=3S:GOSUB20tLPRIN
TEA;HK;CO;BO;G0;S4;BY;AI;Ql;E0;B0jC4;AG;C4;Fl;CK;F8,CK;FA;CK;FA
CK;FA;CG;E4;B0;Al;S6;BY;Dl;Ql;F0;AG;HG;:T=93:GOSUB25
2210 T-78:LPRINTS2;BY;CK;Q1; :GOSUB20:LPRINTDK;CK;D0;C0! E0; E0i S2
By;B4;Ql!A2;A5;A3;AP;DJ;:T=6:GOSUB20:LPRINTBP;A9;A8;A2:^.RINGS(
0,1)A2;A2;A7;A4;A1;AE;AG;AG;B0;C0;E0;S2;BY;DP;Q5;A2:A5;AQ;CL;FA
A8;B0;QA;Q6; :T=93 :GOSUB25
2220 T=68:LPRINTS2;BY;C8jQl::GOSUB20:LPRINTFC;G4;B8;EG;S3;BY!B4
Ql-A9-AI-BO;:T=28:GOSUB20:LPRINTBK!EO;B0;E0;E0;53;BY;DP;Ql!A9;AL
;B4;EO;CG;B0:E0;Q8;A1;A4;A2;A3;A2;AG;A4;A3;A8;AS;BP;:T=94:GOSUB2
2230 T-61-LPRINTS2;BY;DO;Ql;:GOSUB20:LPRINTEC;CG;B0;CG;E0;Al;A2;
A4!A2;A5;A6;A5;AQ;A1;A8;A7;AQ;BL;BO;:T=34:GOSUB20:LPRINTE6;C8;BG
:G0;C0;E0;S3;BY;DV;Q1;A8;AG;CG;F8;A8;B0;E0;Q9;A2;A5;BP;:T=107:GO
SUB25
2240 T'12:LPRINTS2;BY;DI;2l; :GOSCB20:LPRINTF0:B0;C0;CG; EG;HG; :T=
90:GOSUB20:LPRINTC8;G0:B0;E0;AG;B0;S5;BY;DP;Ql;A8;Al;AS;BJ;B2;CM
;D4;DA; :T=112 :GOSUB25
2250 T-12:LPRINTS2;BY;DC;Q1; :GOSUB20:LPRINTQ6; :T=12:GOSUB20:LPRI
NTBO;:T-70:GOSUB20:LPRINTCa;EG;D0:C0;E0;A8:AG;S2;BY;EH;O4jAl;A2;
A7:PB;AL;AN;AJ;A6;Al:Q9;Al;A2;Al;AG;Al;AE;:T=118:GOSUB25
2260 T=8:LPBINTS2:BY;A9;Al;:GOSUE20:LPRINTC2;E0;Al;E0:g6;AljE0;E
l;E0;El;G2;A3;Cl;E2;F5;C4;:T=62:GOSUB20:LPRINTBC;CK;CG;G0;B0;E0;
Ustmg 3 continued
158 • ^ Micro. November 1963
blank margin, an 11- by 17-inch sheet
with eight squares per 1/2 inch accom-
modates 20 lines of 42 blocks each. A
sheet with six squares per 1/2 inch ac-
commodates 15 lines of 32 blocks each.
Take your newly completed layout
sheet to the nearest quKk-print shop and
make several copies. Save the original for
moK copies when needed. Work with the
copies. You can tape two or more cop-
ies together for larger art sketches.
Using a pencil, lightly sketch your in-
tended art's foreground, background,
and art shapes. Since graph paper has a
1-1 ratio, vertically elongate all art
shj^jes by about 20 percent. The extra
height compensates for the print head's
foreshortening effect, which prints at a
1-1.2 ratio of 60 dots per inch horizon-
taDy and 72 dots per inch vertically.
To print a nearly perfect circle, for
example, you must sketch a 50-degree
ellipse on a graph paper layout sheet.
That's an oval six squares tall for every
five squares in width. The layout sheet
in Fig. 2 has dot circles spaced at a 1-1.2
ratio for true reproduction of the art
sketch upon printout.
When your sketch looks good, put a
color dot in the squares that make up
the art shapes. There's no need to dot
every square of a full-column pattern.
A vertical line through the column will
do. No need to fully color a solid or
background area either. Outline soUd
areas with their respective colors. Mark
blocks of shaded areas with pattern
string designators (like PI, Fig. 1), then
simulate the pattern with alternately
spaced color dots adjacent to art
shapes. See Program Listing 2 state-
ment 3050 and Fig. 2 print line 50 for an
example. The statement prints three
blue PI patterns, then 12 simulated col-
umn patterns to shade blocks 1-5 in line
50. The simulated pattern codes shade
the sky portions in blocks 4 and 5.
The same technique applies to ran-
dom column pattern backgrounds. Just
fake some random patterns in partial
background areas around an art shape.
Your art sketch is ready for color-run
programming when all its color areas
are marked, outlined, or filled in.
A numbered guide strip or scale with
sbc-column spacing marks simplifies the
programming task. Cut the bottom line
of blocks off a layout sheet copy, then
paste or tape it along the edge of a card-
board strip. Number the guide strip's
blocks consecutively, starting with 1 at
its left-hand end. Place the finished
guide strip below the art sketch line to
be coded. Use it to get quick counts of
consecutive spaces, columns, and pat-
tern strings.
^ See List of AOifOtllsors on Page 307
^k^d'UM^-M*
MX-80 and RX-80 OWNERS
MICRO-GRIP FRICTION FEED
Aild irif.pi'nsivi' tnctni'i li'i'd lu yi^ir MX HU j'
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luMilrrs !j,iS''iI '>'< EpsuPi ilf^njii su' " j; IBM PL
Curiirnuilod' ,iinl H P Dul Mjln. (i-ini. r-,
Wl. 1 lb- ONLY S39.95/ea.
CARTRIDGE RIBBONS FOR
SSDO'ea
1
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f pbON MX /uao
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Hb LP I IV iZip P,i(Ki 2.75;ea
MS I P I II IV iCjtl I 5 85/ea
Hb LP m V
Rb LP VI Viii
RS DMP JOn
DIABLO H,'.
OKIUAI A rtJ
5S.85fea
7.00/ea
S.SOJea.
4.50'ea
5.00(ea
PRESSURE SENSITIVE
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LABELS
^4 7 ti .
ONt ACHObb J W . l"! 'b
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14 /■« X
COMPUTER PAPER
MINI PACKS
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STANDARD PACKAGING
dnh 15 ih 1 ;>l 3300Lin ONLY $26.00;ctn,
11 12 Green Bd( iSilj 1;;! j'jOO'I I'"-
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1., O U ii'JP'^ J.iPtiTprl iftn i^ll^ 1
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r
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SHUGART 8" DISK DRIVE
SSDD
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requires I i S VAC (74VDC + 5VDC - 5VDC1
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80 Micro, November 1983 • 159
Uaoig } continued
B0;C0;B0;B0;B0rQ6;Al;A2rAl;A2;A2;Al;Al;A6;AR;BP;CJ;:T=142:GOSUB2
5
2270 T=12:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;A1; :GOSUB20:LPRINTQ6 J :T=12 :GOSUB20:LPRI
NTBE; :T=11:GOSUB20:LPRINTQ6; :T=42 :GOSUB20 :LPRINTBl; Gl; E2; Al; A8 ; A
2;Ag;A4;AL;B3fCH;CD; ;T=l62 :GOSUB25 : P=EC+AK+FS+AK+H4-K:K
2280 T=12:LPRINTS2iBYjA9;Al; :GOSUB20: LPRINTA7 ; A3 ; A6; AE ; A3 ; AF; :T=
21:GOSUB20:LPRINTGA;H6;H2;O6;H6;GA;H2;AMjBC; :T=6 :GOSUB20 : LPRINTH
G.-HO; :T-107 : GOSUB20: T=14 :GOSUBl5 : T=12 :GOSUB25
2290 T=39:LPRINTS2;BY;F0;01; :GOSUB20:LPRINTA9; AR j AE; Q6; AE; A9 ; AR;
A8;AV;Bft;AN;BU;BL;C3;A7;A3!Al;E3; :T=106 :GOSUB20 :LPRINTSA ; S4 ; BY; A
D;Q1; :T=12 :GOSUB25 : P=ffiJ+AT+BD+BL+BB+AM
2300 T=42:LPRINTS2;aY;A9;Al; : GOSUB20 : LPRINTQ6! :T=120:GOSUB20: T=l
4:G0SUB15:T=12:G0SUB25
2310 T=43:LPRINTS2jBY!A9!Alj :GOSUB20:LPRINTBP ;CJ ; :T=219 :GOSUB25
2320 P=C0+G0-»G0:T=BB:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al; :G0SUB15 :LPRINTG0
2990 GOSUB90
3000 CY="BLUE" :GOSUB35:GOSUB5:P=Pl
3030 T=44:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al! :G0SUB15 : LPRINTCL
3040 T=3 6:LPRINTS2;BYjA9;Al; :G0SUBl5 : LPRINTCL; FA ;CL i FA; CK; F8 j CG ;
F0;CG;F0;C0;E0;C0;E0;C0;E0;C0;E0;C0jE0;C0;E0;C0;E0rCG)FajCG;F8jC
K;FA;P!P;P;CL
3050 T=36:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al! : GOSUBl 5 : LPRINTCL; FB j QB ; Q9; E0;C0; F0;
CG;FA;P;P;CL
3060 T=36:LPRINTS2;BY;GO;QI; :G0SUB15 :LPRINTS6! BY; AD ; Q2; £0; CG ; FA ;
CL ; FA ; P ; CL
3070 T=26:GOSUB300:LPRINTCM;rc;CKjFC;CO;F8;CO;FG;CG;F0;D0;F0;Dl;
G2 ; F3 ; EA ; EL ; FA ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; A5 ; A2 ; Q4 ; 55 ; BY ; AD ; Q4 J FA ! CL ; FA ! P ! CL
3080 T=24:GOSUB300:LPRINTCL;FA!CL;FA;CL;F4;CG;FG;F0;EG:EG;AGjAG;
AX ; AH ; B2 ; C 5 ; EA ; A5 ; BA ; CL; FA J CL ; FA ; P ; P J P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; P ; CL ; FA; CL; FA ; A5 ;
AQ;S5;BY;AD;Q3;A5;FA;CL;FA;P;CL
3090 T=23:GOSUB300:LPRINTCKjF8;CG;FQ;CGjF9;A2;A4;A4;A8;A2;AljA2;
EA;AL;BA;CL;FA; :T=9 :G0SUBl5 : LPRINTCL; FA; CM; FC ; CK; F8; CG; FG j D0; G0;
C0;E0;S4;BY;AJ;Ql;Al;A2;Al;A2;A5;BA;P;P;CL
3100 T=21:LPRINTS2;BY;GI;gl; :G0SUBl5 : LPRINTCL ; FD ;CR; FH;Dl j Fl;Cl;
El ; Al ; A2 ; Al ; A2 ; A5 ; AQ ; AL ; BA ; CL ; FA ; P; P ; P ; P ; CL ; FB ; CN ; FB ; CM ; FC ; CK J FC
; CK ; FC r CK ; FB ; CO; F8 s CP ; FB ;CL ; FA ; P ; P ; CL ; FB ; CM ; FA ; CK ; F8 ; CG ; FG ; D0 ; G0
; C0 ; E0 ; 54 ; BY ; AV ; Ql ; Al ; A2 ; Al ; AQ ; CL ; FA ; P ; P ; P ; P ; CL
3110 LPRINTTAB(20)BY;AI;56rAl;A2;A2;A4;Aa;AG;AG;B0;C0;E0rE0;Q2;S
5;BY;BQ;Q4;Al;A2;A4iA8;A8;AG;B0;C0;G0;C0;C0;C0iC0;STRINGS (9,128)
Q6;Al;Al;A2;A2;A4;A6;EA;AI;B2;C2;E2;E2: STRINGS (5,4)STRING$ (5,8) S
TRINGS (5,16)
3120 LPRINTTAB{19)BY!AI;QljAl;Al|A2;A4;A4;A8;AG;B0;B0;C0jC0;STRI
NGS (7,64)S5;BY;C8;Ql!Al;AljA2;A4jA8;AG;B0;C0!G0;STRINGS (13,64 )E0
;AljAl;Al;A2;A4;A4;A8;A9jAH;AI;B4;C4;C8;EG;AG;B0jB0;C0jE0;E0;
3121 LPRINTQ3;Al;A2;A2;A2;A4,A8;AOjAG;B0;B0iC0;El)Al;A2!A4;A4;A8
; AG i B0 I C0 ; E0 ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; AB ; AG
3130 LPRINTTAB(17)BY;AO;Q3;Al;Al;A2;A4;AOjAn;AGj80;D0;F0;STRINGS
(9,32)Q3;S5; BY;C9;gl;Al;A4;A8;AC;B0;Ca;E8; STRINGS tS , 8) A9 j A2 ; A2; A
2;A4;A4;A8; AG;AH;AH;B2;B2;C4;EO;E8;AG;AG;B0;C0;C0;E0;Q3;Al;Al;
:131 LPRi:;TA2;A4;E0;B0;Al;AG;B0;B0;C0;E0;E0;A2;Aa;A4 jA8;AO[AG;B0
;B0;C0;E0;El;Al;A2;A4;A4;A3;AG;B0;B0jC0;E0
3140 LPRINTTAB(15)BY;AO;Q5;Al;A2;A4;A4;AG;AG;B0;B0;C0;E9;STRINGS
{6,9)Q4;S4;BY;CG;Q4;Al;A3rSTRINGS (5 , 1 ) A2 ; G4 ; GS; E0; QA; Q2 ; Al ; Al ; A2
; A2 ; A4 ; E4 ; E8 ; A8 ; AG ; AG ; B0 ; B0; C0 ; E0; E0 ; Q2 ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A2 ; A4 ; A4 ; A8 ; A8 ;
AG;B0;C0;C0;E0;El;gA;Q3;A2;A4;A4;A8;AG;AG;B0;C0;C0,-E0
3150 LPRINTTAB(14)BY;AI;Ql;Al;A2;A4!A8;AG)AI;B2)C2;E2jA3;A2;A6;A
6;A5;O4iS6;BY;A6;Ql!Al;Z4;E0;S2;BY;Bn;Ql;Aa;AG!B0;B0fC0;C0;E0;E0
;Q4;Al;Al;A2;A4;A4;Aa;AG;AG;B0;B0jC0!E0;E0;Al;Al;A2;A2!A4;A8;A8;
AG ; B0 ; B0 ; C0 ; E0 ; E0 ; Al ; Al ! A 2 ; A4 ; A4 ; AB ; AG ! 80 ; B0 ! 00
3160 LPRINTTAB(12)BY;AO!e3;Al;A2;A4;A4;A8;AG;B0;C0jE0;Al;E0;E0;E
0;A8;Ai3;B0;C0;C0;E0;B0;B0;C0;S5;BY;C4;Ql;A2;A4; A8;AG;A1;A2;A4;A8
; AO ; 88 J Ce ; EO ; STRINGS (1 2 , 8 ) Q5 ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A4 ; AS ; AG ; AG ; AG j B0 ; C0; C0
; E0 ; E0 ; Al ; Al ; A2 ! A4 ; AS ; A3 ; AG ; AG ; B0 ; C0 ; C0 ; E0 ;
3161 LPRINTQ1;A1;A2;A2;A4;A4;A8,-AG;AG;B0;C0;C0;E0
3170 LPRINTSA ; BY ; AO ; 4J4 ; Al ; A2 ; A2 ; A4;A8; A3; AG ;B0iC0; STRINGS (12,128
)S6;BY;BU;Ql;A4;A2!Al;A3;A5;A9;AH;Bl;ClfEl;STRINGS (9, 1 ) A2 ; A4; Al ;
Al;A2;A2;A4;A8;A8;AG;AG;B0;B0;C0;E0;E0;AljAl;Al;A2;A2;A4;A8;A8;A
G;B0;B0;C0;E0;E0;Al;Al;Al;A2;A4;A4;A8;AG;AG;B0;C0;C0;E0
3180 LPRINTS8;BYjAO;Q6;Al;A2jA4;Aa!A8;AG;B0;CG;CG;EG;STRINGS (9,3
21S7-,BY;fiO;Ql;A2;R2;A4;R8;RG;Ba;C0;E0;QA;Q5:C0:C0;E0rE0:AljAl;Al
;A2;A2;A4;A4;A8!AO;AG;B0;B0;C0;E0iE0;EliAl;Al;AljA2;A4;A4;A8jAG;
AG;B0iC0;C0;E0 ,. . , . __^
160 • 80 Micro, November 1983
Starting with line 1000, program the
lightest color for the first print run.
Hold the darkest color for the last print
run. The light-to-dark printing order
minimizes color contamination of light
ribbons by dark ones.
In line 1000, make CY equal the color
for your art's first print run. If needed,
add line feeds to advance the paper to
the line preceding the art's first light-
color line. Use LPRINT for one line
feed, GOSUB5 for two, or define T for
the needed quantity and add GOSUBIO.
Start your print line coding state-
ments with an LPRINT command. Fol-
low that with TAB(n) or a spacing code
for the number of six-column blocks
that precede the fu-st block with colored
column patterns. Add a BY or BW code
for setting the dot-graphics mode you
want used.
Count the columns that make up the
entire dot gr^hics segment. Include all
blank and colored columns of every
character block in the segment. Deter-
mine nl and n2 values for the total col-
imin count, find both valu«' alphanu-
meric code equivalents (Fig. 1), and put
them in the statement.
Caution: Do not count or code trail-
ing blank columns in the last character
block of the last dot-graphics segment
on a print line. Graftrax ignores the
trailing blank-column codes and kills an
equivalent number of codes to meet its
nl;n2 quota at the start of the next
LPRINT statement. Spacing and BY
codes would be killed, leaving the print
head directionless.
Now add pattern codes for all the col-
umns in the dot-graphics segment. Use
a semicolon after every two-charac-
ter code except the last code of a print
line. A semicolon at the end of a print
line suppresses the line feed and causes
an overprint by the next LPRINT state-
ment.
Code all print line statements for the
first and subsequent print runs the same
way. Make sure that the statement fol-
lowing the last color print run contains
the end fiag CY = "DONE".
Key in or load the main program.
Program Listing 1, first. If different,
change CY-"RED" at the end of
statement 1 to CY = '*(your first run
color)".
Next, key in aU color print run fiU-in
statements for your Graftrax art. When
done, list and visually check all your
keyed-in statements. Look for and de-
lete ending semicolons in last statements
for print lin«. Look for accidentally in-
serted commas between alphanumeric
codes. The comma after a spacing code
adds 16 spaces, leaves a gap, and may
CoMwmmdonp IM
'.-i* ■,j--l».^S,>r",TV i;<Ji
■ DISK DRIVE
ANALYSIS PROGRAM
... A UNIQUE APPROACH TO DISK RELIABILITY!
». any one df Sdven tests To perrerm
preventive maintenance or to isolate problems.
Simple, single-letter commands make DDA easy
to use' Use DDA to align the head, adjust the
index hole detector, or adjust the speed.
UtfflRiiSDA Radial Alignment Test to check the
fwad alignment of your drives. No need tor an
oscilloscope or other expensive test equipment!
^ [>-S*<*cf A-twa S-S<Bn«ioD Orrwa .i-Raium ic main
Enaaf ■■licnoff -
Check the moM^^^HOf your drives. Or. you
can even use tiHP|P Test to adjust the drive
speed, No need ror any test equipment!
PROTECT YOUR DATA.
Now you can make sure your data is
being recorded properly by the use of
the revolutionary Disk Drive Anulifsis
Program (DDA)!
The Disk Drive Autihjsis Program from
J & M Systems, tests your disk's perfo^
mance and calibration without any
additional equipment! It measures your
disk's performance and displays it on
your screen.
This Is the most comprehensive disk diag-
nostic program available for your TRS-80
OgnH DIU DltgnoiBc vl.a
QUICK TEST
O-imtmaai'r* S-SUrtaUM) «><■ u -llalum 1u nwin pnanu
Enf MUcBoil
Use the Quick Test to quickly and auloinaiiieifff^
test live of the most imporlani performance
parameters of your drive. Monitor your drives
for long term drift. Isolate problems quickly and
automatically!
microcomputer. You can even adjust drive
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Spot problems BEFORE they endanger
your data! If you own a disk drive, you
NEED the Disk Drive Analysis Program!
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] & M SYSTEMS IS TIIL DRIVING FORCE!
J 8 M SYSTEMS, LTD. to.
137 UTAH NE ■ ALBUQUERQUE. N.M. 07108 505/265-1501
Se« Lisl ot Arfverliaets on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 161
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'Fooign Su'lac* Add til Yi loUSAPiica
Foraign An Marl Ma tU Vi lo USA Piice
*CanMat MciicoAOdUM'r' taUSAPf<ce *'213
3190 LPRINTS7jBY;AIiQl;AliAljA2;A4)A8jA8;AG;BGjCG;EG;EG;STRINGS(
7,32)S7;BY;BN;0^,tAl;A2;A4;AC;AG!BG;CG;EG;STRING$(14,16)A4iA2!AX;
A2;A2}A4iA4}AO;AG;AG;B0;B0;C0;C0;E0;Q2;Al;Al;A2;A4;A4;A8;Ae;AG;A
G;B0;C0;E0:E0
3200 LPRINTS6;BY;AIiQl;A6;A9;AO;BG;D0;F0;G0!C0;C0jSTRINGS (9,128)
S7;BY;AI;Ql)Al;A2;A6fEA;AI;B2iC2;E2;E2;STRINGS(9,2)S3;BY;BK;Ql;A
2;A4;A8;Aa;AG;AG;^]B0iC0;C0;E0;E0;Al;Al;A2;AG;A8;G0;G0;B0;B0;C0
; Al ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A 2 ; A2 ; A4 ; A4 ; A4 ;
3201 U>RINTSTRINGS(7,8);Q3»A2;A2;A6;A0;BC;AK;BC;A4;A4;A4;A8;A8
3210 LPRINTTAB (15) BY ;AI;Qli AS; A9;AGiBl;Cl;E2; STRING? (12,2)35; BY;
AV;Ql;Al;A6;A8;AG;BG;CG;EG;B0iB0;B0iC0;C0;C0lE0;E0;£0;STRING$ (5,
l)A2;A4;A8;AG;B0;Al;A6;A8;fiG;C0
3220 LPRlNTTAB(13)BY;AIiQliAl;AliA2;A4jA8jAG;B0!C0;STRlNGS (6,128
)Q4;S6>BYi&0;QliA3iA5tAP;AI;D2;E2;£4;A4;A4;A8;A8;AGiAG;AG>B0;B0;
B0;C0;C0iC0;E0;E0;E0;A4;AG;B0;A2;A4;Ae;AG;D0;E0
3230 LPRINTTAB(12)BY;AO}Ql;Al;A7;EAFAK;B4iCe;E8;AGiAG;B0;B0;B0;S
TRING$(6,64)STRING$(6,128)S5;BYfB0;Ql;A2;A4;AO;B0;C0;E0;C2;Al;Al
;A2;A2;A2fA4;A4fA4;STRING$(9,8)Al;A2;A8;A2;A4;B0;E0
3240 LPRINTTAB(19)BYjBEiQ5;AlrA2;A4;A8;AGiCGjEGjB0;B0;B0;C0iC0jC
0lE0iE0)E0;QA)O5;A4)AOiHOiHG;DG;AG;AG;B0;C0;C0;C0
3250 LPRINTS4iBYiA6;Q3jE0;E0;Q2;SA;S4jBY;B2;Ql;EC;AK;B8;G8jA8fAG
;AGi AG; B0;B0fB0)B0i STRINGS (5, 64) STRING? (11, 128} AG;B0;BG;DO;DSfE0
3260 LPRINTTAB{17)BY»AS;Q4;AliA2;A4;A8)D0;B0!Al!Ai)AI;A2iA2;A2;S
TRINGS (7,4) STRINGS (6,8)
3270 LPRINTS4iBy;A6jQ3iAljAl)Q2;S4;BY;A6jQ3;A4;A4;Q2jS6;BY;AF;Q6
;EC;AO;BG;CG;F0iB0iC0iC0tE0;E0
3300 GOSUB5:LPRINTS9;BY;A4}Q3;A8;A8
3990 GOSUB90
4000 CY="GREEN":GOSUB35:P-CL+FA-K:L+EA+CL+BA:T-10:GOSUB10
4110 T=19:LPRINTS2}BY;G6iQli :GOSUBl5:LPRINTC4;BA;CK(E8;CG; B0;C0;
Q4iAliA2)AliA5;AQjAL;BA!PiP)P;P;P;BA;F0;C0;E0;Q8jAl;A2;A5;AQiALj
BA)PiC5;BAiCL;EA;CK;B8;C4rCGiE0;C0:Q2fS5;BYrB5ie2iAl|A2fA5;AQ;CL
;P;P;P;P;P;FA
4120 P=Pl:T=17:LPRINTS2iBY;FQ;Ql;:GOSUB15:LPRINTCL;FA;CK;F8;CK;F
0;CG;E0;C0!E0;Q3;Al;A2;A5;AO;AL;AL;BA;CL;FA)CL;FA;P;P;P;PjCL;FA;
CK;F8;CGiF0;C0;E0;O9;A2;A5;AE!ALjFAjCL;FA;CLrFA;CK;F8,CK;F8;CG;F
0;C0;G0;E0;E0;S6;BYira7Ql;Al;A2;A5;A2;BA;FA;P;P;P;P;P;P;HN
4130 P<;L+FE-K:L+FA+CL+FA:T-15:LPRINTS2;BY;FE;01; :G0SUB15:LPRINTC
L;FE;CL;rA;CK;F8;CGiF0jCGiE0;C0;E0;Q3;AljA2;A5;A2;A5;AQiAL;BA;P;
P;P;P;F0iG0;D0;E0;E0;E0;CG;G0;F8;CG;F0;G0;E0;Q8iA1;A2;A4;AS;AKjB
3;CKiHG;F0;CGiF0;G0;G0;E0;A8;E0;
4131 LPRINTS6;BY;aNiQ5;Al;A3;A5;AQ;BL;FA;CL;FA;P)P;PiP;P;P;P;HN
4140 P<:L+FE+CL+FA+DL+FA:T=14:LPRINTS2;BYiEAi01; !G0SUB15:LPRINTC
L;FE;DG;FO;D0iE0jE0;Q6;A7;A3jAL;BE;FA;P;P;P;P;CLiFE;CLjFA;DK;FA;
CK;F3!CL;F8;BO;B8;SAiSliBY;Err;Ql;AliAljA3jA6;A3;AQ;BEjDA»CL;FA;D
LiFAi :T-e;GOSUB400
4150 P-CL+HE+CL+FB+DL+FA!T-12:LPRINTS2;BYiE4j01; iGOSUBlStLPRINTC
K)HC)CG;F8;DGiF0iG0;E0)Q6jAljAliA2;A7;ADjAQ|AL)DB)DL;FAjCL;HE;CK
;FA;DL)FA|CL;HC;CLiHCiDKjFD;CKjHE;CK;FB;DLjFA;P;P;G0fQ5iSA;BY)C9
;Q4iAl;AliA2;A7;ARiALiDLiDLjFA;;T=10:GOSUB400
4160 P<:T+HF+CL+FB+GL+FA:T-10iLPRINTS2iBY;DO;Q1; :G0SUB15:LPRINTC
T;HE;CLiFC;DK;F3jGG;F0;C0iE0jQ6;Al;A3;AlfA7;AE)AD;BL;CT;P;CS;HG;
CJ;G6;C0;ER;CLiHAjCT;GR)CPiF8jCT;HE;BV;D7jA3;D6fHI;ER;BP;CV;DF;F
L;CT;HEiCL;FC;C8;HG;SAiSliBYjCF)QiiAi;A3;A5;AE;AR;CL;
4161 T>12:GOSUB400
4170 P<:T+HF+CL+FF+GL+FQ:LPRINTS2jBY;DC;Q1;P;P;P)P;P;P;P;PiCT;HE
;CLiFFiDK;FS;CC)FGjH0;D0;G0;E0;Q6;AliA3;A2jA5;AE;ARiP)PfCT;HE;GL
;FF;CO)A7;AS;Dl;E7;BK|H3;FEjAP)H3iEF;ET;CJ;BE;BDjCB;DUiFF;DL;Fp|
SA;Sl;BY;CR;QliAljAl;Al;Al;A3;A5iARjAN;AE;BF;DL;FQ;
4171 T-13iGOSUB400
4180 P=CT+HD+<;N+FF+<;i-+FQ:LPRIKTS2;BYfDC;2llP;P;P;P;PjP;P;CS;HCjG
OjFO;D0;G0)E0;E0;Q8iA3jA7jAF;ANiCL;DF;DL;FQiPiP;P;CT;HEiGLiE0;GV
;G3jBV;HS;BG;A7jEFiDGiGDiDN)HG;G2;AV;B0;D0jE0iQ4;S9jBY;D7;Q5iAl)
A1;A2;A5!AR;AE;AR;DQi:T=15:GOSUB400
4190 P-CT+HF+HL+FF+GL+FQ:LPRINTS2;BY;D6;Ql;P;P;P;P;P;CT;HE;HK;F8
;DO;FO;H0iC0;E0;Q9;Al;Al;A2;A5;AE;AR;Err;DF;HV;FF;DL;Fp;FF;P;P;P;
P;CT;HE;DV)AF;HG;AV;HS;BVjC0iG7iHS)A8;DG;C0;B0;E0;Q2;SA;BY;D7;Ql
J A4 ; BE ; DV ; FF ; DL; FQ; :T-16 iGOSUB400
4200 LPRINTS2;BYiCQ;QliP;PiP»P;CS:H3:Dl;El;EliA3;A2;A5jA7jA7;AD;
AFiAS;AE;AJ;A7;AF;AE;AR!AE;AF;ANjBV;FQ;PrP;P;P;P;p!CT;HC;HK;F8;B
0jE0jS2;BY;A6;Ql;Al;A2;A3;AliAliBOfS9;BY;D7;Ql;STRlNGS(5,128)G0;
162 • «0 Micro, Novwnbw 1983
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80 Micro. November 1983 * MZ
1©
Perpetual Motion
ConOnuatfrom p. 160
Stop the printer with a line overflow
beep. A comma between column pat-
terns codes prints a row of dots and
shifts subsequent patterns to the right.
Save the combined program on tape,
disk, or wafer. Then try running the
program with the printer power off. Cy-
cling through all the color print runs un-
covers syntax errors that occur during
program key-in. Do several dry runs to
become farniliar with displays that ap-
pear before, during, and after various
color print runs. If your TRS-80 locks
up, turn the printer power on and press
the break key.
After the program checks out, try
separate printouts of the color se-
quences. Use a black ribbon without
backfeeding the paper between print
runs. Compare these printouts with cor-
responding color areas of your art
sketch. Fix wrong patterns or spacing
intervals by changing codes in the bad
print line's statement .
With syntax errors and pattern codes
fixed, try a multicolor printout. Follow
and comply with all displayed instruc-
tions.
Prograraming Differences
My programs don't use pattern codes
AA, AB, or AC for CHRS 10, 11, or
12, so you can use the programs on a
Model I or III. Model I users may incor-
porate codes AA, AB, and AC in strict-
ly Model I Graftrax art programs. Con-
versely, Model III users must avoid the
three codes.
In many cases, you can substitute
other codes with similar patterns (but
164 • 80 Micro, November 1963
Figure 7. Perpetual Motion ftve<ohr an.
with an extra dot). Pick a pattern where
you can hide an extra dot in a darker
color. For example, coluirui 1 of block 7
on line 50 (Fig. 2) needed an AC code to
print third and fourth dots red. I substi-
tuted an AE code which also printed the
second dot. The later black print run
hides the extra dot while printing black
window frames.
If there's a 12-column dot graphics
segment to code, you obviously caimot
use code AC to specify an nl value of
12. However, you can add six blank col-
umns to either end of the segment for a
total of 18 columns, then use code Al
for the nl value.
Graftrax-80 and Graftrax-Plus have
different character printing and spacing
characteristics on mixed graphics print
lines. Figure 5 shows the printing/spac-
ing differences. The two examples
shown are enlarged replicas of printouts
using the same spacing test program.
With Graftrax-80, a dot-graphics
segment ends anywhere within a six-col-
umn block. The print head then jumps
to the next block's first column to print
a character or do a space. With Graf-
trax-PIus, the print head moves to the
very next column, no matter where a
dot-graphics segment ends.
You may use skip- or all-column
spacing to tailor programs for your ver-
sion of Graftrax. But, using Q codes to
account for all blank columns of an art
sketch makes its program compatible
with both Graftrax versions. A friend
may have the other version. Or, some-
day you may want to upgrade or down-
grade to the other version. Both have
certain advantages.
More Art Examples
Program Listing 3 prints a bird of
prey (Fig. 6) in six-color print runs.
With the main program, the Bird of
Prey program requires about 30K bytes;
26,013 for program storage and the rest
for strings and overhead. The combined
program runs on a 32K tape or 48K disk
system.
A red run has coding with only one
loop for initial line feals (line 1000).
Tabs space to print points beyond 10
charaaer blocks. Line 1290 prints the
art title in emphasized upper- and low-
ercase characters. The statement's code
EY turns the emphasized mode on for
printing by the next 12 codes. These
codes represent title character ASCII
decimal values.
A brown run mainly covers the lower
background with random colunm pat-
terns for later overprint with green. Fre-
quently redefmed T values and loops
through main program statements 20
and 25 print most of the column pat-
terns. Simulated random patterns fill in
the partial background areas around
airplane outlines. Simulated PI column
patterns provide light shadow shading
under horizontal tail surfaces (state-
ments 2110 and 2120) and center wing
(statements 2170-2200). Statements 2280,
2290, and 2300 leave a clear title window
in the random patterned background.
A blue print run does the light blue
sky, using 50 percent PI patterns (see
Fig. 1). Simulated PI column patterns
fill in partial sky areas around tail sur-
faces and right wingtips. This mn also
prints wing leading edge and rib lines,
the windshield, and structural detail
lines along the fuselage. Lines 3070,
3080, and 3090 define T values, then
loop through routine 300, which sets the
480 mode for 222-dot columns to the
rudder, then prints a T quantity of PI
patterns between the sky's left edge and
the upper wing. The calling statement's
codes complete the remaining sky seg-
ments to the right edge.
A green run overprints the random
patterned brown background. Prede-
fined patterns range from 50-percent
green at the horizon (line 4110) to solid
green in the last four print lines. Lines
4140-4270 access routine 400 to print
green patterns behind the triplane on 14
lines above the title window. Defined
printing patterns are altered within
statements 4160-4230 to leave streaky
propwash arcs around the Iriplane's
nose.
A black run adds the pilot, guns, in-
signias, and all black detail lines. State-
Lating 3 t:onlmueiJ
H0 ; GG ; HG ; FF ; DL ; FQ ; : T=l 5 : GOSU B4 00
4210 P=CT+HT+HL+FF+GL+HQ:T=13:LPRINTS2;BY;CK;Q1; :G0SUB15 :LPRINTG
O;HG;D0;G0;E0,-E0;S2;BY;B4;Ql;A3;A4;A7;A9;BM;CP;DE;FJ;GT;DC;DN;AR
; AD ; A6 ; A3, ■Al;Al;A2; STRINGS (7 , 1) A3 ; A2; A5 ; A3 ; A9; AE; AO; AG; B0;C0; E0;
S2 ; BY ; DP ; Q5 ; A3 ; A 5 ; AF ; AV ; AR ; AO ; QA ; p7 ; E 3 ; DL ; HQ ;
4211 T=15:GOSUB400
4220 P=CT+HF+HT+FF+GL+Zl : T=i 1 : LPRINTS2 ; BY ; DU ; Ql ; :GOSUBl 5 : LPRINTC
T;HE;HS;FC;GO;H0;G0;E0;H0;H0;G0;G0;G0;E0;Q7;Al;A3;A7;AD;AN;BV;BU
; GV ; H7 ; DJ ; GO ; DE ; F J ; CT ; GM ; D J ; BL ; GQ ; DD ; BN ; ER ; HD ; DM ; DL ; FJ ; GT ; GD ;
4221 LPRINTET;DC;CS;CS;GO;FP;HO;DO;HG;F0;E0;E0;S3;BY,-DP;Ql;AF;AT
;CU!HO;FG;H0;E0;Q3;Al;A7;A4;A2;A3;A3;A5;A6;AF;AN;BV;FF;DL;FF;Zl;
:T=15:GOSUB400:P=DT+HF+Zl+FV+FW+Zl
4230 T=10:LPRINTS2!BY;DO;Ql; :G0SUB15 : LPRINTDT; HC ; HG;D0; G0; E0; Al;
Al ; A2 ; A3 ; A7 ; A5 ; A7 ; AF ; AE ; AD ; AV ; AT ; AV ; AN ; DV ; DU ; DV ! BV ; P ; P ; DT ; HE ; DV ;
AV;GD;HN;CR;HL;GQ;DE;GN;DD;FL;GK;DU;FD;FL,-FH;GS;EO;E0;E0;E0;E0;S
3 ; BY ; DV ; Ql ; EO ; DG ; HO ; HG ;C0; A8 ; E0; Q9 ; A3 ; A7 ; AT ; HE ; Zl ; FV ; DN ; Zl ;
4231 T=17:GOSUB400
4240 LPRINTS2;BY;DI;Q1;P;P!H0;H0;F0;HG;FG;HG;P;P;P;P;P;P;P;DT;DE
;Zl;FV;DN;Zl;P;P;P;P;P;P;DT;HE;Zl;FV;DU;FS;ESjGG;C0;E0;O2;S5;BY;
DP;Ql;AG;Al;AS;AV;BR;BV-;BLi;BV;Zl;FV;DN;Zl; :T=18 :GOSUB400
4250 P=FV+HN+Zl+FV+DN+Zl:T=10:LPRINTS2,-BY;A9;Al;P;P;Q6;P;DT;HF;Z
1 ; FV ; DN ; HU ; DS ; HC ; Zl ; FV ; DN ; Zl ; : G0SUB15 : LPRINTDT ; HF ; Zl ; FV ; DN ; HO ; HG
;D0;G0;QA;Q8;Al;A3;A7;AT,-BV!AV;AE;R7;Al;QA,-Q3;Al!AF;FV;DN;Zl; :T=
19:GOSUB400
4260 T=9:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;P;DT;AG;G3;El;El;El;Q6;STRING$ (5,129)
G3;G2;C3;G3;H7;Q3;AO;Zl;FV;DN;Zl; :G0SUB15 :LPRINTDT ; HF; Zl; HU ; HS; H
O;DG;G0;HG;HG;H0;H0;H0;D0;C0;Q6;Al;Al;Al;A3;A3;A3;A3;A7;AE;AV;BV
;DV;FV;DN;Zl;P;Zl;DU;BV;BR;AV;AV;AV;AN;AV;BU;DV;DF;
4261 T=20:GOSUB400
4270 P=Z2+HF+Z3:T=27:LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;P;P;Q6;P;Z5;DV;BU;BV;Z4;P
;Q3;E0;E0;E0;P;P;P;P;P;P;DV;Z4;HJ;Hl;Gl;E3;A3;A7;A7;AF;AF!AU;AV;
BV;BV; :GOSUB400
42G0 LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;ZA;Z2;A7;A7;A7;AF;AF;AF;ZB;HU;HS;HS;HS;Q6
;STRING$ ( 5, 252 ) STRINGS (5 , 254 ) HO ; HG; H0; H0; ZE; Z6; ZE; STRING? (84,252
)ZA;Z2;HN
4290 LPRINTS2;BY;F8;Q1;ZC;Z3;AV;AF;AF;AF;Q6;STRING$(5,15)AV;AV;A
V; AV ; BV ; A7 ; A3 ; Al ; Gl ; ZE ; Z6 ; ZE ; SA ; S4 ; BY ; AD ; Ql ; Z6 ; Z6; HN
4300 LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;ZD;Z2;Q6;ZF;ZF;STRINGS (84 , 63 ) Z6; Z6; HN
4310 LPRINTS2;BY;A9;Al;ZD;Z2;BV;BV;BV;DV;DV;DV;ZF;HF;ZF;HF;ZF;HF
;ZC;Z3;HN
4320 LPRINTS2; BY ;A9;Al; STRINGS (99 , 192 ) STRINGS (166,192)
4990 GOSUB90
5000 CY="BLACK":GOSUB3 5:T=3:GOSUB10
5040 LPRINTTAB(38)BY;AU;Q4;Al;A2;A4;A8;AG;AG;B0;B0;B0;STRING$ (9,
64 ) B0 ; B0 ; B0 ; AG ; A8 ; AO ; A4 ; A4 ; A3
5050 LPRINrTAB(38)BY;B4;Ql;A3;BU;H0;E0;Q3;A8;AS;AU;AU;AV;BV;DV;D
V;Zl;AV;A3;Q9;Al;A3;Al;E0;C0;B0;AO;A4!A3
5060 LPRINTTAB(3a)BY;B7;Ql;Zl;QA;E0;G0;HG;HS;HU;Z2;DV;AF;A3;A7;A
F ; AV ; BV ; DV ; Z4 ; BV ; AV ; A7 ; Al ; Q2 ; G0 ; DO ; AF
5070 LPRINTTAB ( 29 ) BY ; Al ; Ql ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A9 ; Al ; CK ; CK ; C8 ; AG ; B0 ; B0; E
0; E0; Q4 ; S6; BY ; B7 ; Ql ; HO ; AE ; A3 ; Q2 ; A8 ; AE ; AF ; AF ; AF ; AV ; AV ; AV ; BV ; BV; DV
; HU ; HS ; HG ; Z4 ; H7 ; Hi ; G0; G0; G0 ; STRINGS ( 6 , 1 28 ) Q4 ; HF
5000 LPRINTTAB(26)BY;AO;Ql;Al;Al;A3;A3;A3;A2;Q2;Al;Al;A2;A4;A5;A
9;AI;B4;Ca;EG;AG;B0;C0;E0;Q2;S8;BY;B7;Q3;E0;H0;BG;AO;7VE;A3;E3;Hl
; HS ; HP ; HH ; G2 ; E2 ; A3 ; Al ; Al ; Q2 ; H0; HO ; Z4 J DV ; AV ; AF ; A7 ; A3 ; Al ; Q5; AF ; HO
5090 LPRINTTAB ( 24 } BY ; AO ; Q4 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AE ; AS ; AO ; BO ; DO ; HO ; GO; GT ; ET ; A
P;AI;B7;CF;EJ;AH;B0;C0;E0;SA;Sl;BY;AV;Q2;Al;E2;G4;EO;B0;C0;STRIN
G$(7,128)C0;B0;AV;HO;HG;H0;G0;E0;E0;Al;Al;Al;A2!A4;AO;B0;G0
5100 LPRINTTAB(24)BY;AU;Q2;E0;El;E2;E2;A4;A8;AG;AG;B0;C0;E0;E0;Q
5;E0;G0;H0;HO;DS;AU;AF;A7;A3;Q3;S3;BY;A6;Q2;A1;A2;A4;A8;Q1;S5;BY
; AU ; Ql ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A8 ; AG ; B0; G0 ; Q7 ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A9 ; Al ; BC ;CG ; G0; STRING
$(7,128)
5110 LPRINTTAB ( 22 ) BY ; Al ; Q5 ; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A4!A8; AG ;B0; 00 ;C0;E0;Q4; S3 ;B
Y;CE;Ql;E0;G0;HG;HS;DV;BV;AV;AF;A3;Al;Q7;Al;A2;A4;A8;AG;B0;C0;E0
;QA;Ql; STRINGS (9,1) STRINGS {8 , 2) A6; A4; A4 ; A4 ; A4 ; BK;C4 ; E4 ; A4; A4; A8;
A8 ; AC ; AG ; AG ; AG ; B0 ; B0 ; B0 ; Cl ; E2 ; A8 ; AO ; B0 ; G0
5120 LPRINTTAB(21)BY;AI;Ql;Al;A2;A4;A8;A8;AG;B0;DV;DV;H0;DO;AU;A
7;A1;Q4;S5;BY;AU;Q4;A1;A3;A7;AF;AH;B0;C0;E0;QA;Q1;A1;A1;A3;A7;AF
; Q3 ; S4 ; BY ; AP ; Q6; Al ; A2 ; A4 ; A8 ; AO; BO ;HS;BS; AS ;AE;A6;A6; STRINGS (8,3)
5130 LPRINTTAB { 19) BY; DN ; Q3 ; Al ; A2;A4; AS ;A8; AG ;B0;C0;E0;E0;Q7;Z2;Q
Letmg 3 conmued
f^^M
esot«^^^-
USCF rated
1793/5*
SFINKS 4.0
with user friendly features
Second Kisslmmee Open Rd 2
White: Slinks 4.0 Black: Human 1830
Whitt
1. e2-«4
2. g1-l3
3. d2-d4
4. f1-b5* c8-d7
5. b5-d7* d8-d7
6. f^d4 g8-t6
7. bl-c3
8. e1-g1
9. c1-e3
10. d1-d3
11. c3-d5
12. d5-b6
13. b6-a8
14- f2-f3
15. f1-d1
16. c2-c3
Black
c7-c5
d7-d6
C5-d4
g7-g6
f8-g7
e8-g8
a7-a6
b7-b5?
d7-b7
b7-a8
b8-d7
t8-c8
a8-b7
Black
d7-e5
e5-c4
b5-b4
a6-a5
b7-b5
a5-b4
c4-b6
WMIt
17. d4-«2
18. d3-c2
19- e3-f2
20. c2-b3
21. d1-d4!
22. c3-b4
23. al-cl!
24. C1-C8+ b6-c8
25. b3-c4 b5-d7
26- c4-b4 c8-a7
27. b4-b8* t6-e8
28. d4-c4 a7-c6
29. b8-a8 c6-e5
30. c4^c8 g8-l8
31. a2-a4 e5-d3
32 c8-d8! resigns
1^ Mill Si
m ms\m it i
abcdefgh
SFINKS 4.0 CHESS, 48 K. disk
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Model I, III or IV.
SFINKS 3.0 CHESS. 32K, disk or
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Model I (E.I.), III or IV.
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Model I. Ill or IV.
To order, please see your dealer or
send check plus $2.00 shipping to:
WILLIAM FINK
Suit* 24-B. 1105 N. Hlain St.
QalnMvllle. PL 32601
or call (904) 377-4847
Florida residents add 5% sales tax.
'On Modal 3 w/»peedup by Holmes Eng.
^ Swe List ot Attwrtisefs or Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 165
ment 5310 prints the lower small plane's
left wingtip. It also checks whether
Graftrax-Plus or Graftrax-80 is used,
then sends control to either 5320 or
5321. Statement 5320's code NY turns
on the compressed character mode,
codes AR;CJ;A1 set the subscript
mode, then the last seven codes print art
credit BY: KAL within the border. Or,
statement 5321*5 codes print the art
credit in compressed characters below
the border. Finally, a border run frames
the art in any color you choose.
Bird of Prey makes a black/white/
gray printout if you omit the green run.
Just cycle through the green run with
the printer power off.
Program Listing 4 prints Perpetual
Motion (Fig. 7) in nine print runs. Al-
though Fig. 7 has only the five readily
available colors, you can use up to nine
if you have the color ribbons. You can
also use one ribbon to get a black/
while/gray printout, but skip the hair
and duck-parts print runs.
Combined with the main program,
Perpetual Motion needs about 26K
bytes for storage, strings, and overhead.
The program runs on a 32K tape or 48K
disk system.
A hair run prints the girl's hair a solid
color with some highlights. Use a
brown, yellow, or black ribbon car-
tridge for this run. A duck-parts run
prints the ducks' feet and beaks. It also
prints the cover background of the
lower book on the floor. Use a red,
brown, or orange ribbon.
A red run colors the hair bow and all
facial, arm, and teg outlines. It also
prints stripes on the rag doll's body. Use
a red ribbon. Lines 2030, 2W0. and
2050 print the hair bow in 960 dot-
graphics mode to produce a deep red.
Subsequent statements use the 480
mode for lighter red outlines.
A brown run outlines and shades the
girl's hair, colors the TV cabinet, does
the floorboards, and prints the cat on
the upper book's cover.
A blue run prints the background
wall, using 50 percent pattern PI (Fig.
1). This run also prints the TV screen's
sky background and center part of the
lower book's cover.
A green run prints the TV screen's
lower background and the upper book's
cover background.
A dress run colors the girl's dre^ and
outlines her socks. Any color may be
used for this print run. A border run
frames the art in any color you want
to use.
Finally, a black run does all black de-
tails, prints the art title, and adds the art
credit. Title and art credit print as de-
scribed in Bird of Prey.
The various print runs access GO-
SUB routines 100-760 and the main
program's routines as needed. The rou-
tines print identical dot-graphics seg-
ments or T-defined quantities of six-col-
umn patterns. For example, routines at
lines 320 and 400 print a T number of
patterns plus one column without an
ending semicolon. The routines print
the last segments of wall and floor pat-
tern print lines.
The routine at line 700 produces iden-
tical segments of the TV's left side on
three print lines. The routine at line 740
prints four identical print line segments
from the TV's left edge to the screen's
left edge.
Greeting Card Procedure
Bird of Prey and Perpetual Motion
are Graftrax art programs that easily fit
into 32K RAM. Their 3 1/2- by 4
3/4-inch dimensions are ideal for print-
ing greeting cards with personalized
messages.
Draw a sketch for color art to fit on
one quarter of an 8 1/2- by 11-inch print
sheet. Invert the sketch, renumber its
print lines, and code the upside down
column patterns in the required number
of color print runs. Use few or no line
feeds and spacing codes to position the
inverted art within the print sheet's up-
per-left quarter. In the last print run,
use enough line feeds and tabs to print
your personalized greeting, poem, or
message within the paper's lower-right
quarter. Print your art and personalized
message on a single sheet. Fold the sheet
twice into a 4 1/4- by 5 1/2-inch card.
The printed art appears right side up on
the card's front cover. Your message is
inside.
Graftrax Art Limits
Art printouts are limited by printer
width and paper size. Vertical and hori-
zontal printouts up to 8 by 10 inches can
be made on an MX-80 with normal fan-
fold paper. An MX-lOO extends the lim-
its to 10 by 13 inches. The TRS-80*s 48K
capacity only limits the size of one fill-in
program. You can solve the RAM limi-
tation by using more than one filLin
program, each controlling one or more
print runs.
For example, a 48K TRS-80 Model I
disk system and an MX-80F/T printed
the sailing ship (see the title-page il-
lustration). The actual printout measures
7 5/8 by 9 1/8 inches. 1 used three
separate fill-in programs, averaging
about 25. 5K with main program rou-
tines, i loaded and executed the pro-
grams in turn.
A two-run first program printed all
black details, including the frame's
edges, in one run. A second run tex-
tured the frame brown. Save spacing
codes by using separate runs for black
details and frame outline.
The second program's first run dot
shaded the sails and colored the ship's
structural parts and upr)er hull brown.
BTA MODEL 953B EPROM PR0GRAMMER-$359
•^
BAT TECHMICAL AaaOCIATEg. ina
HWY 603, PO BOX 387
BAV ST LOUIS. MISSISSIPPI 30520
{«Wl)<«7-a231 ^213
Programj 2508, 2758. 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, 2564,
2764, 27C64, MCM68766, 27128.
RS-232, 3 line serial intarface, Xon/Xoff format, DB-25 I/O connector.
No personality modules - software control EPROM selection.
Extended diagnostics.
LED warning indicates power applied to EPROM socket.
Supports Intel, Motorola, and Intel 8086 data formats as well as HEX data
dump.
Automatic baud rate se<ect)on.
Textool zero insertion force socket.
Available CP/M software.
Model 953A, programs most 24 pin EPROMS.
Price $269.00
166 • ao Micro, November 1983
The second run printed the hull's lower
area and the masthead banner in 960
mode to produce a deep red.
The third program's first run did the
sky in blue patterns progressively lighter
from top to horizon. The first run also
printed assorted wave patterns on the
water's surface. A second run over-
printed the blue wave-patterned water
with assorted green patterns. I divided
the water surface into four vertical areas
to reduce coding requirements. The
subdivisions allowed asymetrical distri-
bution of several predefined blue wave
patterns over the water's entire surface.
Subsequently printing predefined green
patterns over the blue ones gave the
water a random wave texture.
Graftrax color art programming is
neither mysterious nor difficult. Start
small, just to get the feel of it. Try single
color an first, then do small color art
for a little practice. You'll eventually
become familiar with the codes and ex-
pand into larger color art programs.
Seeing the end result of a program
makes all the effort very worthwhile.
If you'd like reproducible 11- by
17-inch art layout sheets in three scales,
an enlarged pattern code chart (like Fig.
1), and some programming/debugging
aids, mail $2 to me.H
Write to Francis S. Kalinowski at 16 N.
Alder Drive, Oriando, Ft 32807
Listing J conimued
3 ; E0 ; H0 ; DO ; BS ; AF ; A 3 ; Q4 ; AF ; AV ; BV ; DU ; DT ; DR ; CN ; BE ; AD ; A 3 ; Al ; Al ; Al ; Q8
;A1;A2;A4;AG;AG;B0;C0;E0;Q2;E0;H0;G0;G0;QA;Q1;C0;G0;H0;HG;HO;HI);
Zl ; DV ; AF ; A3 ; Al ; A3 ; A7 ; AF ; AV ; Zl ;
5131 LP'U^^TBV;AV;A3;Al;pA;Ql;Al;A2;A4;AO;AG;B0;C0;E0
5140 LPRIIJTTAB(15)BY;AU;g5;Al;Al;A3;A7;AE;AE;A£:;BO;AO;AG;Q3;Al;A
3;A7;AE;AJ;B3;C3;El;El;Al;Q3;S2;BY;BA;Q2f Z2;Q5;Al;A2;A4;G7;HI;DP
;AU;A7;G0;B0;Bl;C2;G2;Zl;HU;DU;Z3;Ht:;HT;HQ;HK;D8;CG;CG;D0;C0;E0;
5141 LPRINTQ5 ; S 3 ; BY ; Bl ; Ql ; AG ; AO ; AU ; AV ; BY ; BV ; BU ; DS ; DO ; HG ; HG ; HU ; Z2
;GF;E3;El;Q7;Al;A2;A4;A8;Ay;AG;B0;C0;E0
r;150 LPRINTTAB(14)BY;CE;Ql;Al;Al;A3;A7;AE;AS;AO,-BG; DG; HG ; HG ; HG;D
G ; DG ; DQ; DI ; D4 ; G8 ; AG ; AG ; B0; C0 ; E0 ; E0 ; E0 : H0 ; DO ; AU ; A7 ; A3 ; E0 ; E0; E0 ; G0
; G0 ; G0 ; D0 ; D0 ; D0 ; D0 ; BG ; BG ; BG ; AO ; AO ; AP ; AF ; AF ; AF ; Z2 ; AV ; BV ; Bil ; AS ; Zl J
BU ; AD ; DV ; DT ; HP ; HH ; H7 ; H3 ; EJ ; EF ; Al ; A2 ; H2 ;
5151 LPRINTHS;HS;HO;DO;EG;D0;E0;Q2;S5;BY;AO;n4;E0;il0;G0;Q6;E0;HS
; HI' ; HQ ; HI ; H-l ; G8 ; EG ; B0 ; C0 ; K0; E0
5160 LPR INTTAB ( 1 3 ) BY ; C8 ; Q6 ; El ; E2 ; E4 ; E4 ; A9; Al ; A4 ; A4 ; A8 ; AG ; AG ; B0 ; C
0;E0;C}A;Q5;E0;G0;HG;DS;AV;A7;Al;Q3rAl;AF;AF;AV;BV;BU;Zl;HS;HO;HG
;HG;H0;H0;E0;G0;Q5;E0;C0;C0;B0;Bl;AI;AS;A3;S7;BY;AE;Q6;Al;A2;A4;
AB;AU;AG;B0;C0;E0
5170 LPRINTTAB(12)BY;AI;Ql;Al;Al;A2;A4;A4;A9;Al;B4;C4;Ca;EG;B0;C
0;E0;E0;g3;S4;BY;B':;Q3;AO;GR;flK;l!S;DU;GF;E3;E0;E0;E0;D0;E0;QA;Al
; A2 ; A4 ; AH ; AG ; B0 ; C0 ; E0 ; Q4 : S 5 ; BY ; A}i ; ga ; Al ; A2 ; A2 ; A4 ; AB ; AG ; B0 ; B0 ; C0 ;
E0
5180 LPRlNTSA;BY;AI;Q5;Al;A2;A2;A4;A9;AJ;B7;CB;EG;B0;C0;C0;E0;Ql
:.S6;BY;AO:Q2;AS;H0;E0;g3;E0;G0;G0;g6;Al;A2;A4;A8;AG;B0;C0;E0;S6:
BY;AD;Q4;Al;A2;A2;A4;A3;AG;BG;B0;C0;E0
5190 LPRINTS9;BY;AO;Q3;Al;A2;A4;A8;AH;B2;C4;E8;A8;AG;F0;G0;H0;HG
;HO;HS;DU;AV;A7;A3;Al;gi;S6;BY;AI;g9;Al;A2;A4;A8;AG;BE;C3;E0;Q2;
S4;BY;AL;g2;Al;Al;Al;Al;A2;A2;A2;A2;A4;A4;A4;A4;A8;A8;A9;AJ;AN;B
R;CH;E1
5200 LPRINTS6; BY; BG;gi; Al; Al; Al; A2; A2; A4; A4; AS; A8; A8; AG;AG; AG; AG
; BG ; CG ; CG : CG ; CG ; EG ; AG ; B0 ; C ; E0 ; QA ; Q4 ; E0 ; G0 ; H0 ; HG ; DS ; AU ; AF ; A 3 ; Al ;
gi;S5;BY;C6;gi;Al;A2;A4;AE;AH;B0;C0;E0;g7;H0;B(;;AO:A6;A3; Al;Al;A
l;Al;A3;A2;A7;A2;Q2;Al;A2;A4;A8;A8;AG;AG;B0;B0;C0;C0;E0;Q9;Al;
5201 LPRINTA7;A9;BP;CD;E7;E3;El;El;El;G0:G0;H0;DG;BO;AO;A9;A3;A4
5210 LPRINTTAB(13)BY;C2;Q4;G0;H0;HG;BS;AV;AF;A7;A3;Al;gA;g6;Al;A
2;A4;A3;AG;B0;C0;E0;Q4; E0;D0; AG; A8 ; A4 ; A2 ; Al ; A2 ; A3 ; A7 ; A? ; AF ; AF ; AE
; A6 ; A4 ; E4 ; E8 ; E8 ; EG ; AG ; B0 ; H0; H0 ; 00; E0 ; S2 ; BY ; AS ; Q4 ; A3 ; A4 ; A8 ; AG ; D0 ;
HG ; HO ;HG; STRINGS (8 , 120 ) Al ; A2 ; A4 ; AO; D0; El ; Z2; DS
5220 LPRINTTAB(14)BY;AO;Q3;H0;H0;G0;G0;G0;G0;g6;Al;A2jA4;A3f AG;B
0;C0;E0;Q2;S3;BY;A6;g2;E0;E0;E0;g2;S3;BY;Bl;g4;Al;R7:AF;AG;D0;E0
; yA ; gl ; Al ; A6 ; A8 ; BO ;CS ; BS ; AS ; BO ; BO ; DG ; H0 ; G0 ; E0
52 30 LPRINTTAB(12)BY;AU ; g4 ; Al ; Al ; Al ; A2 ; A2 ; A4 ; A4 ; A8 ; AS; A8 ; AG; AG ; A
G ; B0 ; B0 ; B0 ; B0 ; D0 ; DG ; DO ; DS ; DU ; EV ; AF ; A 3 ; Al ; Ql ; S 7 : BY ; Ag ; Q4 ; A3 ; A4 ; AE
; AU ; CE ; EF ; A7 ; Z 2 ; g9 ; A 3 ; A4 ; AO ; B0 ; G0
52 40 LPRINTS4 ; BY ; A6; Ql ; AV ; AG ; AG ; AS ; AS ; AF ; S7 ; BY ; B4 ; Ql ; G0 ; C0 ; E0 ; QB
;g3;E0;G0;ii0;DO;BS;AU ;A7;A3;Al;Ql;S5;BY;AR;Q3;Al;A3;A4;A8;BG;C0j
E0;A3iAl;A3;Q3;E0;H0;HO;DV;BV;Bi;B0;C0;C0;C0;C0;E0
Ijsing i conlmued
PACKER Madine language piogr am mat edils all oi pan
Ot your Basic piogtam !o ijn taster save memory or
ease editing Ihe i> opuons rnciuOe UNPACK -unpacks
multiple stateme'it lines mto single slaiemenls
maintaining logic inserts Spaces and lenuinDers imes
SHORT -deletes unnecessa'y *oi(Js spaces and RtM
Slatemenls PACK — pacKs lines into rnammum multiBie
Slalentenl lines including all brancties MOVt moves
line 01 blocks of Imeslodny new location on orogram On
2 cassettes lor 16K 32K S 48K
Fo( TRS-80 Mod I oi III Level II 0' Disk Basic S39 9^
SYSTEM TAPE DUPtlCATOR Copy youi SVSUM format
tapes Includes ve'ity toutmes Ttie Mode! Ill versioi'
allows use ot Dotn yxi and t^ baud casseties speeoi,
For IRS-80 Model I 0( Hi Level II SIS 9S
CASSETTt 1 ABEt MAKER A inim woidptOCessoMopfirt
cassette labe.s on a ime ptmier Includes 60 peel ■ and
stick labels an faiior teed paper
For Tfi-BO Model I ot III level II & Printer %M 9'i
PRINT iOLPRiNI 10 PRINT Edits your Basic program in
seconds to change all Prii-ls 10 LPrinls leicepl PnnKa or
Print"! or LPnnts lo Pimis Save edited version
For TR-BO Model I or III Level II SVi %
FAST SORI ROUTINES (or use witti Radio SttacKs
Accounts Heceivat)te Inventory Control i and Oish
Mailing List Systems tor Model I Level II Sorts i"
SECONDS' Voul' fie an'a^ed at me time Ifiey can save
Supplied on data diskette *i!ti (omplete instructions
FAST SORT lot Accounls Receivable S19 %
FAST SORT tor Inventory Control I S19 '^■■
FAST SORT (or Disk Mailing list specify data diskelle nt
cassette fo^ i drive sysiemi Si4 9!)
All iHREE flOun^tS S449b
Prices subject to change witfioul notice Call or wmetor a
complete catalog Dealer inquiries mvited VISA and
Masterctiarqe accepled Foreign order m US currency
only Kansas residents add 3" sales ta*
On-line catalog m Whichita FORUM-80 31&*82-2113
Or call our 24 hour pHone 1316) 683~*81 1 or wnte:
COiTAGE SOrrwAHE
bU N HARDING
WiCHItA KANSAS 6r?0
^187
IRS 80 is a tradPriMik of iandy Coiooration
SuperSCHIPSIT' insert pw- tor M.nl III ili.k f«p!.iin^
cvp.indslrjtrriris "lariudi. M SO (oiuljincs retl'ronr f
mjriLj.il irilr J lfi( lutlps < hart S14.I)0
Prolile III PliK' lOB inicrl pjjs lor Moil Ml rnanuai
jjidin EnKJish I'xplanadDns, psamplcs, 1 lf»22 ( hart-,
shoi\ ivheri' you're soinK $14.00
General Ledger insert p^s lor Mod III Disk Manual
Tfll-, HOW artounis interad am! proilud' slatc-
rncriti 19x25 2-wjlnr wjll ih.itr thov\'. Cu If fAl
Balanrc '■hcct. Icrnis %\A m
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CI Mod III Disk helps grasp (\(lp, term-, Hft,l S, H.i'
Shi'ct indoi loi iiianuaji S4 no
BASIC' |s<xini rnosl oftpn mcd Mod III DkL mni-
riband-, with details, samples, ('samples S4 00
Plus Commands used to set up tiles, strt-cns. Ti'iiorr-.
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■ - Copyrights ot Tandy ot VisiCotp ot .Microsoft
Send cash. < he< k, money order to
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^ See Ust ot Advertisefs on Page 307
80 Micro, Novemberl 983 • 167
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166 • 80 Micro. November 1963
Smallware
Our software is making a name for itself.
Smallware. Thafs what we've named our unique soft-
ware designed for microcomputers. Smallware offers
mucfi more than ordinary software: higfi quality, custom-
er support and a complete product line. You can buy
software anywhere. But for the special features of
Smallware, The Small Computer Company is your one
and only source.
The Small Computer Company is known to many as the
company who developed the filing system software
Profile® It, Profile Plus and Profile III Plus for Radio
Shack; and filePror our CP/M® version.
Now, whether you're a microcomputer end-user, dealer
or manufacturer, you can order our Smallware directly
from us.
Here are just some of the enhancements we offer to
Model III users:
PROSORT: If you need to select records for a report by more
than two criteria (income, ztp code, purctiases, etc.) Presort lets
Sou use up to sixteen. Once selected, the records can be sorted
y up to five criteria (zip code, within state, by last name).
Prosort also offers substantially greater sortirtg capacity. . . $150
FORMS: If you prepare forms that require several lines of data,
from Invoices to shipping instructions. Forms Is invaluable. It
allows you to print Indh/ldual forms (up to 13 " x 11") with
graphics, trademarks, logos, undertining, subscript and
superscript furKtIons $125
ARCHIVE: Lets you maintain up-to-the-minute, clean files by
removing Inactive records and transferring them to a pre-deter-
mtned list or file; split an existing data base Into any number of
specialized files; free substantial disk storage space $150
PROPACK^A tool that lets BASIC programmers more easily
customize Profile systems. The resulting programs are shorter,
easier to write and faster running. Propack also gives tlw BASIC
program indexed access to Profile data $75
For Model II, 12 and 16 users, there's Qulkback'"with Format,
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The Small Computer Company does more than create
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For further informatton, call (212) 398-9290. To order, ask
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The Small Computer Company, Inc.
230 Wfest 41st Street, Sutte 1200, New York, New York 10036
Smallware, Piopack Qui kback and filePro aie trademarks ot The Small Computer Company, Inc
CP^M IS 9 legislefod trademark ot Digital Research, Inc Profile is a registered trademark of Radio ShacK
^245
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170 • a0 Mien, Nwmbf 1983
Put 64K CP/M 22 in your
TRS-80 Model III and tap into
business
\ \ \
Now you can run programs such
as WordStar, dBASE II,
SuperCalc, MailMerge and vir-
tually thousands of other CP/M-
based programs on your TRS-80
Model III.
CP/M 2.2 is the industry stan-
dard operating system that gives
you access right now to over
2,000 off-the-shelf business pro-
grams.
Our plug-in Shuffleboard III
comes with 16K of RAM, giving
your Model III the power of full
64K CP/M 2.2 without inter-
ference of the ROM or video
memory. In fact, the Shuffleboard
will appear transparent in the
TRS-80 mode and will not inter-
fere with any DOS operation.
READ and WRITE Osborne,
Xerox and IBM personal
computer software plus many
more popular formats.
Unfortunately, there is no stan-
dardized CP/M format for 5 'A "
diskettes- But we have developed
a way to READ/WRITE and RUM
standard programs under the
following single-sided formats:
Osborne 1 S/D, Xerox 820 S/D.
IBM PC* D/D for CP/M 86 only,
Superbrain D/D, Kapro II D/D, HP
125 D/D and TeleVideo D/D.
•Will Read and Wrile Only.
Easy plug-in installation.
It's so simple. The Shuffleboard
111 plugs into two existing sockets
inside your Model II!. There are no
permanent modifications, no cut
traces and no soldering. You'll be
up and running
in minutes.
New Products.
80 X 24 VIDEO BOARD; Features
dual intensity screen, programmable
cursor control for block, underline &
blink rate, onboard bell with audible
keyclick. battery-operated real time
calendar/clock, full ASCII character
set plus 256 special character
graphics, dual RS-232 outputs and
composite video output.
R.OPPY DISK CONTROLLER: Mow
you can access 5Va " and 8" floppy
disk drives in any combination up to
4 drives of S/D density, S/D sided.
Tap into a wealth of QP/tA software
which comes on 8" \B!A 3740 format
or Pickles & Trout CP/M for the Model
IL
SOFTWARE: Additional CP/M soft-
ware programs are available. Call or
write for details.
OEM and DEALER inquiries
invited.
introductory price of
The Shuffleboard III comes fully
burned-in and tested complete
with 64K CP/M 2.2 and MBASIC
80 interpreter, plus software
manuals and a first class user's
manual — with a 1-year limited
warranty and 15-day no-risk free
trial — for only $299.
See the Shuffleboard Ml at
your dealer's now.
Once you see what the Shuffle-
board can do for your Model 111
you'll want one at once. If your
dealer does not yet stock the
Shuffleboard have him give us a
call. Or send check, money order,
VISA or MASTERCARD number
(sorry, no COD's) plus $5 shipping
per board ($17 outside the (JSA &
Canada)* directly to the address
below. Cal. residents please add
sales tax. Credit card purchases
can be phoned in directly and
we'll ship from stock.
(415) 483-1008
'Air mail shipments to Canada & all other
countries.
m
memorv
rriGrchant
14666 Doollttle Driva San Leandro. CA 94577
(415) 483-1008
WordSUc & MailMerge are tfodernarks of MicroPro
SuperCalc K ,i traJemjrk ol -sOkCIM.
dBASE M i» a Irodemafk of Ashton TbIc.
CP^M is a Itademarh ot Digital Resparcfi.
TRS-80 I* a irademark of Tandy Corporation.
IBM IS a nadpmark of IBM Corporalion
A maintenance tool for "CHD"
files. Allows you to append 2
or more files, reorganize, and
offset. Extract LIB aentiers. S40
Z-80 assembler/editor supporting
nested macros, conditionals, and
Includes. PftO-CR£ATEs a powerful
tool that Is easy to use. SlOO
Transfer files directly to DOS
6.0 from selected CP/M media.
PRO-CURE supports Omikron, IBM,
Kaypro, and Osborn formats. S50
Disassemble directly from
files or memory. The disk
source output generates
labels and handles data.
loot
(40
!o
I A 4-funct1on utility package
't that Is loaded with power:
DOCONFIG; MEMOIR; PARMDIR; and
J SWAP. A must for JCL users. $40
An on-line quick reference card
{at your fingertips. Screens for
I DOS and BASIC. Create your own
custom HELP files, too. (25
This is the LC C-language
compiler now compatible with DOS
6.0. LC includes the PRO-CREATE
macro-assembler package. (ISO
lA utility to build and maintain
your own partitioned data sets.
I Collect many small files Into
one and save disk space. (40
^O
A block -graphics screen editor
which Is used to create graphic
images for BASIC, assembler
programs, or printing. ^^q
U.S. Shipping: PRO-LC. (5; PRO-CREATE, (4; All
others $2. COD add (1.50. VISA/MC/CHOICE.
MISOSYS
P.O. Box A84e - Dept H
Alexandria^ Virginia 22303-0848
703-960-2998
LDOS is a trademark of Logical Systems, Inc.
TRSOOS is a trademark of Tandy Corp.
FRICTION FEED for your EPSON
MX-80 or RX-80
• Converts your printer to friction feed
of SINGLE SHEETS or ROLL PAPER.
• Fits otfier printers based on Epson models
(IBM PC. Commodore. H-P Dot Matrix, etc.).
• Simple installation; all you need is a
screwdriver (no soldering).
• Tractor Feed remains
undisturbed.
ONLY $39.95
ADD $2 00 FOR SHIPPING
CA Residents aSd6% sales id<
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■ SAN BERNARDINO. CA 92404
PHONE (714) 664-6643
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?W ULTIIiimi EHJPim^. ?t8
#
NOM:
HOOa 1. 3. andHOMPHTIBLEii
CP/H 2.2and3.eG0HPflTIBLE>J
5aaN=
IBH H5-005 md CP/H-96 aVfRTIBILITYn
PLUS add up to 1 Htgabyts of RflH!!
High Speed RflCISK is coning!
SYSTEMS START AT $1999
Includes- LNHBB-S«. Hi -Res Green Honitor. One
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174 • 80 Micro, November 1983
CHILD'S PLAY
AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN AGES 2 TO 7 YEARS
This machine language program conlams tasi animation, sound eltects. tunes, and
speech. The speech has Iwo ciolions il can be generaled Dy compuler or by a VSiOO
speech synthesize' i speech options describee idter) The program is easily const Diled Dy a
tnenoiy menu- mar: *no points lo ihe options that may De chosen The mam menc contains
tour sections • Learn tin Alplubel ■ Learn lo Count • Learn Stiapes • Learn Words
Each section contains inree suDsections whicb can easily be manipulated givng twelve
games m all The menu seieclion is accompdnieO Dy a dillerent nursery rhynif tune tor
each menu
LETTERS
This option allows the child to select letters at 'andom match ihe cufrent letter cisplayed,
or type in the next letter When a correC response is given, an animation assoc aleO with
■he letter moves across the screen eg Z (or Zebra The computer says ttie letters also
NUMBERS
This option allows the child io select the numbers zero to nine al random, match ttie current
number displayed or type in the next number Men walk out on the screen egjai to ihe
numbei chosen This section also contains speech
SHAPES
Tfiis section allows the child to control the menu-man. moving shapes !rom the lett hand ot
the screen to the right hand ot the screen The (irst level allows the child lo pick up shapes
using the spacebar The second level m addition allows the child to control the menu man
wdh Ihe arrow keys Ihe third level puts a small Bee on the screen which the (hild must
avoid while manipulating the menu-man and shapes
WORDS
This tinal section allows the child to type in letters to torm wofds The first level asks lor a
word 10 be typed m, then to be repealed belore another word can be Hied The second level
prompts the child with a word which must be matched Detofe an animation wiH appear on
the screen The last level shows the animation on Ihe screen Then the chud must type m
the correct v^ord before tbe next dnimaiion is shown This section contains speech also
SPEECH
The proqrdm can be bought as a "-tdnd alone program with computer generated speech
which uses your speaker amplilier Hov^ever we have also made the program compatible
with an Alpha P'oducis VSlOC speech synthesizer tor improved Speech qudniy (This can
be purchased from Alpha Products' sub|ect to avaiiabihtyi The speech is not available tor
d 16K machine
Sotlwdte available lor Ihe TRS80" Models 1, III, and IV. Also soon available tor the limex,
16K tape (no speech) 32K tape 33K disk 4BK disk All programs lor
/Indiana res'Oena d<ia b\ iak'i la- CUD ajn $200'
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Indiana Software Group, inc.
P BOX 627 • COl UMBUS. INDIANA 4/202
TELEPHONE (812) 372-4042 •IHbbQn.-ejisip-eci-ademi- oi !.i.o,Corc
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•TRSDOS IS a trademarh o' Tandy Corp and NEWDOS-80 is a trademark of Apparat mc
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THOR DIGITAL PORT
14 INano I5 0UT— Eacnport a toiiBbils
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^ See UsI ot AiMniaefs on Pagt 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 175
REVIEW
Data-base Duo
by Wynne Keller
I
f you need the speed of an in-memory data
base, read this comparison between Reader's
Digest's ListMaker and SofTrends' Promise!
• •
ListMaker
Reader's Digest
Microcompuler Software Division
PleasantviOe, NY 10570
Models I and m
$99
* • • • Vi
Promise! (formerily Aidsplus)
SofTrends Inc.
26111 Brush Ave.
Euctid, OH 44132
Models 1 and HI
$129
ListMaker and Promise! are two new
in-memory data bases for the Models I
and in. The programs are very similar
in basic intent, but completely different
in the way they accomplish in-memory
data management.
ListMaker isn't a bad program. It has
some nice features, including the ability
to split and merge files, change field lo-
cations, and produce printouts that sup-
port both text and data base records
without a word processor.
However, ListMaker can't compete
with Promise!. Promise! loads more
rapidly, has far better searches and data
displays, is easier to add to and edit,
prints files that don't fit in memory,
and manipulates files and fields with
great sophistication.
176 • 80 Micro, Novembef19e3
In-Memory Data Bases
In-memory data bases like ListMaker
and Promise! have a smaller data-han-
dling capacity than their big brothers,
random-access data bases. That's be-
cause any in-memory data base main-
tains all its data in the computer's ran-
dom-access memory (RAM) as you
work with it. When you finish working
with the program, it saves the data on
disk as a sequential file.
In a typical application (140
characters per record), about 200 items
fit in memory. If you don't have
enough room for an entire file, you
divide your file in portions and work
with one portion at a time.
Obviously, these programs become
awkward to use if you have to split your
file into too many sections. In-memory
data bases have this limitation built in.
(Random-access programs hold as
many items as the disk allows and can
access each item one at a time directly
from the disk.)
But in-memory data bases have a
clear advantage over random-access
data bases in speed. They perform
searches and sorts nearly instantaneous-
ly. And when you add records, you
move from one record to the next with-
out the brief but annoying disk access a
random-access data base requires.
ListMaker
Reader's Digest, manufacturers of
ListMaker, target the package for the
educational market, emphasizing school
applications. But like all data bases, you
can use ListMaker for any data-base ap-
plKation — business, school, or home.
ListMaker comes on a TRSDOS-for-
matted disk. You have to specify wheth-
er you want a Model 1 or Model III disk
when you place your order. The manual
states that you can back up the disk only
once; however, 1 wasn't able to back it
up at all because the manual doesn't
supply the disk's password. The usual
TRSDOS password, PASSWORD.
didn't work.
The program requires a separate data
disk. You can run it on a single-drive
machine, but this involves a lot of in-
ojnvenient disk swaps.
ListMaker's 80-page manual is attrac-
tively printed on heavy p^>er in a three-
ring binder. After several introductory
chapters, the manual delves into chapters
on business and educational applica-
tions. Depending on your intended use,
skip to the appropriate section.
Each section presents essentially simi-
Ammicro introduces
the first letter quality printer for $680
that can also be used as a typewriter.
CORPORATION
TheMICROXA/RITER" Daisy wheel printer.
There was a need for a low cost letter quality machine that would
be suitable fur use as an office typewriter, and as a computer printer.
Ammicro met that need by combining the Microwriter parallel inter-
face and the traditional Olivetti craftsmanship that was available in
their Praxis machine.
With the Microwriter you can have the best of both worlds a let-
ter quality printer, and a high quality office typewriter all in one
machine, that sells for less than the cost of a good dot matrix printer!
It's not just printer or a typewriter that comes complete with a
deluxe carrying case, but a feature- packed, lightweight machine that
doubles as an office typewriter. This printer is a simple, low cost,
reliable unit which can be utilized with word processing systems,
microcomputers, personal computers, and small business systems.
The Micrownter's low noise level and slim modern styling allow it to
blend with any decor
The Microwriter's print quality is identical to the finest office
typewriters on the market. This machine is not only perfect for let-
ters and manuscripts, but with it s 165 character. 12 inch print width,
the machine is perfect for letter quality budget spread sheets, price
lists, data sheets, and forms.
The Microwriter can tab. rule single lines both vertical and
horizontally, underline and print at 10. 12. or 15 characters per inch
(switch selectable)! Its ten character memory for automatic error
correction, lift off correction ribbon, and fixed or programmable page
formats are a few of the many features that make it a perfect office
typewriter. Microwriter not only handles letter and legal size sheet
paper in widths up to 12 inches wide, but also handles fanfotd paper.
There's a wide selection of 21 interchangeable daisy wheels
available. And ribbon cassettes that just drop in.
^See List ol Aiivwlisers on Page 323
It s operation as a computer printer is simple. Just load it up with
paper and you are ready to go. Centronics compatible parallel output
cables are currently available from stock for the following com-
puters: IBM PKRSONAL COMPL'TERTm, OSBORNE ITM.
ZENITH Z lOOTM. BURROUGHS B-20TM, Convergent
Technologies models IWS & AWS"!"", TRS-80 MODEL 1, 11. UITM,
APPLE 11^'*^ . . .custom cables also available by special order.
This machine creates a new standard by which all current low
cost letter quality printers will follow. Ammicro's Microwriter is tru-
ly designed for the lifestyles of the 80's and for decades to come.
Why settle for just any printer when you can have a
MICROWRITER. . . a fine letter quality typewriter for you and
your computer.
The Microwriter is the only daisy wheel printer on the market for
$680. For more information, see your local computer dealer or con-
tact Ammicro directly.
corp
^2sa
122 East 42 StrMt, Suite 1700. Nm/ York, N.Y. 10168
(2)2) 254-3030
(MovlarCardJlOi
M&r
MKLRUWIUTUI o
80 Micro, November 1983 • 177
FOR TRS-80 MODELS 1 , 3 & 4
IBM PC, XT, AND COMPAQ
The MMSFORTH
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Compare.
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ledger and more, alt with
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• With source code, for custom
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• The famous MMS support,
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User Groups worldwide, the
MMSFORTH Newsletter,
Forth-related books, work-
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consulting-
FORTH
A World of
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Personal licensing for TRS-80-
$129,95 for MMSFORTH, or
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FORTHWRITE, DATA-
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Personal licensmg for IBM
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If you recognize the difference
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MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES
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(617)653-6136
178 * flO Micro. November 1983
'ar material with either business or
school examples. The fmal chapters
provide more detailed information and
include a flowchart of program opera-
tions and explanations of ail menu com-
mands.
Many sections of the manual are on
the disk as a separate help option. Help
isn't available from within the program;
you have to save your data and return to
the main menu to use this option. A
Help menu lets you identify the prob-
lem and send the information provided
to the printer.
Promise!
SofTrends supplies Promise! on a
special disk that boots in a Model 1 or
111, but doesn't include a complete op-
erating system. You supply a disk with
an operating system on it and follow
simple instructions to transfer the pro-
grams onto your disk. I used DOS-
PLUS, but the program is compatible
with all major operating systems.
You still have room on a double-den-
sity disk for some files after you transfer
Promise!. Promise! is easier to use than
LislMaker if you have only one drive.
Two-drive owners will probably want to
put all the Promise! companion pro-
grams, such as CALCS and FORMAX,
on the disk with Promise! and maintain
a separate data disk.
Promise! isn't protected. You can
move the programs that make up the
Promise! system about at will to make
room for files.
The Promise! manual 1 used was a
preliminary version. The fmal version
wUl be printed in a spiral-bound 5 Vi - by
8 '/i -inch booklet.
The program screens display refer-
ences to pages in the manual. If you
have trouble with any screen, you know
where to go for help. Unlike ListMaker,
the Promise! Help function is available
from the main menu and you don't
need to save the file in memory before
using it.
Another Help feature I like is the
flash on the screen whenever you make
a mistake. You can see the flash even if
you're not looking directly at the
screen. It's a warning that you're doing
something wrong.
Initiidizatkin
As its name imphes, ListMaker isn't a
full data-base management program.
This is evident in its maximum field
length (30 characters) and the lack of its
calculation ability. The program is de-
signed for mailing lists and similar
groups of short data.
ListMaker allows no more than 12
fields and you must state at the outset
how many you intend to use. Then you
enter the field name and length; you have
an opportunity to make corrections at
the end of the initialization process.
ListMaker permits only one field
type: alphanumeric. Since the program
doesn't perform calculations, you ha\e
no need for numeric fields.
When you finish initializing, name
the file and write it to disk. This is called
the List Format File and you must load
it at the beginning of every session. You
can establish as many 1^ formats as
you want.
Promise! allows eight more fields
''Promise! allows
eight more fields
than ListMaker
and. . . you can use
subfields by combining
several short fields
into a single one. "
than ListMaker and, if you need more
than IQ fields, you can use subfields by
combining several short fields into a sin-
gle one. You can still access such data
separately via the subfielding search
techniques. The total length for all
fields can't exceed 255 characters per
record.
As you initialize fields, the screen
shows how many bytes you've used and
how many records would fit in memory
if you stopped initialization at that
point. This information is highly useful.
You want as many records as possible
to fit in memory, and with this feature
it's easy to fine tune the data base to its
most efficient size.
You can edit, delete, or insert fields at
any point in the initialization process.
The Promise! editor is more sophisticat-
ed than ListMaker's.
Promise! supports numeric fields be-
cause even the core program provides
totals and subtotals, and because the
CALCS program offers more sophisti-
cated math . During inil ializal ion ,
specify whether you want a decimal
point and decimal-place accuracy.
As in ListMaker. you must save the
field information for Promise! in a de-
scriptor file. When you name the file.
Promise! encourages you to add the
suffix /DSC, so it is easy for you to dis-
tinguish descriptor files from data files.
These files are important; they are the
map by which both programs read your
data. The Promise! descriptor files also
contain search speciPications and report
formats; therefore, it's useful to keep
the descriptor File up to date.
You can use both programs for many
different projects, so devise a fUe-
naming scheme that clearly connects the
descriptor file with its own data. A
Model III disk hokls a lot of data, and
it's easy to forget which descriptor goes
with which data Tile.
Add, Search. Edit
To add data to ListMaker. load the
appropriate list format file, then select
the Add option from the main menu.
The field names appear on the left side
of the screen, and an adjacent line in-
dicates the fleld length.
ListMaker permits very little edit-
ing. If a typing error occurs, press the
left-arrow key to go back and change
the error. Unfortunately, the Model
Ill's auto repeat is disabled so you must
press the key once per character. A
shift/left-anow key sequence erases the
whole line.
At the end of each fieU. press the
enter key lo go to the next line. It isn't
possible to return to a field once you
press the enter key and you can't make
corrections at the end of each record.
This can be annoying, since you mi^t
not notice mistakes until the cursor is
past the field in which errors occur.
Because in-memory data bases locate
records very qukkly, they normally
don't use record numbers. To find any
item in the file, the program makes a
search. The search requires that upper-
and lowercase letters match.
ListMaker offers three types of
searches: in-string. exact match, or
single<haracter. The in-string search
starts at the left and finds all reconk
matching the search characters. For ex-
ample, Smi wouW find Smith. Smith-
fiekl. Smithye.
The exact match search, using the
same letters, wouldn't find any name
but Smi; longer names wouMn't
qualify.
The single-character search kx)ks for
a character in a certain position, such as
i as the third character. I tried the single-
character search several times and it
always locked up the computer. The
other searches worked fine, and found a
record at the end of the file in about 10
seconds.
All ListMaker searches must be for
an "equals" condition. Greater than or
less than searches aren't supported.
You can make searches on oiily one
field at a time. This might be insuffi-
cient for some purposes. If you want to
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• Unlieited Backups
ORDERS/INFOt 303-351-0426
FL Residents, Add SX Tax
^^•tring Systees
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eo Micro. November 7983 * 179
sort by zip code, then by last name, this
isn't possible.
When ListMaker finds the record, it
appears in its entirety with additional
choices at the top of the screen. These
include options to continue the search,
move forward or back one record, edit,
delete, or exit to the main menu.
It's possible to have more than one
record on screen at a time, but the pro-
gram displays only one field of each
record. You can specify which field you
want to see. For most purposes, viewing
only one field is virtually useless. At the
very least, you need two fields and even
better would be as many fields as fit on
screen.
You can customize how Promise!
adds records to an amazing degree. You
can decide to add only some fields of
each record, and you can choose which
ones you want and the order in which
they appear. By customizing, you won't
nc«l to press the enter key to go past
fields for which you don't have data.
Another nice feature is the automatic
repeat of data in any fields you specify.
If you're typing a lot of addresses in one
state, you can preset the state field. If
you do so for ME, for example, the pro-
gram thereafter automatically prints
ME in that field until you change it.
Make the change to another state by po-
sitioning the cursor over ME and typing
in a new state abbreviation.
You can automatically increment
number fields by one, which is very use-
ful in entering checks, invoices, and
other sequential data. It's also possible
to set the program to automatically in-
"Very sophisticated
searches are available
with Promise!.
No matter how
complicated the search,
the records appear
in seconds. *'
voke the enter key at the end of these
repeal fields.
You can make corrections at any time
during the Add process, and the arrow
keys move the cursor to any field on the
screen. One of the big drawbacks to the
original Basic version of Aids was the
slow speed of cursor movement. The
new Promise!, written in machine-lan-
guage code, is greatly improved in typ-
ing and cursor movement speed.
When editing records, you can speci-
fy which fields to edit. The chosen fieWs
are the only ones that appear on screen,
and the cursor is at the end of the field,
ready for additional information or a
shift/left-arrow key sequence to erase
the fiekl.
By pressing the clear /left -arrow keys,
you can have full featured editing with-
in the line. This new edit funaion per-
mits insertion and deletion of characters.
Very sophisticated searches are avail-
able with Promise!. No matter how
compik:ated the search, the records ap-
pear in seconds.
Promise! displays searched records
with a single line for each, so it's easy to
make comparisons with adjacent rec-
ords. However, in most cases the entire
record isn't displayed. You can choose
which fields to display, or you can sec
fields that don't fit on screen by press-
ing the shift/right -arrow keys to move
the fields horizontally.
You can also scan records vertically
as though the screen were a cylinder.
The end of the file is marked with a
dashed line and the begiiming reappears
just below it.
CONVERT YOUR TRS-80 MODEL I. Ill, OR 4 INTO A
DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM
Now you can develop Z-80 based
stand-alone devices such as games,
robots instruments and peripheral
controllers, by using your TflS-80 as a
development system The DEVELOP-
MATE plugs into the expansion con-
nector of your TRS-80 and adds
PROM PROGRAMMING and IN-
CIRCUIT-EMULATION capabilities to
your system (with or without expan-
sion interface)
Complete instructions and sample
schematics are included to help you
design your own simple stand-alone
microcomputer systems THESE
SYSTEMS CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS
FOUR ICs one TTL circuit for clock
and reset a Z-80 an EPROM, and one
peripheral interface chip
When the In-Circuil-Emulation
cable IS plugged into the Z-80 socket
of your stand-alone system, the sys-
tem becomes a part of your TRS-80
You can lise the full power of your
editor, assemble rs debug and trace
program to check out both the hard-
ware and the software Simple test
loops can be used to check out the
hardware then the system program
can be run to debug the logic ol your
stand-alone device
Since the program is kept in TRS-80
RAW changes can be made quickly
and easily When your stand-alone
device works as desired you use the
Developmate's PROM PROGRAMMER
to copy the program into a PROM
With this PROM, and a Z-80 in place ol
the emulation cable your stand-alone
device will work by itself
The DEVELOPMATE is extremely
compact Both the PROM programmer
and the In-Circuit-Emulalor are in one
small plastic box only 3 2" x 5 4" A
line-plug mounted power supply is
included The PROM programmer has
a ■ personality module' which defines
the voltages and connections of the
PROM so that future devices can be
accommodated. However, the system
comes with a universal" personality
module which handles 2758, 2508 (8K)
2716 2516 (16K). 2532 |32K). as well
as the new electrically alterable 2816
and 48016 i16K EEPROMsl
The COMPLETE DEVELOPMATE
81, for Model I with software power
supply, emulation cable. TRS-80
cable and "urn versa r personality
module $329
DEVELOPMATE S3. Model III/4 verBlon,
same as above $329
PM2 PERSONALITY MODULE for
2732A EPROM $15
PM3 PERSONALITY MODULE for
2764 EPROM $15
Instruments
■151
172 Otis Avenue. Dept M Woodside.
CA 94062
(415) 851-1172
Cali'om.a 'i-^, (Writs ^ >'«■.,- jJO f '^ salei '.a.
1B0 • 80 Micro, Novwnbor 1983
Unlike ListMaker, Promise! sup-
ports all Boolean logic (greater than,
less than, equal to, not equal to) and
searches multiple fields with And or Or
coimections between fields. It's possible
to compare fields within the same
record and to specify certain character
positions as irrelevant to the search.
I particularly like the fact that Prom-
ise! retains search criteria for reuse.
You can set up four search formulas,
then start displaying records according
to each formula in turn. Switching from
one search to another involves pressing
one key, and the results appear before
you can blink.
You can easily mark or unmark rec-
ords. Use this sophisticated feature on
one record at a time, or on all records
that satisfy the search criteria.
Once you mark records, they become
a separate entity within the file and you
can manipulate them as a group. Prom-
ise! also handles new (recently added)
and old (previously added) records as
separate groups. There is no limit to the
manipulation possible with the search
function.
The program retains the formula
most recently specified for a search for
subsequent opwrations, such as editing,
printing, or disk saves. Be careful here.
This is powerful and useful, but it's im-
portant to pay attention to what you're
doing or you might save only the rec-
ords that meet some search criteria
when you intend to save the whole file.
The program provides warnings to
help prevent mistakes, and after some
fimctions such as delete, the current
selection changes back automatically to
all records.
Printouts
ListMaker combines limited word
processing capabilities with its report
function. It's possible to print explana-
tions with each field, or even do simple
form letters.
The report section is a separate pro-
gram that you load from the main
menu. When you're moving between
different parts of ListMaker, the
Reader's Digest logo appears on screen
and stays long enough to be irritatmg.
Although the manual doesn't mention
it, pressing the enter key removes the
logo and moves to the next section.
After the report program loads, a
rather complicated menu appears. The
first step is to create a print file, the list
of words and field numbers you want
printed. Print files are either current or
standard. The current one is in memo-
ry. The standard one is created when
you originally establish the file.
Unfortunately, I couldn't fmd a way
to make any particular file become the
standard if 1 bypassed thai option at
initialization. If you want a standard
print file, be sure to design it when you
create the format file.
You'll need a certain amount of trial
and error to create a good print file, es-
pecially if you use the word processor
c^ability. Type any words, inserting
field numbers between the < > signs
where you want the field contents
printed.
In very simple reports, you might
have no words, just field numbers. Fan-
cier reports can include descriptive
phrases for the fields.
A letter is the most difficuh, because
you must terminate each line with the
enter key. A printout has 80-character
lines, but the screen displays only 64.
You must guess or count to ensure that
you press the enter key al least every 80
characters.
ListMaker tabs over any number of
spaces, and even fills the blanks created
with a character of your choice, such as
THE LOGICAL TOOL
For Hardware and Software Development
MODEL LA-1680 LOGIC ANALYZER
For TRS-80 Model I or Ml Computers (48K RAM)
FEATURING . . .
• Collection Of 1000 Data Samples On Each Of 16 Channels
• Optionally Expandable To 64 Channels
• User-Selectable Sampling Rates As Fast As 20 MHz
• Easy To Specify Triggering & Collection Conditions
• Timing Displays For Hardware Include:
Standard 16 channel timing diagram
Edge mode for transition identification
• State Displays For Software Include:
Dump in hex, binary, octal, decimal
Instruction disassembiy of microprocessors
Map showing frequency of data samples
• Plus . . .
Histogram showing software performance
Signature analysis of 14 points at once
Correlate sample to reference memory
Pattern search to aid data location
Incredibly friendly 'help' displays
The LA-1 680 Logic Aniayzer allows you to
hooK up to a high-speed digital circuit, define
and collect the data you wish to examine: and
then, produce a visual representation of the
actual digital signals tor closer inspection and
analysis. This facilitates the design and ser-
vice of computers, peripherals, and any
equipment which contains digitial logic
circuitry
The LA-1680 Logic Analyzer contains the
high-speed circuitry necessary to perform the
time-critical functions of data recognition and
collection. The TRS-80 microcomputer pro-
vides for convenient keytx)ard entry of user
commands, detailed display of data on
screen or printer, and storage of test set-ups
or displays on disk.
This combination results in a powerful digi-
tal tool, exhibiting features found only on
todays most expensive, top-of-the-line logic
analyzers Yet. the affordable LA-1680 is well
within the reach of educators, hobbyists, and
industry,
LA-1680 Logic Analyzer $1250.00
High Impedance Probes
iTTLorCMOS SCharmeisI $275.00
Model I Cable Adapter $95,00
64 Channel Expansion Unit . . $1250.00
Demonstration Disk $5.00
OmnlLogic, Inc.
P.O. Box 87
RENTON, WA 98057
206/271-2000 ^46.
80 Micro, November 1983 • 181
a dash or dot. Sophisticated formats let
you separate a field broken by a comma
into its two components.
You can brejjc up a field in the last
name, first name formal for the report.
Place the first name in front of the last
name, or print the last name or first
name alone.
The report function also supports
limited logic. You can print the contents
of a field if there is anything in it, and a
different field if the first field is empty.
When the print file is complete, you
can edit for corrections. The editor is
difficult to use, and I easily made a mess
of my print file as I tried to edit it.
The editor is better than none at all,
but considering the sophistication of
most program editors these days, it's
hard to see why ListMaker couldn't
have a nondestructive cursor. It should
be possible to make corrections within
the line as you work on it, instead of
typing below the line and pressing the
enter key to see the effect of changes.
For the printout, you can select page
size, left margin, and paper type. You
have an opportunity to type a heading. I
typed one in and as soon as I pressed the
enter key it went directly to the paper
with no warning for adjusting the paper
position.
The program is supposed to support
wide type and centering for the heading.
It didn't work with my printer, and I
can't find any list in the manual of sup-
ported printers. The manual implies
that these features work on any printer
''If you don't own
a word processor,
you might find
ListMaker's print
function useful indeed. "
that provides these features, but this is
untrue.
The sophistication of the print pack-
age in this program is unusual for a data
base. Most data bases don't allow mix-
ing text and fields except through a sep-
arate word processor. However, the
print file is difficult to set up and even
more difficult to edit.
Most people who already own a word
processor would find it much easier to
prepare text that way. However, List-
Maker has no provision for using a
word processor-created file. If you
don't own a word processor, you might
find ListMaker's print function useful
indeed.
Promise! supports two printer rou-
tines. One is simple to use but unsophis-
ticated; the other is sophisticated but
complicated. Both routines send reports
to screen, disk, or printer. The disk op-
tion prepares a report to be printed
later.
The simple report is a single-line
printout that supports page title, page
kngth, left margin, and field selection.
If you select more fields than fit on the
page width, the programs wraparound
the excess.
It isn't possible to send printer codes.
This type of printout is convenient for
casual use, but because of the one-line
limitation, for most purposes you'll
want the more sophisticated reports.
FORMAX, an integral part of the
data base, creates reports in conjunc-
tion with a word processor. You design
and type the form layout with any word
processor, then FORMAX prints the
records from within Promise! placing
fields where indicated. FORMAX also
prints files too large to fit in Promise!
(those created by merging two or more
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No name disks ss/dd . . . $19.95
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H37F7 DEFM Cass''
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Outputs
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I AUTOMATICALLY rOetit-t-es sijcf> tlata areas
• Outputs t Lilly- labeled RaOio Shack or APPARAT"EDTASM'-toimal coOe to
display pnnle' cassette or disfc (Printer output tuHy pagiriaied i
• Relocates itset to any desired RAM area up or down by as Mile as one byleor
as many as reguTed
• Loads p'ograms (rorn casseiie or dis<< and displays enlry points
I Huns on IRS-' 80 Model I (Level ID.MoOelUI O' Model 4 (in Model in model
16K or more cassette or disk
"1354-12 (ModetllH casseiie Version 2| S3495
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• Copies vrtuaily all torr-ials o' cassette tiles'"
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182 • 80 Micro, November 1983
Promise! files together).
FORMAX reads printer codes. You
can move from one print size to
another, underline, enhance, or do any-
thing else your printer supports.
You can specify labs within a line,
skip any number of lines, strip trailing
blanks from character fields and
leading blanks from numeric fields,
print part of a field, and reverse year,
month, day fields to print as day,
month, year.
Promise! supports logic, and you can
print labels on any text on a conditional
basis. For example, on an invoice form,
logic can print "overdue" on any state-
ment that shows the number of days
since payment to be greater than 30.
Conditional text can be any length.
It's also possible to prompt for oper-
ator entries. In this way, you can design
a form that includes, for example, the
current date, typed from the keyboard
when you print the form.
Another unusual feature is the ability
to convert numeric fields to their
EnglLsh equivalents. This is useful when
you write checks, and Promi.se! does a
creditable job of printing your checks
on any check form you care to use.
FORMAX was designed for forms,
but you can also use it for routine
reports. To format a two-line repori,
create only two lines in the print file,
consisting of fields, tabs, and printer
settings. When you want to print the
report, specify the page length as two
lines.
FORMAX goes through the file,
considering each record as a page even
though it's net printing on true separate
pages. This works well with two limita-
tions: You can't have a title or top and
bottom margins. This is the only major
drawback I could fmd in this print
program.
As with ListMaker, you design a
printout file through trial and error.
With Promis*.-!, this process is compli-
cated by the use of a separate word pro-
cessor.
If you have any problems with the
file, you must exit from Promise!, load
the word processor, edit the file, reload
Promise!, reload the records, and lr>
out the report. On the plus side,
however, the word processor simplifies
the creation of complex reports such as
form letters.
File Functions
When you use a random-access data
base, your data Ls always safe because
it's on the disk, not in computer memo-
ry. A power failure wouldn't cause the
loss of much, if any, data.
With an in-memory data base, it's
necessary to pay more attention to the
file's condition. Data isn't recorded au-
tomatically; you must remember to save
it at the end of each session or more fre-
quently to prevent accidental data loss.
Promise! does have a fine utility pro-
gram for data safel\'. After an acciden-
tal reboot or careless exit from the pro-
gram, typing RECOVER/AID in DOS
brings you back to Promise!, usually
with the data safely in memory.
ListMaker tries to assist the operator
with reminders. If you try to do any-
thing that might destroy the items in
memory, it warns you to sa\e the rec-
ords to disk. If you forget to bring an
old file into memon. before adding new
records, you can still merge the old file
with the new items.
This selection is confusing, though,
because the warnings on screen imply
that you'll destroy your file. If you pro-
ceed despite the warning, the program
eventually asks if you want to erase the
data in memory or merge the data with
the file being read.
TRS-80 "CAN YOU BUY DIRECT?"
M
80 Micro. Novemberl 983 • 183
ListMaker also splits files that
become too large. This is done alpha-
betically. Specify the search field and
the range to be included in each new
file, and ListMaker takes care of the
rest.
A directory is available from the
main menu. However, in many sections
you must enter file names without easy
access to the directory, so it's helpful to
keep a printout of the directory handy.
ListMaker salvages the data in a file if
you must alter the file to a new format.
This is an important and useful feature.
It means you can add or delete fields
without retyping the previous data.
The feature is a little tricky to use, but
if you follow the directions carefully, it
works quite smoothly. You must first
create the new format, then specify the
new field number for each field from
the old format. You don't have to
transfer all fields.
The speed with which ListMaker
loads files is very poor. A file of 100
records took one minute and 25 seconds
to load. A file twice that size took an in-
credible four minutes and 52 seconds.
The 200-record file was almost at full
disk capacity (222 records).
String shuffling within the computer
causes these long delays as records come
from the disk. This load time is so unac-
ceptable that most users will want to
keep their file size at no more than half
memory capacity.
Promise! doesn't have this problem.
Initialized with a file similar to the List-
Maker test file, Promise! loaded the
". . .speed differences
are very important,
as they directly affect
the ease and convenience
of program use. "
lOO-record file in 16 seconds, and the
200-record file in a mere 31 seconds.
These speed differences are very impor-
tant, as they directly affect the ease and
convenience of program use.
Promise! provides a complete sorted
directory from the main menu. This so-
phisticated option allows selection by
extension (all /DAT files, for example)
or by file name (all files begirming with
A), and by drive number.
You can use Promise! to provide an
index of all your disk directories. The
necessary descriptor file already exists
on the disk. This disk index even reads
more than one DOS. If Promise! is on
DOSPLUS, for example, you can ob-
tain a directory of a NEWDOS disk in
drive 1.
Some of the file-splitting and manip-
ulation features that are separate func-
tions in ListMaker are an integral part
of Promise!. Because file manipulation
is so easy. Promise! overcomes the
usual limitations of an in-memory data
base to a great degree.
For example, you have a file on cus-
tomers consisting of name, address, ac-
count numbers, balance, and account
status. You wish to mail an advertiang
fiyer to all customers. Your file is di-
vided into part I (A-M) and part II
(N-Z).
With Promise! you can load only the
fiekls you need: name and address. By
loading selected fields, it might be possi-
ble to fit parts I and II in memory,
which would simplify creating a zip
code order sort.
An overiap option permits loading
selected fields to overwrite fields in
memory. For example, with fields A, B,
■^\#l I frees your computer for other oper-
' ations while our "BASIC BUFFER" manages your
printer BASIC BUFFER offers 64K v^ith FIFO COPY
and ERASE. It comes complete with power supply
and cables for most computers and printers, (Specify
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A real value at ONLY $279.95 + shipping.
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Introductory Price ONLY $74.95 + shipping
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Dealer inquiries invited
184 • ao Micro, November 1983
C, and D in memory, you can overwrite
field B with the contents of a field from
another file on the disk, leaving fields
A, C, and D unchanged.
You can save or load records accord-
ing to any selection criteria. Since Prom-
ise! selection is very sophisticated, you
can create any number of special pur-
pose files from a master file, and simply
discard them when they're no longer
needed.
You can change the descriptor file,
which sets up field size and type, at any
time. However, any modifications can
cause the data that already exists to dis-
play in the wrong fields.
To avoid this problem save the data
in the special Basic format by placing
commas between the field letters, then
change the descriptor file as desired.
Reload the data, rearranged lo match
the new file format. For example, you
can move Field D in the old file to field
A in the new file, and the data will still
be exactly correct.
One of the frustrations of working
with an in-memory data base is the dif-
ficulty of soriing multiple files. Suppose
your customer file were in two pans as
previously described. A new ad brings
in 150 responses, and you need to add
all these new names to the data base.
The hard way would be to load part I,
type in all the new names in the range
A-M, save that file, then load part II
and type in the N-Z names. Probably
both files would grow too large in the
process, and you'd have to create a
third file taken from both 1 and II
(A-G, H-O, P-Z).
Prorruse! has simpler methods. One
is to t>pe in all ihe new names as a sepa-
rate file and sort them. Then use the
Merge program to create a master file,
in sort&d order, of the smaller files. Af-
ter the three files are together, you can
load them in selected pieces as needed.
Unfortunately, you can't select a fX)r-
lion of a master file, make changes.
then save it back into the original file.
Once you change data from a master
file, you must save it into a new file
name.
Eventually, after enough parts come
off the master and go into new files, it
becomes useful to create a new master
file. These master files are also conve-
nient for printouts.
Just how many records are practical
with Promise!? In thcor>', you could
handle something like 2,000 records of
an average 150-byie size.
The mechanics of keeping track of 10
files, however, can be overwhelming. I
would suggest a practical limit of
800-1,000 records. For ListMaker, the
limit woukl be much smaller, perhaps
400 records, due primarily to slow load
time.
Calculatioiis
Promise! calculations are primitive
by random-access data-base standards,
but quite good for a sequential data
base. The calculations are available only
on printouts, through CALCS3, a
separate program included on the disk.
This program gives totals and subto-
tals on numeric fields. In addition, it
produces a balance forward column
and two calculated columns.
The calculated columns use a formu-
la of your choice, adding, subtracting,
multiplying, or dividing field contents
or constants. The second calculated col-
umn can use the results of the first cal-
culation in it^ formula.
Two calculated fields are sufficient
for many business purposes, such as fig-
uring sales tax. This is probably inade-
quate, however, for a complex in\entory
system that needs percentage discounts,
markups, or formula pricing.
Remember too that these calculations
occur only for the printout and the
results aren't saved in the data file for
later on-screen manipulation or
viewing.
CALCS3 produces an at t ract ive
printout, with the left column indexed
(indented) if desired when there are two
or more identical entries in the first
field. The program isn't difficult to use,
but it doesn't retain report formats, and
it's necessary to start over, defining
fields and formulas, each time you use
the program.
CALCS3 doesn't warn if the line
length exceeds 80 characters so it's easy
to define a report that's too long and
then have to begin again.
The CALCS3 program is the weakest
link in the new Promise!. It's un-
changed from the old Aids, and it's
slow and awkward to use compared to
the rest of the program. According to
SofTrends, it will be rewritten soon.
Conclusion
ListMaker and Promise! are two
data-base management programs that
provide the same basic capabilities. But
Promi.se!'s more sophisticated features
and ease of use make it the exceptional
value, especially when you consider that
both packages are similarly priced. ■
You can contact Wvnne Keller at
RDl, Box 4130, Solon, ME 04979.
STEAL THE
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Adventure. Andrea Dona Adventure
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Practlcals #1 - Programs for text edit-
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Sania Barbara CA 93121 (80S| gbb-K'ig
80 Micro. November 1983 • 185
UTILITY
Space Maker
by Jim Barbarello
I
f you have trouble reading compressed Model U
Bask program listings, Doculist can help
by automatically inserting eye-saving spaces.
Some Basic program listings are
almost impossible to read because they
lack spaces between words, include sev-
eral command statements on a single
line, produce left -justified line num-
bers, and have other annoying space-
saving techniques. 80 Micro published
an article ("Superlisl," November
1981, p. 333) thai inserted spaces inio
Model l/lll Basic listings to solve this
problem. But ihat left us Model 11/16
owners without a solution — until now.
1 call my version of Superlisl Docu-
list. Doculist is different from Superlisl
in many ways, including what it does
and how it works.
The Basic Interpreter
Basic is a machine-language program
that loads into the Model Il's memory
starting at 2800 hexadecimal (hex). The
computer stores Basic instructions you
key in or load from a disk in a specific
area of memory in a specific format.
When you issue the Run command, the
computer interprets the stored code and
performs the requested functions.
The fu"st problem you encounter
when working on the Model II is that
the start of the storage area for the Basic
code isn't alwa>^ the same, as it is on the
Model l/lll. When you call Basic, you
usually specify the maximum number
of buffer areas you need for disk input
and output. Each buffer takes up a cer-
tain amount of memory. The start of
166 • 80 Mjcro, November 1983
the Basic storage area is adjusted de-
pending on the number of buffers you
request.
Since the Basic starting point is
floating, how does the Basic interpreter
know where to start reading the code?
The computer stores the Basic starting
address at 2B4I- and 2B50 hex. The first
2 bytes in the start address indicate the
memory location where the subsequent
program line begins (the first 2 bytes
equal zero if this is the last program
line). The next 2 bytes store the program
line number in hex. The actual Basic
code follows that and, fmally. a zero
byte indicates the end of the line.
This procedure continues through the
remainder of the Basic code. The com-
puter doesn't store code in full ASCII
format in memory. In fact, the comput-
er stores most Basic commands (like = ,
For, and REM) as 1-byte tokens. Thus,
if your program contains a remark
statement, that notation is stored as the
1-byte token 90 hex.
The remark statement notation is the
16th entry in a table that contains all the
Basic commands, spelled out back to
back. This table is part of Basic and
starts at memory location 2853 hex. If
you inspect the table, you can recognize
the command lines except for the first
letter of each. In the table, 80 hex (128
decimal) is added to the ASCII code of
the first letter of each command. This
flags the beginning of each command.
To locate the ASCII key word identi-
fied by the specific token, subtract 128
from the token (by zeroing bit 7) and
use the remainder to count through the
table. This is how Doculist reaches the
beginning of the key word. The pro-
gram then stores the first letter of the
key word (after reconverting it to an
ASCII character), and continues lo read
and store ASCII characters until it
reaches the beginning of the next key
word.
Two Basic tokens— 90 hex and 92
hex — require special treatment. When
you specify Else in your program, Basic
stores a colon (3A hex) and then the
Else token (92 hex). Basic lets you
precede Else with a colon manually,
also. In this instance, Basic stores 3A
3A 92, which causes Doculist to print a
blank line (colon only) and start the
following line with lElse. To avoid this,
Doculist checks for two colons before a
92 hex and, if found, deletes one.
The other token that requires spwcial
treatment is a remark statement 90 hex.
For all who thought using an apostro-
phe (') in lieu of a remark statement
saved space, here's the real story. When
you cite a remark statement, Basic
stores a 90 hex. When you cite an apos-
trophe, Basic stores 3A 90 FF, using
three times the storage space. So, Docu-
list checks the next b>te after a 90 hex to
see if it is FF. If it is, the program checks
Cnrtimud on p IS9
The Key Box
Model II and 16
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X/FQPACOMPUTER OUTLET
V^WI ^^ 16727 Patton Detroit Ml 482 19
188 • 80 Micro. Novemtjer 1983
CoHiauied from p. m
the byte before 90 hex for a colon. If
found, it deletes the 3A but saves the
apostrophe.
Doculist places a space befcHe and
after each key word if they're not there
already. It begins a new line any time it
encounters a colon in the Basic code,
unfess the colon is within quotes or is
part of a remark statement. The pro-
gram right-justifies the program line
numbers, making them easier to read.
The printout also includes the printout
date in a heading. When invoked, the
program alerts you to its existence by
printing DOCULIST— Press "Fl" to
Halt Listing on the screen. If you press
the Fl key, the listing stops and the mes-
sage CONTlNUE?(Y/>f)... appears.
Pressing Y lets the listing continue, and
pressing N returns you to the Basic
command mode (Ready). If the printer
isn't available, the message reads Printer
Not Available. CONTINUE?(Y/N). . -.
To abort the program, press the N key,
or prepare the printer and press the Y
key. The program benefits arc evident
when you compare a normal listing
(Fig. 1) with a Doculist listing (Fig. 2).
TlwDociilsl Prog^wn
The Docubsl Assembly listing (see
Program Listing) contains several key
[loints to discuss. Lines 3(X)-380 print
the titk: residing at F42E-F45E hex. The
large blank area in the title serves as a
storage area for the Date information.
Lines 260-290 get this date information
from TRSDOS supervisor caU (SVQ 45
and store it in the blank title area. Space
is aDocated to store the 26-byte ASCII
string of dale information. However,
Doculist only uses the first 12 bytes of
that string. Because of this, the program
prints only 5 1 characters where 75 char-
acters are aUotted.
The actual decoding and listing pro-
cess begins at START2 (line 390). A
complete line is decoded and stored in
the buffer. When the program encoun-
ters a line end (zero byte), execution
jumps to LINEND (line 1130), which in
turn calls PRINT 1. After the program
B I tl A R r
COSVERSIO N*:PfiI
H CLS;CLEAfl 2«B: PBINTTABl 161 ; '8 B I T
KTSTRINGS(79,1S»)
29 PBIHTCHRSd) jTAB[2l)-Enter Nu»t>«l ( •-2SS1 . . ." jC«I<S(Z3) ; :PFIirr»(RClKlil ,43) , I
]| INPUT K:ir Ali OR A) 2SS THEN 2BELSE HU-A
41 paiIiTCHRS(2J ( "Turns off cutiot
SB FOB 1-7 TO BSTEP-1
61 D"AI«X)2I;A(I]"l»(At-Dl :A=S: "Det^tBine it Binary Bit 1 is 1 or •
71 MEXTjIF B0W|fl)>18 THEN PBINTP12,B), CSBS ( 24) ,- : PHI»T?( 4 ,«) , ; ELSEPRIDTiBEIll Whe
n at end oC screen, erase and start at top.
88 PHINT#[BOW(l)-2,B) ,CHRS(23) f'DEClMAL NUMBER :" ;NU ;TAB( 12) ; ■BINARY BIT I*
9B PBI(mAB{2fl) ; :FOH 1-7 TO 8 STEP-1 1 PRINTUSINC"! I»l " ( I ; : NEXT: PFINT
1B8 PRINTTAB1J8) ,-STBlr4GS(35,451
lia PRINTTAHI 2B1 I !FOH 1-7 TO 8STEP-I i PHINTUSIHG" 11 II " ; A ( I 1 ; i HEXT
12B PHIHT;PHI(JTSTRINGS(79,461 :GOT0 2B
Figure I. A compressed Basic listing, written without using spaces for ckrity.
IB CLS
iCLEAK 2Be
: PRINT TAB! 16); "8 BIT BINARY CONVERSION"
:PRINT STRINGS n9,lBBl
2e PRINT CHRS (111 TAB! JBl'Enter Niitnber IB-25S1,.."; CHRS (23)t
;PRINT »{ BOW (B| ,43) .t
3B INPUT A
!IF A<fl OR AV2B5 THEN 29
:ELSE NU ^ A
40 PRINT CHRS (2); ' Turns off curaor
SB KOfi I ■= 7 TO e STEP - 1
(B D - A nOD 21 1
;A{ U ■ 1 • (A < ' D)
lA - D
:* Determne if Binary Bit I ie 1 or ■
78 NEXT
:IF RCM IB) -> 18 THEN PRINT 9(2,0), CHRS |34)t
:PRINT »(4,B) .1
jELSE PaiNT
:REM : When at end at screen, erase and start at top.
SB PRINT a( Rc« 101 - 2,0), CHRS ( 231 ; 'DECIMAL NUMBER:";mj; TAB ( 32)
[•BINARY BIT »"
90 PRINT TAE{ 20) ;
iFOR I • 7 TO fl STEP - 1
iPRIKT USING "•»II";I:
:NEXT
: PRINT
IBfl PRINT TAB! 2B) ; STRINGS 13&,4SJ
Ue PRINT TAa( 2B) ;
:FQH I * 7 TO B STEP - 1
:PRINT USING *ltil*;AtI)t
: NEXT
120 PRINT
iPHlNT STRINGS (79,46)
iGOTO 2B
Flptre 2. The same listing as in Ftg. I after the Doculist program his inserted spaces.
80 Micro does not keep subscription
records on the premises, therefore
calling us only adds time and doesn't
solve the problem.
Please send a description of the prob-
lem and your most recent address
label to:
IS
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Subscription Dapt.
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Farmfngdate, NY 11737
Tnank you and en gov vOu' Sut>SCfipt*On
micro.
Single Back Issues
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Single back issue
July 1980 to May 1983 .
Single back issue
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BO Micro, November 1983 • 189
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■ Manipulates CP/M directory under
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TRS-80 Model II DEBUG Piogtan
8200 21 2D P4 «6 33 flE BD 3E 09 CF ED 73 00 F7 31 00 !-. .3. . >. . .s. .1.
8210 P7 DD 21 2A F4 AF DD 77 00 DO 77 01 FD 2A 4P 2B .. I*. . .w. .w. .'O*
8220 PD 22 28 F4 21 86 P4 06 00 3E 2D CF 21 60 P4 06 .'< . I . . . .>-. I ' . .
8230 32 0E 0D 3E 13 CF C4 16 P4 41 3E 12 CP FD 2A 28 2..> A>...*<
8240 F4 DD 21 C7 F4 FD 4E 00 PD 23 PD 46 00 PD 23 78 . . I . . .N. . t .P. .*i
825B el CA 21 P4 ED 43 20 F4 FD 5E 00 PD 23 FD 56 00 . . I . .C{ . .*. .I.V.
6260 FD 23 DD ES El 06 00 3E IS CP 06 05 DD 23 10 FC .• > *..
8270 3E 20 DD 77 00 DD 23 PD 7E 00 PD 23 CB TP 20 08 > .W..I....I.. .
PC SP SZHPHC AP BC DE HL IX lY AP' BC' DE' HL*
2800 2IPE 000000 0000 0A00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
? P
DEBUG is now ON
TRSDOS READY
DEBIiG
Figure 3. This is iheftrsi section of code to enter (m DEBUG ON) ffyou don 't have an editor/
assembler.
TRS-e0 Model 11 DEBUG Pcoi^ran
8280 B7 28 S4 CD E0 F2 18 EF PE 92 20 11 PD 7E PD PE .<T
8290 3A 20 02 DD 2B PD 7E PP CD F6 F2 18 DA PD 7E FF : ..♦
S2A0 FE 90 20 Fl FD 7E 00 FE PF 28 08 PD 7E FP CD F6 (
62B0 F2 18 II PD 23 PD 7E PD FE 3A 20 02 DD 2B PD 7E : ..*..
e2C0 PP CD P6 F2 DD 36 00 FP DD 23 FD 7E 00 PD 23 B7 6...t....l.
6200 28 05 CD E0 P2 18 F3 DD 77 00 CD 3C F3 C3 30 P2 ( «*..<„=.
82C0 FE 09 28 06 00 77 00 DD 23 C9 06 07 3E 20 DD 77 . . ( . .w. . I. . . > .w
e2F0 00 DD 23 10 P9 C9 PS DD 7E FF PE 20 26 0B FE 3A ..I (..:
PC SP SIHPNC AF BC DE HL IX IV AF' BC* DE' HL'
2800 21PE 000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 OOOO
7 P
DEBUG is now ON
TRSDOS READY
DEBUG
Figure 4. The second section of code to enter if you don 'I have an editor/assembler.
TRS-80
Model 11 DEBUG Progcan
8300
28 07 3E 20 DD 77 00 DD
23 PI
8310
28 7E CB 7P 23 26 PA 10
P8 2B
8320
23 23 7E CB 7P 20 07 DO
77 00
8330
00 FE 20 Ce 3E 20 DD 77.
00 DD
8340
CD Dfi P3 DD 4E: 90 DD 23
79 PE
6350
B0 P3 18 EF DD 4E 00 DO
23 79
6360
P4 2P 32 2A P4 3A 2A F4
D7 79
8370
32 2B F4 DD 4E 00 DD 23
3A 2B
PC
SP SZHPNC AP BC DE
HL
2800
7 P
DEBUG
21PE 000000 0000 0"0O 0000 0000
is now ON
TRSDOS
READY
DEBUG
E6 7F 47 04 21 53 (.> .W..I...G.IS
E6 7F DD 77 00 DD I .. .K ...... .w. .
DD 23 18 P3 PD 7E •• w..»
23 C9 DO 21 C7 F4 .. .> .w. .•..!..
30 20 00 0E 20 CD ....N..IV.B .. .
FE 22 20 07 3A 2A N..ly." .:'
20 19 FE FF 20 08 ./2'.:*..y ... .
F4 FE 00 20 05 79 2*. .N. . I s ♦. . . .y
IX lY AP' BC* DE' HL*
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Figure 5. The third section of code to enter if you don 't have an editor/assembler.
finishes printing, execution returns to
START2. This procedure continues un-
til the next line address is 00 00, in-
dicating the end of the program. Execu-
tion then jumps to QUIT, which simply
restores the Basic stack pointer and
jumps to the BASIC READY prompt.
During the decoding process, if the
program finds a remark token (90 hex),
it stores a OFF hex in the buffer prior to
the remark. The PRINTI routine uses
this to indkate that the subsequent code
is part of a remark, and the program
should disregard the cok>ns.
PRINTI requires further explana-
tion. When called, the first 5 bytes in the
buffer represent the line number in
ASCII format. Lines 1690-1760 begin
testing these bytes for ASCII 0, re-
placing these leading zeros with spaces.
When the program locates the first non-
zero number, it exits this routine.
Now lines 1770-2200 take over. This
routine requires two tests. First, if the
program encounters quotes, it sets a
flag. Untfl the flag is reset with a second
set of quotes, the program prints all
subsequent characters without further
testing. Second, if the program finds a
remark flag (OFF hex) in the buffer, it
stores it in the remark statement. The
program then disregards colons as line
delimiters.
PRINTI calk PRINT2. It keeps
track of the number of characters
printed prior to the last carriage return.
Line 2290 sets the limit at 72 characters,
including the line number but excluding
the left margin indentation. Print com-
mands at lines 2600-2650 produce the
printout. If the program cannot execute
a Print command, it calls the Fault sub-
routine which prints the Printer Not
Ready message through the STOPPR
(Stop Print) routine.
This subroutine also reads a one-
190 • SO Micro. November 1983
TBS-ee Model II DEBUG Prr.gtjia
8380 FE 3A 28 16 79 B7 20 flD
B39a SD CD B0 F3 C9 CD B0 F3
H3A0 3t 07 32 2C F4 JE 011 CD
83BB 41 78 FE 0D 28 ID 3A 2C
B3C0 16 06 0D CD F4 F3 3E 07
B3D0 41 18 04 AF 32 2C F4 CD
83E0 CV 16 FE 01 CC FD F3 3E
)i3F0 3D 20 FA C9 F5 3E 12 CF
l-C SP SZHPNC AF BC [
AF 32 2D F4 32 2A F4
18 BA C5 0E 0D CD B0
DD F3 CI CD B0 F3 18
F4 3C 32 2C F4 FE 48
32 2C r4 3E 0B CD DD
F4 F3 C9 3E 05 F5 3E
01 CF Fl 06 20 CD F4
C4 16 F4 Fl C9 21 [15
HL IX lY AF'
2B00 21t'E 000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0E .:'..■/. ..2*. 2'..
F3
A4 ^,2, .'
20 Ax. . [ . : , .<2, . .H
F3 >.2,.>
04 A, , .2, >..>,
F3 .K >
F4 = . . .> I . ,
BC DE' HL'
0000 0000
DEBUG
thsdol;
DFIUIC
IS now ON
HEADY
Figure 6. The fourth section of code to enter if you don't have an editor/assembler.
Tps-a0
Model II DEBUG Proqtau
340D
06 12 0E 01
22 Al F4 3i;
0C CF
lA CB AF FE 4C
28
8410
10 FE 59 20
se C9 CS 21
A 2 F4
36 25 CD 32 F4
CI
. . V ,,,!.,, 1 ... .
8420
C9 ED 7B 00
t6 C3 00 28
00 00
00 00 00 16 44
20
. , ■ ( D
8430
4r 20 43 20
55 20 4C 20
49 20
53 20 54 20 20
2D
OCULIST -
b440
2D 2D 20 20
50 72 65 73
73 20
22 46 31 22 20
74
— Piess 'Fl' t
Ii4'i0
6F 20 4 8 41
4C S4 2 6C
69 73
74 69 6£ 6"? 2E
0D
o HALT 1 1st ina , ,
8460
09 09 23 20
20 20 44 4F
43 55
4D 45 4E 54 41
54
DOCUKENTAT
ri4~fl
49 4F 4E 20
50 52 4F 4:-
= 2 41
4D 20 4C 49 53
54
ION PROGRAM LIST
PC
SP SJHPNC
AF BC DE
HL
IX lY AF'
BC'
DE' HL'
260!)
? F
DEBUG
21FE 000300
3300 3000 030
0000
0000 eoec 0000
SViCi
C00^ 0000
i:; now ON
THSDOS
READY
DEBUG
Figure 7. The fifth
section of code
to enter if you don 'l have
an editor/assembler.
TRS-B0
Model II DEBUG Program
84^0
49 4E 47(20
2D 20 20
20
20 20
20 20 20
20 20
2 ING -
3490
20 20 20 20
20 20 20
20
20 20
20 20 20
20 20
20
e4A0
20 00 50 72
69 6E 7 4
65
72 20
4E 6F 74
20 52
65 .Printer Not Re
U4B0
61 64 79 2E
20 43 4F
4E
54 49
4E 55 45
2 3F
28 aily. CONTINUE ?(
e4C0
59 2F 4E 29
2E 2E 2E
00
FF 00
FF 00 FF
00 FF
a4D0
84E0
84F0
PC
FF BC FF 00
FF FF
FF 00 FF 00
SP SZHPNC
FF FF
FF 00 FF
FF 00 FF
AF BC
00
00
00
DE
FF 00
FF 00
FF 00
HL
FF 00 FF
FF 00 FF
FF 00 FF
IX lY
08 FF
00 FF
00 FF
AF'
00
BC' DE' HL'
2BB0
? P
DEBUG
21FE 000000
0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
15 now OS
TRSDOS
READY
DEBUG
Figures. The sixth
section of code to enter if you don
'[ have
an editor/ assembler.
character keyboard input. If it is not Y,
y, N, or n, it goes back and waits for
another keystroke. If you hit the N or n
keys, execution jumps to Quit (lines
2870-2880). Otherwise, execution re-
turns to Print from STOPPR through
Fault.
Indent sets the left margin for the
printout. Each time INDl is executed,
the program scans the keyboard. If you
press the Fl key (01 hex), execution
jumps to Stop. There, the program
prints the portion of the STOPl mes-
sage (starting a: F4B5 hex) that slates
CONTIIVUE ?(Y/N).... As with the
STOPPR routine, a Y or N response ei-
ther returns execution to the point
called from or ends the program via
Quit.
Creating Docufist
An obvious way to create the Docu-
list program is with an editor/assem-
bler. If you don't have one, you can
create Doculisi using the TRSDOS
Debug facility. At the TRSDOS Ready
prompt, type DEBUG ON and then
type DEBUG. The normal Debug
screen presentation (as shown in the
TRSDOS 2.0 reference manual) ap-
pears. Type M8200 and then press the
Fl key. At this point, enter the code
shown in Fig. 3. When you enter all 128
bytes, the cursor returns to the first byte
on the 8^)0 line. Press F2 to save this
code in memory. Note that Fig. 4 starts
at address 8280, so type M8280 and
then press the Fl key. Enter these 128
bytes, type F2 and then continue this
process for Figs. 5-8 until you've
Call the RAM command by pressing
the M key, and double-check all entries
for accuracy. You may wonder why the
listing begins at 0F2(X) hex, though you
enter the code through Debug at 8200
hex. Since Debug does not allow you to
REMSOFT, INC.
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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
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Our unique package, "INTRODUCTION TO
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provide you with the following
• Ten 40 minute lessons on auOio
cassettes
• A driver program lo make your TRS-80'
video monitor serve as a blackboard lor
the instructor
• A display program lor eacn lesson lo
provide illustration and remtorcemenl tor
what you are hearing
• Slep-by-step dissection of complete and
useful routines to test memory and to
gam direct control over the keyboard,
video monitor, and printer
• How to access and use powerful routines
in your Level II or Model III Basic ROM
AVAILABLE FOR MODEL 1 & 3
REMASSEM it.p.i $74.95
REMASSEM idiici S79.95
LEARN TRS-BO"
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
DISK I/O
Your disk system and you can really step
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flEMDISK-1, a "sfion course ' revealing the
details of DISK I/O PROGRAMMING using
assembly language, intended for the student
wi!h experience and assem&ty language
COURSE INCLUDES
• Two 45-minute lessons on audio cassette
• A driver program to make your TRS-80-
video monitor serve as a blackboard for
the instructor.
■ A display program for each lesson lo
provide illustration and reinforcement for
what you are hearing,
• A booklet of comprehensive, fully
commented program listings illustrating
sequential file I/O random-access file
I/O and track and sector I/O,
• A diskette with machine readable source
codes tor all programs discussed in both
Radio Shack EDTASM and Macro
formats.
• Routines to convert from one assembler
format to the other.
Presently available for Model 1 only
REMDISK-1 only $29.95
[)«jMr inqtflrias Itivittd
'wse courses *ere ceveijoec arm recwoeo 3, Josecn i
Wiiiis am are oasec en ne success'ui series o' ccn,r5es i>e
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'RS-80' S A TRADEMARK OF 'ANDV COPP
^ Micro, November 1983 • 191
Program Listing. The
Assembiy-language Doculist program.
00010
11HH...H. ..,♦.,,,,,.,
• ^••((••(•••••lllll.*.!!,..!
00Q20
■
DOC
J L I S T •
00030
00040
' SOURCE'DOCULIST/ASM
OBJECT-DOCULIST/CMD •
00050
1982 J.J. BABBARELLO *
00060
• ABSTRACT: This prograr creates BASIC listing:; • |
00070
• in
a form suiutable £
Dr easy inspection and *
Q00B0
* undecstandinq , It is
3 Model II version of the *
00090
* Model I progiran- by riorris Jones which appeared ' |
00100
* in
the Nov. 1931 issjc of 80 Microco^r.putirig . ' |
00110
'■ '•
••••.*•..•••»...•»
■•^'••••••••••(•••■■>...ii.
F20O
00120 ORG
0F200H
F200
212DF4
00130 LD
HL, INTRO
POINT TO 5CPEEN MSG
F203
0633
00140 LD
B.'Jl
51 CHAR LONG
F205
DC0D
00150 LD
C,0DH
PLUS EXTRA CPLF
F2fl7
3E09
00160 LD
A, 9
PRINT IT USING SVC 9
F209
CF
0017 K^T
8
F20A
ED7300F7
00180 LD
(OF7O0H1 ,SP
SAVE STACK POINTER
F20E
3180F7
00190 LD
SP,0F700ii
NEW STACK
F211
DD212AFil
200 LD
IX, QUOTES
START OF VARIABLE STORAGE
F21S
AF
00210 XOR
A
A =
F216
DD770D
2 2 LD
llXtOl ,A
QUOTES=0
F219
DD7701
00230 LD
(IX + 1) ,A
CHARS=0
F21C
FD2A4F2B
00240 LD
lY, (2B4FHi
2B4FH HOLDS START ADDR
F220
FD222BF4
00250 LD
(NXTLIN) ,IY
GET NEXT LINE'S ADDR
F224
2:e6F4
00260 LD
HL,TITLE+3e
BUFFER AREA FOR DATE
F227
0600
00270 LD
B,0
INFO.
F229
3E2D
0O2BO LD
A, 45
TRSDOS SERVICF i 45
F22B
CF
00290 RST
8
(GET DATE INFO) .
r22C
2160F4
00300 TITLEl LD
l!L, TITLE
BUFFER AREA FOR FULL
F22F
0632
00310 LD
D,50
TITLE (50 BYTES) .
F231
0E0D
00320 LD
C,0DH
ADD ON A C/R AND SEND
F233
3E13
00330 LD
A, 19
TO PRINTER VIA SVC 19.
F235
CF
00340 RST
a
DO IT!
F236
C4I6F4
00350 CALL
NZ, FAULT
IF UNABLE, GOTO FAULT
F239
41
360 LD
B,C
SEND ANOTHER C/R TO THE
F23A
3E12
0037tl LD
A, 18
PRINTER VIA SVC 18 TO
F23C
CF
00380 RST
8
SKIP A LINE.
F23D
F02A2BF4
00390 START2 LD
lY, (NXTLIN)
NEXT LINE ADDR INTO lY
F241
DD21C7F4
00400 LD
IX, BUFF
DEFINE START OF BUFFER
F24!i
FD4E00
00410 LD
C, ( IY*01
LSB OF NEXT LINE ADDR
F248
FD23
00420 INC
IV
F24A
FD4600
0043 LD
B,(IY+01
MSB OF NEXT LINE ADDR
Luring connnued
access the memory area above 0F3FF
hex, you must enter the code at an ac-
cessible memory area, and then relocate
the code as you dump it to disk. At this
point, press the escape key and then O
to turn Debug off. Finally, type the
following:
DUMP !XX:ULIST/CMD START = 8200,
END = 84C6.RELO = F200
and press the enter key. When
TRSDOS READY returns, you have a
stored program called Doculist/CMD.
Using Doculist
To use Doculist, you must load it into
memory, defme its starting address, and
then call it with the USR command. At
TRSDOS READY, type LOAD DOC-
ULIST/CMD and press the enter key.
This loads the program from disk to
memory. In Basic, you accomplish this
by typing SYSTEM"LOAD DOCU-
LIST/CMD" and hitting the enter key.
You don't need to reload the program
as long as the Model II remains
powered unless you use another ma-
chine-language program that resides in
memory area F200-F4C6 hex.
To defme its starting address, you
Conlaaied on p. 196
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i92 • 80 Micro. November 1983
LAST NIGHT, 39 MUSICIANS HAD A
CompuServe conference, So did 31 M.D.S,
49 Sports Fans And 640 Apple polishers,
AND No ONE Had TO LEAVE HOME.
The Electronic Forum,
Cheaper than Long Distance
and Much More Rewarding.
Every night on the CompuServe
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range of subjects. From what's new
in medical technology to what's
nouvelle in continental cuisine.
And every day more computer
owners who share a common
interest are discovering this exciting
new way to exchange ideas and
even transfer hard copy data.
^ Sw Ust of AOwtlava on Page 307
And besides electronic forums,
they leave messages for each other
on our national bulletin board,
"talk" informally on our CB simulator,
and communicate via CompuServe's
electronic mail.
But best of all, in most cases,
CompuServe subscrit>ers get all of
these state of the art communications
options, plus a w/orld of on-line
information and entertainment for
the cost of a local phone call plus
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To become part of this flexible
communications network, all you
need is a computer, a modem and
CompuServe. CompuServe connects
with almost any personal computer,
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processor.
To receive an illustrated
guide to CompuServe and learn how
you can subscribe, contact or call:
CompuServe
Consumer IntormaliO'i Service PO BO" 20213
5000 Ariinqlon Centre Bivd Colurvtbus OH 43?20
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An H&H B'ocK Con^wv
80 Micro, November 1983 • 193
'2]^ ^!S^-^
'!5I i6]- CO 'feo /7,
Stretch the Twelve Days of
Give a gift subscription to 80 Micro today
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in* m«gaztrM for TfiS-80' usars
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PC Box 981
Farmingdale. NT 11737
MNM
Laimg coniimtrd
F34D P023
00440
ItK
lY
F24r 78
80450
LD
A,B
;TEST IF B-0 AND C-B
F2S0 Bl
BB46B
OR
C
!IF SO, EMD OP PROGRAM
F251 CA21F4
BB470
JP
Z.OOIT
; SO JUMP TO 'QUIT' .
F254 F:D432SP4
08488
LD
(NXTLIN) ,BC
jELSE STORE THE ADDR .
F2S8 FDSEBI
00490
LD
E, [IY+0)
;GET LSB OP PROGRAM
F25B PD13
00500
INC
lY
; LINE NUMBER.
F25Q FD560e
00510
LD
D, (IY+0)
;GET MSB OF PROGRAM
F26I FD23
80528
IHC
lY
1 LINE NUMBER.
F262 DDE5
0053B
PUSH
IX
I TRANSFER BUFFER ADDR
P264 El
00540
POP
HL
; TO HL REGISTER.
F2GS 06flB
00550
LD
B,e
;HEX — >ASCII DEC COKV
F267 3E15
00568
LD
A, 21
! OP LINE NUMBER PER
P269 CF
00578
RST
S
; SVC 21.
F26A B6B5
00580
LD
B,5
;INC BUFFER POINTER TO
F2GC DD23
00590
lf4C
INC
IX
; BYTE PAST 5 DIGIT
F26E IIPC
0B600
DJNZ
INC
; LINE NUMBER. THEN
F270 3E20
00610
LD
A,20H
1 SAVE A SPACE [20H)
F272 007700
00620
LD
(IX + O) ,A
1 AND POINT TO NEXT
F275 DD23
00630
INC
IX
! FREE BUPPER BYTE.
F277 FD7E0B
00640
A2
LD
A, [IY + 0)
(GET NEXT CHAR
P27A FD23
00650
I»C
I¥
;INC CHAR POINTER.
F27C CB7F
0066B
BIT
7, A
IBIT 7 SET? [TOKEN)
F27E 200B
BB67B
08688
JR
NZ, TOKEN
lYES. GOTO TOKEN
F280 B7
0B690
OR
A
;N0. A-07
F281 2B54
BB7BB
JR
Z.LINEND
lYES, END OF LINE.
F2a3 CDEBF2
BB71B
CALL
TAB
iCHECK FOR TAB
F28G 18EF
00720
00730
(
JR
A2
[AND RETURN FOR NEXT CHAR
P2BB FE:92
BB74B
TOKEN
CP
92H
]ELSE7
P2BA 2011
BB75B
JR
NZ, REM ARK
;N0. MAYBE REMARK
P28C PD7EPD
0O76B
LD
A,(IY-3)
jYES. CHECK FOR
F28F FE3A
0077B
CP
3AH
1 ■::-?
F291 2802
00780
JR
NZ.NCOLON
i»0. GOTO NCOLON {HO COLON)
F293 DQ2B
00790
00800
DEC
IX
lYES. DELETE ONE OF THEM
F295 FD7EFF
0BB1B
[*COLON
LD
A,(IY-1)
;GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F298 CDP6F2
00820
CALL
SPOCK
[DECODE TOKEN
r29B ISOA
00830
00848
JR
A2
;RETUBN FOR NEXT CHAR
F29D FD7EPP
00858
REMARK
LD
A, tlY-l)
jGET BACK CURRENT CHAR
P2AB PE9B
00860
CP
90H
iHEM TOKEN?
F2A2 2BP1
00870
JR
NZ.NCOLON
!N0. DECODE TOKEN
F2A4 PD7E00
00888
LD
A, [IY + 0)
lYES. GET NEXT CHAR
F2A7 FEFF
80890
CP
0FFH
I AND CHECK FOR '7
F2A9 2BB8
00900
JR
Z.APOS
;YES. DECODE APOSTROPHE
P2AB PD7EFF
00910
LD
A, (IY-1)
[NO. GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F2AE CDP6F2
00920
CALL
SPOCK
[DECODE TOKEN
F2B1 1811
00930
00940
JB
HEMLIN
; REMARK STATEMENT FOUND
F2B3 FD23
00950
APOS
INC
lY
;MAKE FF CURRENT CHAR.
F2B5 PD7EPD
00960
LD
A, IIY-31
; AND CHECK FOR ■•.'7
F2B8 FE3A
00970
CP
3 AH
F2BA 2BB2
00980
JH
NZ, APOSl
;N0. GO FORWARD
F2BC DD2b
00990
01000
DEC
IX
;YES. WASTE COLON
F2BE FD7EFF
01010
APOSl
LD
A, IIY-11
.■CURRENT CHAR
F2C1 CDF6F2
01020
81030
CALL
SPOCK
.■DECODE '
F2C4 DD36BBFr
01040
REMLIN
LD
[IX+fll ,8FFH
.-SAVE FFH IN BUFFER AS A
P2CB DD23
01050
INC
IX
; START OF 'REM ' FLAG.
F2CA FD7Efl0
01060
REMl
LD
A, [lY + fl)
jCURRENT CHAR
F2CD FD23
01070
INC
lY
jPOIfJT TO NEXT CHAR
F2CF B7
0I0BB
OH
A
!A-0?
F2D0 2605
01090
JR
Z.LINEND
;YES. END OF LINE
F2D2 CDE0F2
eiieo
CALL
TAB
F2D5 18F3
01110
01120
JR
rem:
;W0. GET NEXT CHAR
F2D7 DD7700
01130
LINEND
LD
[IX+0] ,A
.■SAVE END OF LINE BYTE
F2DA CD3CF3
01140
CALL
PBINTl
P2DD C33DF2
01150
01160
JP
START2
jPROCESS NEXT LINE
F2EB FE09
01170
TAB
CP
09H
! IS CHAR A TAB I09H) 7
F2E2 2BB6
01180
JP
Z,TAB1
lYES. GOTO TAB PHOCESSI>*C
F2E4 DD77flB
01190
LD
(IX + O) ,A
SNO. STORE IN BUFFER
F2E7 DD23
01200
ISC
IX
! INCREMENT BUFFER POINTER
F2E9 C9
B1210
RET
[RETURN FROM SUBROtJTINE
F2EA 0607
01220
TABl
LD
B,7
[CONVERT 09H INTO 8 SPACES
F2EC 3E20
01230
LD
A,20H
[BY STORING EIGHT 20H BYTES
f2EE DD77aO
01240
TAB 2
LD
IIX + 0) ,A
[AND INCREMENTING BUFFER
F2F1 DD23
01250
INC
IX
[EIGHT TIMES [7+1) .
F2F3 ieF9
01260
DJNI
TAB 2
! IF BOO, CONTINUE
F2F5 C9
01279
01280
I
RET
[RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE
F2F6 F5
01290
SPOCK
PUSH
AF
iSAVE CURRENT CHAR
F2F7 DD7EFF
01300
LD
A, lIX-1)
.-CHECK PREVOUS BYTE FOR
F2FA rE2B
01310
CP
20H
; A SPACE l2aH)
F2FC 2B0B
01320
JR
Z.SPX
;YES. GOTO SPl
F2FE FE3a
01330
CP
3 AH
;HOW ABOUT A COLON?
F300 2807
01340
JR
Z.SPl
[YES. GOTO SPl
F3B2 3E2e
01350
LD
A,20H
[NOT ■ ■ OR : SO STORE A
F3B4 DD77D0
01360
LD
[IX+ai ,A
[ SPACE PRIOR TO TOKEN
F307 DD23
01370
INC
iX
[INCREMENT BUFF POINTER
F309 Fl
013BO
SPl
POP
AF
;GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F3aA E67F
01390
AND
7FH
[BIT 7-0. now CAN USE IT
F3BC 47
01400
LD
B,A
; AS A POINTER IN TOKEN
F3BD 04
01410
INC
B
TABLE AFTER ADDING 1.
F3BE 215328
01420
LD
HL,2B53H
/TABLE STARTS AT 2B53H
F311 7E
01430
SP2
LD
A, (HL)
;GET BYTE FROM TABLE
F312 CB7F
01440
BIT
7, A
[IS IT >80H [A TOKEN) ?
F314 23
01450
iw:
HL
[POINT TO NEXT TABLE BYTE
F31B 28FA
01460
JR
Z,SP2
: NO. GET NEXT TABLE ENTRY
F317 IBFB
01470
DJNZ
SP2
[B-B-1, IF BO0, GOTO SP2
P319 2B
01480
DEC
HL
[FOUND ITI
Laling ctmfmued
ContwntKi fnm p. 192
can execute the command DEFUSR =
&HF200 cither in the command mode
or within a Basic program. You must
redefine the entry point if you leave and
return to Basic or if you redefine USRO
when u^ng another machine-language
program.
To run the program, simply type
X = USR(0). You can also include this
command in a Basic [Hogram. When
you execute X = USR(0), the screen
clears and the title shown in line 2940 of
the Listing appears. The first time you
run the program, it accesses the disk to
(^tain the date information. On further
runs, disk access is not perfoniKd.
If you press Fl, the Listing stops at
the beginning of the next line and CON-
TINUE ?(Y/N)... appears on the
screen. The program accepts either an
"7b use Doculisty
you must
load it into memory,
define its starting address,
and then call it
with the USR command. "
upper- or lowercase Y or N. If you enter
an N, you'll immediately return to the
READY prompt. A Y entry resumes
printing.
If printing is imable to resuriK, the
screen message reads Printer N(X Ready.
CONTINUE ?(Y/N).... Again, press-
ing the N key returns you to the READY
mode and a Y reinvokes the printing
mode. This message continues until you
can print again. When printing is done
you return to the READY mode.
As with normal listing to the printer,
it is advisable to perform a Forms set
prior to calling Doculist. This aUows
proper pag^ of continuous form
p^jer.
One Modiflcatioa
For those of you with 132-column
printers, a change in line 22S0 is advis-
able. Replace the '*72" (48 hex) with
*'124*' (7C hex). This aUows a longer
line to be pninted, but won't force a car-
riage return by the printer. ■
Jim Barbarello can be reached at R.D.
m, Box 24IH, Tennenl Road, English-
town, NJ 07726. You can purchase
Doculist on disk from him for $10.
196 • dO Micro, November 1963
s
A Newsletter for Pocket Computer Fans!
This is a Unely. conpact. easy reading
publication that provides up to the ninute
infornation of vital interest to people uho use
pocket conputers -- and who Mant to know how to
better capitalize on their capatiilities. Ue
concentrate on the Sharp PC-1500 6 PC-1500A and
Radio Shack PC-2 C PC-3 rwdels. But we also
provide infornation about newconers to the field.
Ue report prinarily on pocket and hand-held
conputers that are capable of executing a high
level language such as BASIC. Hany new nodels
will be introduced in this year.
Especially for Busy People
This is a neusleiter. It is not a nagaiine. The
naterlal we provide is condensed to 8 to 16 pages
^i issue. This carefully selected infornation is
presented in an easy to digest fornai that is
ready assinilated by busy people.
Product and Equipfient Reviews
As new nodels and accessories becone available we
publish forthright reviews as reported to us by
actual users. Books, software packages and other
kinds of supporting naterials also cone under our
careful scrutiny.
Inportant Operating Tips and Practical Advice
Every nodel has its strengths and weaknesses, its
ins and outs. Our p^Alication quickly conpiles
critical infornation fron users and passes this
on to you. Ue show you how to save keystrokes and
naxinize perfornance. ue oftm uncover hidden
features and are able to tell you about
capabilities not discussed in the nanufacturer's
literature. (Ue have, in particular, published a
wealth of naterial about the actual nachine codes
used in the PC-l500/PC-2i)
Lots of Practical Program
We publish all kinds of practical, useful
prograns that eNwKe the use and enjoynent of
your own personal unit. In past issues we have
presented prograns that: convert nunbers fron one
base to another, perforn linear regression
analysis, plot aviation courses, solve for
unknowns in triangulation problens, tally
supernarket purchases, do polynonial arithnetic,
display a calendar of any nonth over a ^00 year
range, perforn linear Interpolation, calculate
anortization. figure tab locations for corH>lex
colunnar reports, perforn si»vle anination, dunp
nenory, do curve fitting, renwiber all or part of
a progran, and play a variety of anusing ganes.
Ue are always on th« lookout for Uw highast
quality prograns to bring to you.
Delivered with a Sinple Ouarantae
If, at any tine, you becone dlsatisfied with our
publication, you nay sinply cancel your
subscription and receive a refOnd for unnaiJed
issues.
v mmmmmmmm^fmmmimA
'S
i-
Sft»«ift&B8SfSS»^fti
Prcxiuct Reviews
Programming Tips
Timesavers
Customizing
Tutorials
Short Cuts
Technical Information
Application Forums
i
AMsilable Only by Prepaid Subscription for a Calendar Year
Period (January ~ Dacenber) . You are sent back issues for the
calendar year to which you sUtscribe, at the tine you enroll .
I w interested. Please send nore infornation, I have:
_ a Sharp PC-1500 __ Radio Shack PC-2
Enroll ne as a 1984 Subscriber (Issue nunbers 31-36) .
$18.00inU.S. (U.S. $21.00 to Canada/Tlexico. Elsewhere
U.S. $50.00 payable in U.S. funds against a U.S. bank.)
Enroll ne as a 1983-84 Subscriber (Issue nunbers 21-36) .
$S4.00inU.S. (U.S. $63.00 to Canada^exico. Elsewhere
U.S. $80.00 payable in U.S. funds against a U.S. bank.)
Enroll ne as a 1982-84 Subscriber (Issue nunbers 11-36) .
$78.00 in U.S. (U.S. $95.00 to Canada/nexico. Elsewhere
U.S. $120.00 payable inU.S. funds against a U.S. bv^.)
_ Checkhereif paying by MasterCard or VISA. Please give
credit card infornation below .
Orders nust be acconpaniad by paynant in full.
Nane:
Addr:
City:
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Signature:
Exp. Date:
/laiJ tAis order fortt u>:
POCKET CflNPUTER NEWSLETTER
P.O. BOK 252, SCVtMMt. CT 0MB5 .a
.' So* Lisl ol Adyenisers on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 197
CALC "HELPER"
FOR THE TRS-80® MODa III
• Enters most VisiCalc®
commands with one keystroke.
• Helps inexperienced users of
VisiCalc learn quickly.
• Helps experienced users work
faster-
• Does not alter program on disk
or require knowledge of any
passwords.
• Uses only a few hundred bytes
of VisiCalc® memory.
$29.95
MasterCard & Visa accepted
Wisconsin residents add 5X sales tax
Indicate DOS used and VisiCalc version
The Business Software Team
639 Brookridge Street
Green Bay. Wl 54301 ^236
POWER LINE
PROBLEMS?
SPK-SPIKER® ...TWSOUinON
Protects, orgofiizes, controls cofnputers &
sensitive electronic equipment. Helps prevent
softwore "glitches", unexplained memory loss,
and equipment domoge. Filter modds ottenuate
conducted RF interference. 1 20V, 1 5 Amps.
Ottier models ovailoble. Ask for free literoture.
MLUXI POWER CONWU
$79.95
Tmtsitnt abMrlMr, duot S-stog*
ni1«r. B individuoHy (witchtd
lockctt, fuMd, main iwtlch, & liti.
OUAD-II $59.95
Irami«nt obMrtMr. Duol 3 itog*
fiHir. 4H>cktls, litt.
QUAD-I $49.95
TronMnl abtortf, 4 sodMli.
MINI-II $44.95
IrgnsMnt obMrtar, 3 itogt fitMr,
2Mdun
MINI-I $34.95
TrwMnt gb$«rt«r, 1 Mdtati.
-485
6584 Ruch M , D^)l 80
BtttiWiwn. PA 18017
315-137-0700
Out of Slott Ordw Toll Ftm
IM-521-9U5
DEALER INQUIRIES INVino ■ CODi odd 13 00 + Ship
Listing coniinueti
F31A E67F
01490
AMD
7FH
jMAKE IT UPPER CASE ASCII
F31C DD7700
01500
LD
(IX + 0) ,A
; AND STORE IN BUFFER
F3iF DD23
01510
INC
IX
jCONTINUE STORING TABLE
F321 23
01520 SP3
INC
HL
; ENTRIES UNTIL THE NEXT
F322 7E
01530
LD
A, (HL)
: TOKEN IS ENCOUNTERED.
F323 CB7F
01540
BIT
7, A
; THIS WILL STORE THE
F325 2007
01550
JH
NZ,SP4
; ASCII CHARACTERS THAT
F327 DD7700
01560
LD
llXtO) ,A
; SPELL OUT THE COMMAND
F32A DD23
01570
INC
IX
;KEEP GOING UNTIL DONE
F32C 18F3
01580
JR
SP3
F32E FD7E0fl
01590 SP4
LD
A, [IY + 0)
jIS NEXT PROGRAM CHAR A
F331 FE20
01600
CP
20H
; SPACE (20H) ?
F333 CB
01610
BET
Z
;YES. JOB DONE. RETURN
F334 3E20
01620
LD
A,20H
;N0. SAVE A SPACE IN
F336 DD7700
01630
LD
[IX+0) ,A
; THE BUFFER. INCREMENT
F339 DD23
01640
INC
IX
! BUFFER POINTER, AND
F33B C9
01650
01660 ;
RET
i THEN JOB DONE. RETURN.
F33C DD21C7F4 01670 P8INT1
LD
IX.BOFF
; POINT TO STABT OF BUFFER
F340 CDDBF3
01680
CALL
INDENT
;SET LEFT MARGIN
F343 DD4fc:00
01690 All
LD
C, (IX+B)
;GET FIRST CHAR IN BUFF
F346 DD23
01700
INC
IX
; POINT TO NEXT
F348 79
01710
LD
A,C
;IS CHAR STORED IN C
F349 FE30
01720
CP
30H
. fi^ -0- 7
F34B 200D
01730
JR
NZ,A12
;N0. GOTO A12
F34D 0E20
01740
LD
C,20H
jYES. REPLACE WITH A
F34F CDB0F3
01750
CALL
PRJNT2
! SPACE AND PRINT IT.
F352 18EF
01760
JR
All
;G0 BACK FOR NEXT CHAR.
F354 DD4E00
01770 A6
LD
C, (IX + O)
-GET FIRST CHAR
F357 DD23
01780
INC
IX
; POINT TO NEXT ONE
F359 79
01790
LD
A,C
■ TO TEST IT
F35A FE22
01800 A12
CP
22H
- FOR QUOTES
F35C 2007
01810
JR
NZ,A5
•NO. GO AHEAD
F35E 3A2AF4
01820
UJ
A, (QUOTES]
YES, CHANGE
F361 2F
01830
CPL
THE FLAG
F362 322AF4
01S40
LD
(QUOTES) ,A
AND STORE IT.
F365 3A2AF4
01850 A5
LD
A, (QUOTES)
IF WE JUMPED HERE, NO
F368 B7
01860
OR
A
QOUTES.
F369 79
01870
LD
A,C
GET BACK CHAR. IF QUOTES
F36A 2019
01380
JR
NZ,A7
FLAG, SKIP COLON TEST
F36f FEFF
01390
CP
0FFH
IS IS A "REM" FLAG?
F3SE 2008
01900
JR
NZ,A1
NO. JUMP TO Al
F370 322BF4
01910
LD
(REM) ,A
YES. STORE FLAG IN (BEM)
F373 DD4E00
01920
LD
C, : IX+0]
SKIP REM FLAG AND GET
F376 DD23
01930
INC
IX
NEXT CHARACTER.
F378 3A2BF4
01940 Al
LD
A, (REM)
IS CHAR PART OF REM LINE?
F37B FE00
01950
CP
0H
(i.e. Not eqi;al to lero)
F37D 2005
01960
JR
NZ,A3
YES. SKIP COLON TEST
F37F 79
01970
LD
A,C
NO. GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F380 FE3A
01980
CP
IhH
CHECK FOR COLON
F382 2816
01990
JB
Z,A8
YES. JUMP TO AB.
F384 79
02000 A3
LD
A,C
GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F3B5 B7
02010 A7
OR
A
NO. IS A=0?
F386 200D
02020
JR
NZ,A10
NO. JUMP TO A10(PBINT)
F38B AF
02030
XOR
A
YES. A=0 CLEARS FLAG.
F3B9 322BF4
02040
LD
(BEM) ,A
CLEAR REM LINE FLAG, SAVE
F38C 322AF4
02050
LD
(QUOTES) ,A
QUOTES FLAG STATUS
F38F 0E0D
02060
LD
C,0DH
AND SEND A CRLF
F391 CDB0F3
02070
CALL
PRINT2
TO THE PRINT ROUTINE.
F394 C9
02080
re:t
RETURN
F395 CDB0F3
02090 A10
CALL
PRINT2
PRINT THE CHAR IF '.>e
F39B 18BA
02100
JR
A6
GET NEXT CHAR
F39A C5
02110 AB
PUSH
BC
COLON FOUND, SO SAVE CHAR
F39B 0E0D
02120
LD
C,0DH
AND PRINT A CRLF.
F39D CDB0F3
02130
CALL
PRINT2
THEN SET LEFT MARGIN,
F3A0 3E07
02140
LD
A, 7
7=5 (LINE 1) ♦ 1 (SPACE)
F3A2 322CF4
02150
LD
(CflABS) ,A
+ 1 (CURRENT CHAR)
F3A5 3E0B
02150
LD
A, 11
11=5 (MARGIN) + 6 (LINE
F3A7 CDDDF3
02170
CALL
INDl
1 AND TRAILING SPACE)
F3AA CI
02180
POP
BC
GET BACK CHAR (COLON) AND
F3AB CDB0F3
02190
CALL
PRINT2
PRINT IT.
F3AE 18A4
02200
02210 ;
02220 PHINT2
JR
A6
GO BACK FOR NEXT CHAR.
F3B0 41
LD
B,C ,
PUT CHAR IN B.
F3B1 7 8
02230
LD
A,B
AND ALSO IN A.
F3B2 FE0D
02240
CP
ODH
IS IT A CB?
F3B4 2elD
02250
JR
Z,P1
YES. GOTO PI
F3B6 3A2CF4
02260
LD
A, (CHARS)
NO. GET CHAR COUNT.
F3B9 3C
02270
INC
A ;
AND INCREMENT BY 1.
f3BA 322CF4
02280
LD
(CHARS) ,A :
SAVE NEW CHAR COUNT.
F3BD FE48
02290
CP
72 ;
FULL LINE YET?
f3BF 2016
023^0
JB
NZ,P2 ;
NO. JUMP TO P2
F3CI 050D
02310
LD
B,0DH ;
YES. SEND A CRLF TO
F3C3 CDFi1F3
02320
CALL
PRIt^T ;
PRINT ROUTINE.
F3C6 3E07
02330
LD
A, 7 ;
7=5 (LINE ») t 1 (SPACE)
F3C8 322CF4
02340
LD
(CHARS) ,A J
+ 1 (CURRENT CHAR)
F3CB 3E0B
02350
LD
A , 1 1
11=5 (MARGIN) + 6 (LINE
F3CD CDDDF3
02360
CALL
INDl ;
» AND TRAILING SPACE)
F3D0 41
02370
LD
B,C ;
GET BACK CURRENT CHAR
F3d: 1804
02360
JR
P2 ;
AND PRINT IT.
F3d3 AF
02390 p:
XOR
A ;
END OF LINE. SET CHARS
F3D4 322CF4
02400
LD
(CHARS) ,A ;
COUNTER TO ZERO.
F3D7 CDF4F3
02410 P2
CALL
PRINT ;
PRINT CHAR IN B
F3DA C9
02420
243 ;
RET
;
AND RETURN.
F3DB 3E05
02440 INDENT
LD
A, 5
SET 5 SPACES FOR INDENT
F3DD F5
02450 INDl
PUSH
AF ;
AND SAVE IT.
F3DE 3E04
02460
LD
A, 4 1
PERFORM SVC 4 (CHECK
F3E0 CF
02470
RST
Q ;
KEYBOARD FOR KEY
F3E1 7 8
02460
LD
A,B
PRESSED (IF ANY) .
F3t2 FE01
02490
CP
01H ;
WAS "Fl* PRESSED?
F3E4 CCFDF3
02500
CALL
2, STOP ;
IF SO, GOSUB 'STOP'
F3E7 3E01
02510 1ND3
LD
A,l ;
CLEAR KEYBOARD OF ALL
F3E9 CF
02520
RST
e ;
PREVIOUS KEYSTROKES,
F3EA Fl
02530
POP
AF ;
AND GET BACK A.
Laimg conlinued
1M " 80 Micro, November 1983
LaMlg n-tMittd
rjED o»2e
02^40
LD
B,20H
;DEFINE SPACE TO BE PRINTED
F3ED C0F4F3
025S0
ItlD2
CALL
PRINT
iPRlNT CHAR IN B
FlfB 30
02560
DEC
A
lONE LESS TO PRINT
F3P1 20FA
02S7B
JR
NZ,IMD2
tGOTO IND2 TILL DONE
F3F3 C»
025BB
02590
1
RET
} OTHERWISE, RETURN.
F3r4 F5
02600
PRINT
PUSH
AF
iSAVE CONTENTS OF A. .
F3F5 3E12
02610
LD
A, 18
rSVC 18 tPRINTCHAR]
F3F7 CF
02620
RST
8
;D0 IT NOW!
FSFS C416P4
02630
CALL
HZ, FAULT
;IF UNABLE. GOSUB 'FAULT'
F3FB n
02640
POP
AF
iGET BACK CONTENTS OF A.
F3FC C9
02650
02660
RET
:JOB DONE. RETURN.
J-3FD 21B5F4
02670
STOP
LD
KL,STOPl4'20
;OEFINE CONTINUE NSC ONLY.
Vieo 0612
02680
LD
B,18
;PRINT 18 CHAR HSC AND
F4a2 0EO1
02690
STOPPR LD
C,l
f INPUT I CHAR FROM
F404 I1A1F4
02700
LD
DE, STOPl
1 KEYBOARD VIA SVC 12.
r407 3EBC
02710
LD
A, 12
J STORE CHAR AT STOPl.
F40» CF
02720
RST
8
;D0 IT NOWl
r4eA lA
02730
LD
A,(DE)
tGBT CHAR INPUTTED.
F40B CBAF
02740
RES
5, A
fMAKE UPPER CASE IF HOT.
F40D FE4e
02750
CP
4 EH
tIS IT "N"?
F4BF 2810
02760
JR
ZrQUlT
tYES. JUMP TO QUIT.
F411 FES9
02770
CP
59H
(NO. IS IT A "Y"?
F413 20E8
02780
JR
NZ.STOP
; NO. TRY AGAIN.
F415 C9
02790
RET
; YES, SO RETURN
F416 C3
02600
FAULT
PUSH
BC
iSAVE BC IKFO.
F417 21A2F4
02S10
LD
HLrSTOPl*!
;PRIKT 'PRINTER MOT READY'
F4U 0625
02B28
LD
B,37
; MESSAGE, ETC USING
F41C CO02P4
03830
CALL
STOPPR
t 'STOPPR' SUBROUTINE.
F41F CI
02840
POP
BC
rCET BACK BC INFO
F420 C9
02tt58
02060
RET
t AND RETURN.
F421 rOTBOflPb
02870
QUIT
UJ
5P,(0F6OOH)
t RESTORE STACK
F425 C30028
02880
JP
280 OH ;AND
RETURN TO NODEL II BASIC
F428 0000
02890
NXTLIN DGPW
F42A 00
02900
QUOTES DEFB
F42B 00
02910
REH
DEPB
F42C 00
02920
CHARS
DEFB
F42D IB
02930
INTRO
DEPB
IBH
F42E 44
02940
DEFH
'D C U L I
5 T Press "Fl" to HALT list
F42P 20
4P 20
43 20
55 20
4C 20 49
20 53 20 54 20
20
F43F 20
2D 2D
20 20
50 72
65 73 73
20 22 46 31 22
20
F44F 74
6F 20
48 41
4C 54
20 6C 69
73 74 69 6E: 67
2E
F4SF 0D
02950
DEFB
ODH
F460 09
02960
TITLE
DEFB
09
F4«l 09
02970
DEFB
09
iTWO TABS PRECEED MSC
P462 20
029 SO
DEFH
• DOCUHENTATIOK PROCRAH LISTING - 1
F463 20
20 20
44 4F
43 55
4D 45 4E
54 41 54 44 4F
4E
F473 20
SB S2
4F 47
52 41
4D 20 4C
49 53 54 49 4E
47
P483 20
2D 20
20 20
20 20
20 20 20
20 20 20 20 20
20
F493 20
20 20
20 20
20 20
20 20 20
20 20 20 20
F4A1 00
02990
STOPl
DEFB
OH
F4A2 50
03000
DEPN
'Pcinter Hot Ready. CONTINUE ?(Y/N)...' 1
P4A3 72
69 6E
74 65
72 20
4E «F 74
20 52 65 61 64
79
P4B3 2E
20 43
4F 4E
54 49
4E 55 45
20 3F 28 59 2P
4E
P4C3 29
2E 2E
2E
F4C7
03010
BUFF
EOU
$
F200
03020
END
0F2OOH
00000 TOTAL ERRORS
Al
P378
AlO
F395
All
F343
A12
F3SA
A2
P277
A3
F384
AS
F363
A6
F354
A7
F365
A8
F39A
TAB2
F2EE
APOS
P2B3
TITLE
F460
APOSl
F2BE
TITLEl
F22C
wre
F4C7
TOKEN
F288
CHARS
F42C
FAULT
P416
INC
P26C
INDl
P3DD
1ND2
P3ED
IND3
F3E7
INDENT
P3DB
INTRO
F42D
LIHEND
F207
NCOLON
F29S
NXTLIN
P42e
PI
F3D3
P2
F3D7
PRINT
F3F4
PBISTl
F33C
PRIST2
F3B0
QUIT
P421
QUOTES
P42A
REH
F42B
REMl
F2CA
REHARK
F290
REMLIK
P2C4
SPl
F309
SP2
r3ii
SP3
P321
SP4
F32E
SPOCK
F2Fe
START2
F23D
STOP
F3FD
STOPl
P4A1
STOPPR
F402
TAB
F2E0
TABl
F2EA
TOOLKIT
Sr*>»ii »••■*••• ft *(«00tM Attaaitn
«.••■•«•• >» in* Model? •-« Moaei 3
TOOLKIT t.>** f«» TOTAL ■£<•» ■« ALL o-
<^* ••••» »•*» »'»v*'*>* '" **>" •-*>* *«ii "'*•
9(CO0E'Ch*MCC'M(MOvC anr • • ■* >•*■-«'«
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CHANCC a<tk ID*
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Aac«-<i* ■«nfH*«« »>a4>aM TOOLKIT aa*t
NOT ••«»■•• ani ■»«■ •'>a»i*09« B' 00»
TOOLKIT .%
■»«i •»• O'-**
I170I *••« irtai
Wii( >««r* (.Ilia (na *<r»>i ■■in Pt't ^, b^ia
hatiin^ ** (.ar TOOLKIT a« n---
taa.aa'
t*a<ifT MoaTiIOl a> m««jii>i •«».oh
tt(w*Nt $or<w**C
'«M >«l-«tl4
*e ••• »'i
■ las 11 )\ iK.vatitf
MC visft anc 1 actvaiva
MamDiii IM )*'0t
SS WE WILL NOT BE SS
UNDERSOLD
EPSON
RX80. MX60FTIII. MX100FTIII.
FXeO. and-NEW FX100
CALL-LOWEST PRICES IN USA
PRINTERS
Gemini 10X S329
Gemini 15 $499
Okidala82A. $419
Okidata 92 $520
8510 Prowrlter (P) $385
8510 Prowriter (S> $569
1550 (P) $679
1550 {S) $759
Brother HP 1 CALL
Brother HR 1 5 CALL
Smith-Corona TP1 ( LQF^ $549
MODEMS
Hayes 300 Baud $209
Hayes 300/1 200 $485
Novation Smartcat $487
300/1200
Shipping and Handling - AM 3%
WCA VisfAd<l3%. C.O.O.i- Add $2.00
THE COMPUTER STORF
lOuis^fle !.Aj 1800) 824-2227 :-::e's C->
1 7 M 1 ? () 1 ' "i B i
ao Mcro. November 1983 • 199
r
DISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWN
PRICES ON DISKS!
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<
V
TEC'S NEW HALF-HIGH 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE W/CASE
& POWER SUPPLY AT AN INCREDIBLE LOW PRICE!
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TRUE HALF HEIGHT DRIVES!
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(IXXJBIJ-: SIOKD 40 TRACK DRIVhlS ADD $75 00)
SHUGART NEW SLIMLINE DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK W/CASE & POWER SUPPLY $299.00
SHUGART NEW SLIMLINE DOUBLE SIDED 80 TRACK W/CASE & POWER SUPPLY $379.00
TANDON SINGLE SIDED SLIMLINE 8" DISK DRIVE W/DUAL CASE & POWER SUPPLY $545.00
TANDON DOUBLE SIDED SLIMLINE 8" DISK DRIVE W/DUAL CASE & POWER SUPPLY .... $625.00
l"WO URIVL CAStS AVAlUXBUi A [ VAKIKD PRICES
TWO DRIVH h 1/4" CABLE it-OH MOST COMPUir^S) $23.99 WITH GOU) PLATKD CONNECTOKS
DVS COLOR COMPUTER 1st DRIVE ONLY $369.00
ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEC & TANDON
HAYES SMART MODEM 300 BAUD $225.00 1200 BAUD $525.00
MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARD $89.00
PRINTER PRICES
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EPSON STAR
MX80 FT W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS $459.00 GEMINI 10 $349.00
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RX80 W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS $389.00 CITOH PROWRITER 8510 $395.00
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DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS AVAILABLE AT VARIED PRICES
visit our two WE CARRY THS80. LNW. tPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
retani«ationsai: . y 180 Days Parts and Labor Warranty
886 Ecorse Road ..=,^ra r^ ,^ DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
Ypsilanti. MI 48197 fl^l D ISPLA YED f^H Free Shipping in the U.S.
(313) 426-5086/(313)482-4424lJPrrY^~--^g^ 48 Congous States
111 Marshall Street ^q ORDER: Call (313) 426-5086 or (313) 482-4424 or (517) 542-3280
Litchfield. MI 49252 (517) 542-3939 (517) 542-3947
(517) 542-3280 OR WRITE: DISPLAYED VIDEO 111 MARSHALL ST., LITCHFIELD. Ml 49252
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<
WE CARRY TRS 80. IBM, LNW. EPSON &. FRANKUN COMKJTERS
<
Visit our retail location at:
111 Marshall Street
Litchfield. MI 49252
(313)426-5086
(313) 482-4424
(517)542-3280
(517)542-3939
(517)542-3947
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
DVS SIX MONTH
PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY
Sh
Authorlaed Dealership at:
Ul Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 P142
To Older Call (313) 426 5086; (3131 4824424; 1517) 542 3280
(517) 542 3939; (517) ^2 3947
OR WRITE:
Displayed Video. 1 1 1 Marshall St . Ulchfield. Ml 49252
UTILITY
Color Correction
by Danley E. Christensen
Although I've been pleased with my
Color Computer, I've been disap-
pointed with my color television's per-
formance as a monitor. I've adjusted
the television for normal viewing only
to find its color is disastrous the next
time I use it as a monitor.
To solve this problem, I needed a col-
or bar generator — an electronic tool
that produces special screen designs
used to adjust the picture. Lacking such
a tool, I wrote a program that serves the
same purpose.
My program runs in 4K and generates
1 ONE HORIZONTAL BAR
2 THREE HORIZONTAL BARS
3 FIVE HORIZONTAL BARS
4 ONE VERTICAL BAR
5 THREE VERTICAL BARS
6 FIVE VERTICAL BARS
7 CROSSHATCH
8 MULTIPLE COLORED BARS
9 PICTURE CENTERING
10 END PROGRAM
Table 1. Dtsign selection menu.
Get accurate color
reproduction on your
CoCo monitor using tliis
color test pattern program.
vertical lines, horizontal lines, a cross-
hatch, and a solid screen in any of the
colors the Color Computer supports. It
also creates a set of horizontal bars
showing all the computer's colors at the
same time; this is particularly helpful
1 GREEN
2 YELLOW
3 BLUE
4 RED
5 BUFF
6 CYAN
7 MAGENTA
8 ORANGE
Table 2. Color selection menu.
Program Listing. Color ba- generator.
509 CLS: PRINT
510 PRINT " 1 - ONE HORIZONTAL BAR"
520 PRINT ■ 2 - THREE HORIZONTAL BARS"
530 PRINT ■ 3 - FIVE HORIZONTAL BARS"
540 PRINT " 4 - ONE VERTICLE BAR"
Uamg cotomued
in adjusting a set's hue, tint, and
brightness.
The bar generator is menu-driven.
After you type RUN, the program dis-
plays the selection menu shown in Table
1 . If you select options 1 -7 or 9, the pro-
gram displays the color menu in Table
2. The program constructs the design
in the color you select and then goes in-
to a "wait" state; it remains in this
state while you use the design to ad-
just the television. When you're done,
press any key and the menu reappears.
You can make another selection or end
the program. ■
Write to Danley Christensen at 17
Walnut mis, Springfield, IL 62707.
Variable
Function
C
KS
L
S
X
Y
Color selection
Key hit
Print location
Screen type selection
Loop index
Loop index
Table 3.
Variables list.
The Key Box
Color Computer
4KRAM
Color Bask
202 • so Micro, November 1983
Lonnf (tMflnyMf
550
PRINT ■ 5 - THREE VERTICLE BARS'
S60
PRINT ■ 6 - FIVE VERTICLE BARS"
57fl
PRINT " 7 - CROSSHATCH"
58e
PRINT " 8 - MULTIPLE COLORED BARS
590
PRINT ■ 9 - PICTURE CENTERING"
600
PRINT "10 - END PROGRAM"
650
PR1NT:INPUT"WHICH SELECTION (1-10
660
IF S-1 THEtJ 1000
670
IF S-2 THEN 2000
660
IP S«3 THEN 3000
690
IP S>4 THEN 4000
700
IF S-5 THEN 5000
710
IF S«6 THEN 6000
720
IP S»7 THEN 7000
TRY AGAIN.": PRINT
730 IF S-e THEN 10000
740 IP S>9 THEN 11000
750 IP S"10 THEN CLS:END
781) CLS
790 PRINT "INVALID SELECTION.
800 SOUND 200,5
810 GOTO 510
1000 GOSUB 12000: CLS0
1020 FOR X-0 TO 63
1030 SET(X,15,C)
1050 NEXT X: GOTO 13000
2000 GOSUB 12000: CLS0
2010 CLS0
2020 FOR X»0 TO 63
2030 SET(X,8,C) :SET(X,15,C) :SET(X,22,C)
2090 NEXT X; GOTO 13000
3000 GOSUB 12000: CLS0
3020 FOR X=8 TO 63
3030 SET(X,1,C) :SET(X,B,C) :SET(X,15,C} :SET(X,22,C) :SET(X,29,C)
3130 NEXT X: GOTO 13000
4000 GOSUB 12000:CLS0
4010 FOR X-e TO 31
4020 SET(31,X,C):SET(32,X,C)
4030 NEXT X:COTO 13000
5000 GOSUB 12000:CLS0
5010 FOR X-0 TO 31
5020 SET(16«X,C) :SET(17,X,C) :SET(31,X,C) :SET(32,X,C) :SET(46,X,C)
:SET(47,X,C)
5030 NEXT X:GOT0 13000
6000 GOSUB 12000:CLS0
6010 FOR X*0 TO 31
6020 SET(1,X,C) :SET(2,X,C) :SET(16,X,C) iSET(17,X,C) :SET(31,X,C)
6030 SET(32,X,C) jSET(46,XrC) :SET(47,X,C) !SET(61,X,C1 :SET(62,X,C)
6040 NEXT X:GOTO 13000
7000 GOSUB 12000:CLS0
7010 FOR X»>0 TO 63
7020 SET(X,1#C) :SET(X,B,C):SET{X,15,C>:SET(X,22,C):SET(X,29,CJ
7030 NEXT X
7040 FOR X-0 TO 31
7050 SET(1,X,C) :SET(2,X,C> :SET(16,X,C) :SET(17,X,C) :SET(31,XfC)
7060 SET(32,X«C) :SET(46,X,C) :SET(47,X,C) :SET(61.X,C) :SET(62,X,C)
7070 NEXT XiGOTO 13000
10000 CLS0
10010 C-127: L»-l
10020 FOR X-1 TO 8
10030 C-C-t-16
10040 FOR Y-1 TO 64
10050 L-L+l
10060 IF L<511 THEN PRINT$L,CHR$(C) ;
10070 NEXT Y
10080 NEXT X
10090 SET(62,30,e):SET(62,31,e):SET(63.30,e}:SBT(63,31.e)
10100 GOTO 13000
11000 GOSUB 12000: CLS(C): GOTO 13000
12000 CLS: PRINT
GRBEN"
YELLOW"
BLUB"
RED"
BUFF"
CYAN"
HAGENTA"
ORANGE"
PRINT
WHICH COLOR" ;C
12010 PRINT TABU0);"1
12020 PRINT TABa0);"2
12030 PRINT TAB(10);"3
12040 PRINT TAB(10)f"4
12050 PRINT TAB(10);"5
12060 PRINT TAB(10);"6
12070 PRINT TAB(10)i"7
12080 PRINT TAB{10);"8
12090 PRINT: PRINT:
12095 INPUT "
12100 IF C<1 OR C>8 THEN CLS: PRINT"
N.": SOUND 200,5: PRINT: GOTO 12010
12120 RETURN
13000 K$-INKEY$
13010 IF K$-"" THEN 13000
13020 GOTO 500
INVALID COLOR. TRY AGAI
CREATE: term*. lab«lt and form i*tt«r«.
Tht* «kcnin« cad* word proc«««or can
even HOD 'S'JiTBACT &O0»li««pin9 coIuba*.
Cnan<}«. dcltce, add, iniart, nov«. copy
<cnar«ctar(/ltn«i 'bloclti> o( tait f a*>. .
SELECT: aaT^in*. page ler.gtn. number o(
copiea, tabt, center line* / pa9«. line
•pacing and LESU. PAPER LINE HUHBERtNG.
MODEL I uiara qec: Model tJI ahift kay
concfollad upper / lower caee letter«M
EASIER to USE than o*,rier ajracews. Only
* iteys control 96* of tne Lt* feacureiM
TBY a LW for 3 MO-iTHS . !( not latiif-
ted return it. we oiLl refund all out
i3.S0 to cover poetage ■' nandling. !F
fOt CAN NOT BET'JRS !T, DO NOT BVY IT.
C. A. of K. y. rates nie IM purchate at
'ore of tfie beat buy» i have n«de. *(
Tape im Model 1/111 lyetMM (23 99
DISK IIK Model l/lll ayetemt $37.99
WE PAyitaN / us pottage on UL order*.
VerbatiB MD!:5 01 <)i»H»: 10 for ili.iS
Mieroaette CIS tap«*b©it: 20 for SiJ.SS
590S Stone Hill Dl .
9L0C-.:^r., CA 95677
24 HOUR
Coir.pJtPi Phone
.916 624-3709
fAST LOAD UBRARIES:
COMWHO OO0« CAM M ff OW t O M
nsLOCATAakf nu».
INTERPRETER:
OVm t3« RMCTION* HMPLBMMTtO M
•AM Mnw«wT«n.
DOCUMENTATION:
IMi MANUAl « Ovm WO MOM COVIRMM
SUPPORT SOFTWARE:
LITTLI MCTA-nUNaiATOn WMTiNO •VVTIM
• A L«P MtOOMAM WHWM ^WMrTB *OU
to ancirv T»M arNTAx o* a hmmmammo
uweouAOt Are how n • to h MiWMtiut
REQUIREMENTS:
THK-WMIOOtLI OnMOMkW.MK.OU
Ai«0 MMUM.I MR CP/M
ORDERING:
•VVTMWt
eaw A tti •>!»»•.
LTTkl MVTA MAWWAt. I
umi ■MtATMANM.ATOH. .•M.
vMA a« nwanncAiv
n<AM NCbUn tMWWATIOHOim I
(®
rAH WEST trtTEMS. ■OPTWARE, MC.
P.O. tOX WU. PA1.0 ALTO t4MB
taiDMI-OlM
-464
80 Micro, Novemtter 1983 • 203
unuTY
10AP80
Make Your Word(s) Count
by Charies Knight
I
f you feel you could benefit from knowing
the word count of a Scripsit fUe, try this
valuable utility on your word processor.
While Scripsit is a great word pro-
cessor, it lacks one feature: it doesn't
provide a word count. Professional
writers, and often students, need to
know the approximate word count of
an article. Sure. Scripsit counts all the
characters in a document, including
those within format and comment lines,
but that total is useless if you need to
know how many characters go to the
printer.
Each word is always separated by one
or two s[>aces, and may or may not con-
tain punctuation. Two words can also
be separated by only a carriage return or
other text-boundary marker.
So, then, you can count the separa-
tions between the words instead of the
words themselves, but you don't want
to count consecutive word separators as
more than one word. If words are set
apart with a hyphen and two spaces in-
stead of parentheses, the hyphen counts
as one word. Dashed tines made up of
periods, or other material entered with
alternating spaces, are also counted as
one word.
Scripsit allows format and comment
lines, so words within these lines won't
be counted. Since the greater-than sign
(>) indicates both format and comment
Unes. shoukl the program encounter
that sign anywhere in the text, it skips to
the next carriage return or boundary-
marker before resuming the count.
Block markers always contain this sign
as part of their identiftcation, so this
program ignores all text between the
greater-than sign and the concluding
text boundary marker.
If you hyphenate your text, check the
hyphenation blocks before ruiuiing this
204 • 60 Micro. Nwwnbw 1983
program if the words and characters in
the block are to be counted. It is unnec-
essary to remove the hyphens them-
selves.
Header and footer blocks have their
contents counted only once, even
though they appear once on each page.
They always have a format line within
them, even if it is left blank.
To Begin
To use the program, type CDUNT.
Then specify the name of the Scripsit
file whose words are to be counted. You
must have an extension on your Scrip-
sit file. If you use/SCR, then you don't
have to enter /exten^on when prompt-
ed for filespec. The program adds the
extension /SCR for you.
The program echoes the filespec and
begins scanning the file and counting
the text characters and words. The
count is continuously updated; when
finished, it displays the final word count
and number of characters in the file.
The source code for this program is
written using the EDAS editor/assem-
bler from Misosys of Alexandria. VA.
This assembler is more versatile and
easier to use than Radio Shack's ED-
TASM as modified by Apparat.
The most obvious difference lies in
the fact that multiple bytes are defined
on a single line, as shown by the graph-
ics in the sign-on message. If nothing
else, this program makes possible
publishing programs that would other-
wise be too long for the magazine whose
editorial span is at a premium. The
equivalent EDTASM listing is approxi-
mately 1 50 percent longer. Howcvct. by
chan^ng this and the length of a few
labels, you can easily adapt this listing
to EDTASM.
The COM and TITLE pseudo-ops at
the program's beginning can be omitted
since they write nonexecutable code seg-
ments into an object file. And the DB
statement must be changed to DEFB or
DEFM. as appropriate; each byte in a
DEFB must be on a line by itself. Ex-
cept for the fact that all labels must end
with a colon. I can think of no other
changes required to use the Radio Shack
Disk Editor/Assembler by Microsoft.
Anyone with editor/assembler ^cperi-
ence can make these changes easily.
Tlie Program
Lines 20(M30 define the external
routines and values used by the code.
All labels beginning with "@" are
external to the program; EDTASM
users should omit this sign in all la-
bels. These routines are common to
LDOS, TRSDOS. and NEWDOS80 V 1
and most DOSes for the Model I as
well. If you have a Model III, check
your operating system manual to see
that these routines are in the same place.
Model III users have to use a DOS other
than TRSDOS because of the calls to the
print routine at X'4467'. LDOS and
NEWDOS support this system vector on
the Model III, but TRSDOS does not.
You can write your own routine to
accomplish the same thing. If you want
to write an Assembly-language program
doing disk I/O. you will need to know
these routines. These DOS-callable rou-
tines need memory to store their data;
The Key Box
Model I and m
32KRAM
Assembly Language
EDAS or EDTASM
IF YOU'RE QOINQ TO
BE nCKY ABOUT ATI
OPERATinQ SYSTEM
SEE WHICH WAS
HCKED BEST
The readers of 80 Micro were
asked to select their favorite
operating system for the TRS-80
liodel I&lll. LDOS, DOSFLUS,
TRSDOS, MULXrDOS, WOBOS I and
l*1EWDOS/80 were all on the ballot.
They picked nEWDOS/80.
The editors of 80 Micro have also
awarded their Hall of Fame Awards.
From among every software
package on the market the editors
picked only six that they felt made a
lasting and significant contribution
to the TRS-80 computer.
riEWDOS/80 was one of the six.
Since we first introduced the
riEWDOS operating system we've
been stating its features, capabilities
and advantages. Thank you 80 Micro
readers and MEWDOS/SO users for
supporting us.
Version 2.0 . . .
High Performance DOS
riEWDOS/SO Version 2.0 is our
highest performance system yet.
The versatility and sophistication of
Version 2.0 includes features like:
• Double density support on the
Model 1
Enhanced
compatability tjetween
Model 1 and III
• THples directory size
• Dynamically merge in BASIC {also
allows merging of non ASCII
format files)
• Selective variable clearing
• Can display BASIC listings page by
page
• Automaticrepeat function key
• Routing for peripheral handling
• Enhanced disassembler
• Command chaining
• Superzap to scan files
• Fast sort function in BASIC
Hard Dick Support now Available
• Support for Apparat's and Radio
Shack's Model 111 hard disk
(optional-available upon request
for additional $60)
These
features make
nEWDOS/80 one
of the most powerful
additions you can make to
your system. And Apparat's
commitment to support assures that
you've purchased a superior
product, both today and tomorrow.
At just $149.00 it could be the best
investment you will make for your
TRS-80.
For more information see your
local computer store or contact
Apparat, Inc., 4401 S. "femarac
Parkway, Denver, CO 80237,
303/741-1778.
TRS-eO and TRSD05 are re^tered trademarks of
Tandy Corp., LDOS - Logical Syslema. DOSPLU5 -
Micro Systems Software. MULTIDOS - Cosmopolitan
Electronics. WOBOS 1 - Western Operations.
nCWDOS'80 - Apparat.
Apparotjnc.
^ See Ust of Advenisers on Page 307
80 Micro, November 1983 • 205
space is saved for this by the DS (DEFS)
statements in lines 210-230. SECBUF is
a buffer for loading a complete data
sector: FCB is a file control block need-
ed for any open file, and UREC is a buf-
fer for each logical record that will be
each character of the file in turn. UREC
is needed only when the logical record
length is a number other than 256.
DCONV, the first routine, is a
binary-to-ASCII conversion routine. It
decodes a 2-byte value passed to it in the
HL register pair and displays the ASCII
equivalent at the current cursor posi-
tion. It does so by checking the value of
each digit in a table (DECTBL) and
counting the number of times this value
is subtracted from the count before the
00110 t*** Wotd Count - Copyt
igbt (C) 1962 by ••*
00120 )•*• Charles P
. Knight 2760 Roberts Cir. *** |
00130 I*** Arlington
, Texas 76010
(617) 640-4453 *•*
00140 I*** Counts words in a SCRIPSZT file V2.1 *** |
flees
00160
TITLE
'<SCRIPSIT Word
Counting Pgrn.>'
eeee
00170
COH
•cCopyrlght
(C)
1902 by I >'
0e0B
001B0
OOH
■<0harle8 P.
Knight>* 1
52B0
00190
ORG
5200H
fmay be relocated
5200 C39&5S
00200 START
JP
BBGIH
1 vector to program
0100
00210 SECBUP
DS
256
fOisk I/O buffer
0020
00220 FCB
OS
32
jfile control block
0001
00230 UREC
DS
1
lUser record buffer
0017
00240 INBUF
DS
23
jenough for fs/ext.pwid
4428
002S0 0CLOSE
EQU
4428H
fflle close routine
4473
00260 0PEXT
EQU
4473H
;add default extension
441C
00270 0PSPEC
EOU
441CH
;nove fspec to fob
4436
00260 0READ
EQU
4436H
I read logical record
4424
00290 0OPEH
BOU
4424H
ifile open routine
0033
00300 9DSP
EQU
003 3H
iROH display routine
4467
00310 0DSPLy
EQU
4467H
jOOS display routine
0040
0032B 0KByiN
EQU
0040H
;RON INPUT routine
4430
80330 0ABORT
EQU
4430H
;error abort
4409
00340 TERROR
EQU
4409H
fprint error message
S33B 0000
00350 COUNT
DW
{Storage for word count
S33D 0000
00360 CCOUNT
DW
;storage for char count
e07P
00370 HASK?
EQU
7PH
;ina8k bit seven 60*001
00flD
00380 CR
BQU
13
icarriBge return
B00A
00390 LP
BQU
10
ilinefeed
0003
004B0 ETX
EQU
3
;Terminator byte f/iBSgs
0020
00410 SPACE
EQU
t ■
f ASCII space
533F 53
00420 EXT
DB
•SCR*
idefauit extension
43 52
5342 06
00430 BACRSP
DB
8re,e,e,6feTx
^Backspace over last ent
06 06 06 06 03
S34B 1027
00440 DECTBL
DH
10000
iDeclRtal conversion
534A E803
00450
DH
1000
f table
534C 6400
00460
DH
10t
lone word foe each
S34E 0A00
00470
DW
10
I possible
5350 0100
00480
DH
1
idlgit
5352 PD214e53 00490 DCOHV
LD
lYrOBOTBL
ipoint to start of tbl
5356 AP
00500 DCOHVl
XOR
A
(Zero A reg
5357 PO4601
00510
LD
B,{IY+1)
|BC"Decimal digit
535A PD4E00
00S20
LD
OMIY)
ibeing used
535D B7
00530
OR
A
fClear carry
535E ED42
00540 DC0NV2
SBC
HLrBO
{Subtract be
5360 3803
00550
JR
0,DC0NV3
idiglt done?
5362 3C
00560
IHC
A
fHo, Increment count
5363 ieP9
00570
JR
DCOHV 2
It repeat
5365 09
00560 DC0HV3
ADO
HL*BC
Mdd it back
5366 C630
00590
ADD
A,*0»
rnake It Into ascli
5366 €03300
00600
CALL
0DSP
{display it at cursor
536B 79
00610
LD
A,0
{When C-1, we're through
536C PE01
00620
CP
1
ISO we'll go back
536E C8
00630
RET
Z
fwhere we cane from
536P PD23
00640
IHC
ly
{Otherwise add 2 to ly
5371 P023
00650
IHC
ly
;to nxt slot in dectbl
5373 leei
00660
JR
OCONVl
{and do it again
5375 IC
IP
5377 ec
00670 SIGHON
DB
2e«3i
{Clear screen first
00680
DB
140^40^40
,140
,140,140,140,140,140,140
8c ec ec ec ec ec ec
ec
5361 ec
00690
DB
U9,U9,U9
.140
,140,140,140,140,140,140
ec 8C BC 8C BC BC BC
Be
BO
5386 ec
00700
DB
140,140,140
rl40
,140, 140, 140,140, 140,140
BC 8C 8C 8C 6C BC BC
BC
5395 BC
00710
DB
140,140, 140
.140
,140,140,140,140,140,140
ec 8C 8c 8c 8c ec ec
BC
ec
539P 80
00720
DB
140,140,140
,140
,140,140,140,140,140,140
BC BC BC BC BC BC 80
BC
8C
IMmttwmm^
206 • 00 Micro. Nowmber 1983
result falls below zero. When this hap-
pens, the effect of the last subtraa is
reversed and the next digit is dealt with
similarly. No value over 65535 is dis-
played because of the limitation impos-
ed by a 16-bit byte pair, but this is no
problem since Scripsit files cannot be
larger than memory anyway.
The program code begins at line
1030. The sign-on message is displayed
starting with the characters 28 and 31.
They clear the screen like the statement,
PRINT CHR$(28);CHR$<3I); in Basic.
The routine @DSPLY is the DOS
print routine. Text printed under this
routine can contain any character ex-
cept the delimiters 03 or 13. If 03 is the
final byte, the cursor is positioned im-
mediately after the last character
printed; if 13 is the fmal character, the
cursor is placed at the start of the next
Une. To call the routine, HL must pK>int
to the first character of the text, then
CALL X*4467' and the message are
printed beginning at the current cursor
position.
The Input Statement
The display routine call described
above displays the prompt message. A
03 terminator byte keeps the cursor on
the same line and then a CALL is made
to the input routine in ROM at 0040H.
To call this routine, load HL with a buf-
fer to receive the characters, and load B
with the number of characters to allow,
plus one for the concluding carriage re-
turn. The routine @KEYIN returns
whenever the enter or break key is
pressed. If the break key is pressed, the
carry flag is set, allowing the program
to be aboried at that point, if desired.
Register B, on exit, contains the actual
number of characters input.
If you have a filespec, and want to
open that file with a logical record
length of one, first move it to a file
control block to determine that it is a
valid filespec. The call to ©FSPEC does
this under LDOS and NEWDOS80. and
also performs any necessary lower- or
uppercase conversion.
To call this routine, load DE with the
address of the FCB and HL with the
location for the input data. Since HL
still points there from the last call, it
isn't necessary to do it again. After this
call, the FCB contains the filespiec fol-
lowed by a carriage return. The file can
now be opened, but first add a default
extension, if none was supplied, and
print the resulting filespec on the screen.
The DOS routine @FEXT adds the
default extension only if the user did not
supply an extension. Call this routine by
loading HL with the address of the
three-letter extension to be added. If
fewer than three letters are to be added,
they should be padded on the right with
blanks. After adding the default exten-
sion, the @DSPLY routine is called
twice: first pointing to the message
"File = *', and next with HL pointing to
the FCB where all characters of the file-
spec, up to the carriage return, are
printed.
To open the file, first put the address
of the 256-byte sector buffer (SECBUF)
into the HL register pair. Next, load DE
with the address of the FCB. Then, load
the logical record length of the file into
the B register — this is zero for 256-byte
LRL— and you can call the ©OPEN
routine. The zero flag is set so that the
statement in line 1260 causes an abort if
the file can't be opened. Since, in the
event of an error, the A register already
contains the error code, all you have to do
is abort to @ERROR at 4409H, and
DOS displays the proper message for you .
Up until now the DOS author has
done most of the work for you. You
should also have seen sufficient reason
to replace that bootleg copy of XXX-
DOS with a legally purchased one.
After all, the better they do in the finan-
CONVERT YOUR SERIAL PRINTER TO PARALLEL
CONVERT YOUR PARALLEL PRINTER TO SERIAL
The UPI serial printer interfaces allow an ASCII serial printer
to be connected to the parallel printer port of the TRS-80
computers or any other compuier which has a Centronics
compatible parallel printer port.
Software compatability problems which normally result
when a serial primer is used are totally eliminated because,
the computer "thinks" thai a parallel primer has been con-
nected. Special driver programs and changes to the operat-
ing system are not required with computers designed to
work with a parallel primer.
The UPI interfaces are completely self contained and ready
to use. A DB25 socket males with the cable from your serial
printer. The ribbon cable attaches to the parallel printer
port of your computer. The UPI interfaces convert the out-
put of your parallel printer port into serial data in both the
RS232-C and 20 ma. loop formats Switch selectable features
include:
• Linefeed after Carnage Return
• Handshake polarity 1RS232-CI
• Nulls after Carriage Return
• 7 or 8 Data Bits per word
• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per word
• Odd. Even, or, No Pantv
• Baud rates 110 to 9600
UPI-3VB for TRS-80 I & III $149.95
UPI-2VB for TRS-80 II & 16 $149.95
UPI-3VB-6 tor TRS-BO I & III with 6 (t cable $159.95
UPI-2V8-6 for TRS-80 II & 16 with 6 (i. cable $159.95
Models for most other computers available at $159.95
NEW SERIAL TO PARALLEL INTERFACES
The SPC SERl At to PARALLEL interfaces convert serial ASCII
data into parallel format for use with Centronics type paral-
lel printers. A DB25 socket accepts serial data from your
computer. The 36contaa ribbon connector plugs into your
parallel printer. Can be used to add a second parallel printer
port to computers which reliably support both serial and
parallel primers.
Switch selectable options include the following:
• 7 or 8 Data Bits per serial word
• Odd or Even parity for serial word
• Parity or No parity for serial word
• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per serial word
• 300, 600. 1200. 2400. or 4800 BAUD
SPC-1 as described above
SPC-CC with DIN plug and cable
for the TRS-80 Color Computer
$89.95
$69.95
All prices U.S. funds. VISA. MASTER CARD, COD. Purchase
Orders accepted from schools, major corporations, and
government agencies. Shipping and Handling on U.S.
orders $4.00. Ten day return period. Ninety day warranty.
bd
BINARY DEVICES
11560 TIMBERLAKE LANE
NOBLESVILLE. IN 46060
(317)842-5020 ^to6
TRS-80 n i trademark of TANDV
l.iUing conimwtt
53A9 8C 00730 DB
8C 8C 8C 8C 8C 8C 8C 8C
BC
53B3 8C 00740 DB
8C 6C 8C
53B7 57 00750 DB
4P 52 44 20 43 4P 55 4E
54 45 52 20 2D 20
53C6 66 00760 DB
6P 72 20 S3 4J 52 49 50
53 49 54 20 66 69 6C 65
73 20 28 43 29 20 31 39
38 32 20 62 79 20 43 68
61 72 6C 65 73 20 50 2B
20 4B 6B 69 67 68 74 2E
00770 DB
83 83 83 83 83
53F7 83
83 83 83
83
5401 83 00780
83 83 63 63 63 83 83
83
540B 83
DB
83
00790
83 83 83 83 83 83 83
DB
63
83
5415 83
541F
00800
83 83 63 83 63
83
83
63 83 83
DB
00810 DB
83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83
83
5429 83 00820 DB
83 83 83 83 63 63 63 83
83
5433 83 00830
83
83
5437 0A
0D
5439 0A
83 83
00840
DB
DB
43
77
6E 74 20
30 30 03
5455 0A
00850 MSGl DB
75 72 72 65 6E 74 20
6F 72 64 20 63 6F 75
3A 20 30 30 30
20 3A 20
546A 0A
46
5489 45
00860 HSG2 DB
46 69 6E 61 6C 20 77 6F
72 64 20 63 6F 75 6E 74
03
00870 HSG3 DB
69 6E 61 6C 20 74 65
78 74 20 63 68 61 72 61
63 74 65 72 20 63 6F 75
6E 74 20 3A 20 03
00880 INHSG DB
6B 74 65 72 20 74 68 65
20 66 69 6C 65 73 70 65
63 20 6F 66 20 74 68 65
20 S3 43 52 49 50 53 49
54 20 66 69 6C 65 20 77
66 6F 73 65 20 77 6P 72
64 0A
54BC 63 00890 DB
6F 75 6E 74 20 69 73 20
74 6F 20 62 65 20 64 65
74 65 72 6D 69 6E 65 64
20 2F 53 43 52 20 61 73
73 75 6D 65 64 20 3A 20
03
54E6 46 00900 MSG4 DB
69 6C 65 20 2D 2D 2D 3E
20 03
S4F1 49 00910 ERRl DB
6C 6C 65 67 61 6C 20 46
69 6C 65 73 70 65 63 20
2D 20 74 72 79 20 61 67
61 69 6E 2E 0D
550F BA 00920 ERR2 DB
44 69 73 6B 20 72 65 61
64 20 65 72 72 eF 72 21
0D
5521 210F55
5524 F5
5525 CD6744
5528 110353
552B CD2844
552B Pi
552P C30944
5532 21P154
5535 CD6744
5538 C33044
00930 READERR LD
00940
00950
00960
00970
00980
00990
PUSH
CALL
LD
CALL
POP
JP
01000 PSERROR LD
01010
01020
01030 BEGIN:
CALL
JP
140,140,140,140,140,140,140,140,140,140
140,140,140,140
•WORD COUNTER - '
'for SCRIPSIT files (C) 1982 by Charles P. Knig
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131
131,131,131,131
LFfCR
LP, 'Current word count : 00000', ETX
LP, 'Final word count : ',ETX
LP, 'Pinal text character count : ',ETX
■Enter the filespec of the SCRIPSIT file whose
'count is to be determined /SCR assumed t ',ETX
■File > ',ETX
■Illegal Pilespec - try again. ',CR
LP, 'Disk read errorI',CR
HL, ERR2
AF
@DSPLY
DE,FCB
eCLOSE
AP
eBRROR
HL,ERRl
^DSPLY
@ABORT
(•point to error message
fsave error code
fpcint message
fset up to close file
fclose it
; recover error code
idisplay msg k abort
;point to error message
jdiEplay error msg
laboet
tiiimt ronimued
208 ■ SO Micro, November 1983
cial department, the better off we'll be
in the code department.
The next task is to display the word
count message and enter the loop that in-
dividually reads each byte from the disk
file and makes a decision regarding it.
To read a byte from an open file,
load DE with the FCB and call the
©READ routine. If the LRL is a
number other than 256, you must tell
@READ where to put the logical
record. This value is UREC, and its ad-
dress is passed to @READ in the B
register. If no error occurs, the zero flag
is set. If there is an error, you can test it
and branch to an error-handling
routine. In line 1330, you put the
character from UREC into the A
register and do some decision-making.
{A in line 1340 sets the zero flag if the
value in A is zero.) Since a Scripsit file
always ends with a zero-byte, this is a
way to test for the end of the file.
Other word processors, such as Lazy
Writer, do not use this EOF mark of
zero, so this program may not work
properly with them. Also, since a Scrip-
sit file not saved in ASCII has the high
bit set on all nontext characters, you
must either mask out that bit, or require
the operator to save the file in ASCII.
The latter is easy to circumvent. By
ANDing with 7FH, which is 01 1 1 1 1 1 1
in binary, the seventh bit is reset and the
requirement that the file be in ASCII is
gracefully avoided.
To see if you're in a format line, check
for the greater-than character. If you
are, call a routine, FLINE, to find the
end of it without counting anything.
Then see if the character is a space or
anything that could be a control code,
since these are separate words. If you
find a space or control character, call
the routine BUMPIT, which increments
the word counter, and find the next byte
that is not a space or control character.
This keeps you from counting the five-
space indent at the beginning of a para-
graph as five words. The BUMPCHR
routine counts each character outside a
format line, thereby counting charac-
ters of actual text material.
Once the file is read, end the pro-
gram. But first you want to display the
final word and the final character
count. The code in lines 1740- 1830 does
this. You should never exit a program
without closing files. To close, load DE
with the DCB and call ©CLOSE.
There is a routine in all the popular
DOSes called @CKEOF that is sup-
posed to verify the end of the file and
return the information in the flags.
Since this routine (444BH in LEXDS)
either varies in location or works differ-
ently among the various DOSes, I have
opted for the less elegant method of
checking for the EOF byte instead. Be-
cause of this, if you have a file that
causes COUNT/CMD to either abort
with an Input Past End error or to hang
up the computer entirely, load the file
back into Scripsit and save it again.
Something has either happened to its
EOF byte, or it wasn't a Scripsit file in
the first place. This can also happen on
a Scripsit file that was saved under one
DOS and had its word count attempted
under a different one. While you
shouldn't mix DOSes or their data disks
anyway, this sometimes cannot be
avoided.
If you need a larger version of this
program that not only counts words,
but scrolls text across the screen,
calculates average word length, and
combines the counts from more than
one file into a single total as well,
send me $15 and I'll send you both the
source and object code on an LE>OS
data disk. ■
Contact Charies P. Knight at 2708
Roberts Circle, Arlington. TX 76010.
Nouu for Mod III and 4
Droui
The GroFi/x Solution" for your Creotivity
Improved GrafyH. DAAUJ is a pouicrfut
grophics and text •diting pockog* which
diouis vow imogiootton to crcot« a
picture or design a grophics screen with
Grofyx Solution. Micro-Lobs' Gratt/x
Solution is o pK>g-in, dip on board which
gives ^ou 98,304 points in o 512 x 192
motrtx. Thot's sixteen times as mony
points OS Q stondord Model IHI
Ultimate GrafyH. The DARUJ progrom
contoins olmost 10,000 instructions and
is mr'Aten In modiine longuogc For
ultimate speed and ncxibility. Bv moving
the cursor with the arrow itei^s and
entering one letter commands, you con
set, clear or complement points, lines,
cirdes, or twxes. The size of the points
that vou are setting con be changed at
onv time. Vou can even reverse or shift
the entire screen in onv cfirection. Rnv
section of the screen mo^ be saved so
it con be moved or copied elsewhere.
Sections of the screen con olso be filled
in with potterns.
Procticol GfoFyH. DflflUJ is obviouslv a
must for generoting computer ort or
graphic designs, but is also o necessity
for anvone, no matter whot his
application. Businessmen and scientist
con use DRflUJ to odd text tobels or other
refinements to previouslv generated
graphs. Once the picture is centered,
labeled and refined, it con be saved on
disk/tope or printed on any of 20
populor printers. RH of this is done with
single letter commonds without ever
leovmg the DflflUJ progrom.
The Grofyx SoliAion pockoge is shipped
from stock and includes the board, 44
programs, ond a 54 poge monuol all for
$299.95. The DflRUJ progrom, twelve
hires pictures, ond manual is $39.95.
Shipping is Free on pre-poid or COD
orders. (Tx. res. odd 5% soles tox.)
Micro-Labs, Inc. 214-235-0915
902 PinetTPsi, Ruhjrdson, Texas 75080 ..46d
^ Soe List at Advonisers or Page 307
80 Micro. November 1983 • 209
Lmmk vtmiMutd
553B 217553
553E CD6744
5541 218954
5544 CD6744
5547 212453
554A 0616
554C CD4000
554P D8
5550 119353
5553 CD1C44
5556 20DA
5558 110353
555B 213F53
555E CD7344
5561 21E654
5564 CD6744
5567 210353
5S6A CD6744
556D 210352
5570 110353
5573 0601
5575 CD2444
5578 C20944
557B 213954
557E CD6744
5581 110353
5584 212353
5587 CD3644
558A C22155
558D 3A2353
5590 A7
5591 2856
5593 E67F
5595 FE3E
5597 280A
5599 Pe21
55 9B DCBA55
559E CD0P56
55A1 18DE
55A3 110353
55Afi 212353
55A9 CD3644
55AC 3A2353
55AF A7
55B8 2837
55B2 E67F
55B4 FE20
55B6 3BC9
55Btl 18E9
55BA F5
55BB 214253
55BE CD6744
55C1 2A3B53
55C4 23
55C5 223B53
55C8 CD5253
55CB CDD055
55CE Fl
55CF C9
55D0 110353
55D3 212353
55D6 CD3644
55D9 CDflF56
55DC 3A2353
55DF A7
55E0 2807
55E2 E67P
55E4 FE21
55B6 28E8
55E8 C9
55E9 215554
55EC CD6744
55EF 2A3B53
55F2 CD5253
55P5 216A54
55F8 CD6744
55FB 2A3D53
55FE CD5253
5601 3E0D
5603 CD3300
56B6 110353
5609 C02844
S60C C32D40
560F 2A3D53
5612 23
5613 223D53
5616 C9
5200
01040 LD HLrSIGNON .-point to message
B1050 CALL eoSPLY [display signon message
01060 LD HLflNMSG ;INPUT prompt
01070 CALL gDSPLY ;print it
01080 LD HL,INBUF ;input buffer
01090 LD B,24 ;max I Chc6 to IHPUT
01100 CALL gKEYlN jget filespec
0111B RET C [terminate on break key
01120 LD DEfPCB ;hl at inbuf
01130 CALL eFSPEC jmove it to fcb
01140 JR NZ.FSERROR [illegal filespec
01150 LD DE,FCB [point to fcb
01160 LD HL,EXT [point to extension
01170 CALL @PEXT [add default extension
011BC LD HL,MSG4 [file >
01190 CALL gDSPLY [display it
01200 LD HL,FCB [point to filespec
01210 CALL eDSPLY [display it
01220 LD HLfSECBUF [sector buffer
01230 LD DEjFCB jpolnt to file control bk
01240 LD B,l JLRL = 1
01250 CALL eOPEN ;open the file
01260 JP NZ,eERROR labort if unsuccesaf ul
01270 LD HLpMSGl [display word count
01280 CALL gDSPLY [message
01290 GETREC LD DE,FCB [file control block
01300 LD HL,UREC [buffer for character
01310 CALL gREAD jread first record
01320 JP NZ,READERR [disk read error
01330 LD A,(UREC) ;put char in a
01340 AHD A [Check for EOF mark
01350 JR Z, THROUGH [exit if EOF
01360 AND HASK7 [Mask bit 7
01370 OP '>' ;is it a format line?
01380 JR ZfFLINE [find next cr
B1390 CP SPACE+1 [it it a space?
01400 CALL CfBCHPlT ;bump word cnt
01410 CALL BUHPCHR ;incr char count
01420 JR GETREC [loop through file
01430 FLIHE LD DE,FCB [point to fcb
01440 LD HLfUREC [point to buffer
01450 CALL gREAD icead next record
01460 LD A,(UREC) [Char in a
01470 AND A [Check for EOF
01480 JR 2, THROUGH [exit if so
01490 AND MASK7 [mask bit seven
01500 CP SPACE [is is less than space?
01510 JR C, GETREC ;return if it is
01520 JR FLINE [keep looking
01530 BUHPIT PUSH AF [hang on to chc & flogs
01540 LD HL,BACKSP jprint backspace
01550 CALL gDSPLY [over Old count
01560 LD HL, (COUNT) [get word count
01570 INC HL ;bumpit
01580 LD (COUNT) ,HL [S put it back
01590 CALL DCONV [print current word count
01600 CALL NOHSPC [find first non-space
01610 POP AF (restore flags
01620 BET [return
01630 NONSPC LD DE,FCB [file control block
01640 LD HL,UREC [record storage
01650 CALL gREAD [read record
01660 CALL BUMPCHR [increment character cnt
01670 LD A,(UREC) iput it in a
01680 AND A [Check for EOF
01690 JR Z^THROUGH [exit if so
01700 AND MASK7 [mask bit 7
01710 CP SPACE+1 lis it <= space?
01720 JR Z, NONSPC ;Vep, bump rec t
01730 RET ;go back
01740 THROUGH LD HL,MSG2 [final word count
01750 CALL eoSPLY [display it
01760 LD HL, (COUNT) [pick up word COUnt
01770 CALL DCONV (display it
01780 LD HL,MSG3 (final character cnt
01790 CALL eoSPLY [print it
01800 LD HL,(CCOUNT) [Character count
01810 CALL DCONV [display it
01820 LD A,CR ;end with cr
01830 CALL eoSP [print it
01840 LD DE,FCB [Set up tO...
01850 CALL 9CL0SE [close the file
01860 JP 402DH [Back to DOS
01870 BUMPCHR LD BL,(CCOUNT) [get current » Chars
01880 INC HL ;add 1 to it
01890 LD (CCOUNT) ,HL [StOte it back
01900 RET [back where we came fro»
01910 END START
210 • 80 Micro, Novvmber 19B3
My wonderful upgrade offer:
If you bought my accounting software a while back,
itls good news.
If you didnt, it's a good reason to buy it now.
You're probably growing. My software keeps
growing too.
I've tinkered with it right along, improving
it constantly. My accounting systems now work
for CP/M, TRSDOS and MS/DOS (the IBM PC).
It's a natural outgrowth of my support. Talk to
a few thousand users on the phone, and you
get a few nevtf ideas.
Early on, I resolved that none of my customers
would suffer if they bought a system before I
improved it. So I've made this offer ever since I
started over four years ago:
No matter when you bought, I'll upgrade any of
my accounting systems to its latest capability on
the same machine for $25. If you've upgraded your
machine, I'll give you a replacement system for
either $25 or the difference between what you paid
for your software originally and the price of the new
software. If you've gone from a TRS-80 Model I to a
Model 11/16 or an IBM PC, say you get a full credit
for whatever you paid me for your Model I systems.
Just send me your old disks and I'll send you the
new ones.
It's this simple. If you ever buy any of my
software, you'll never lose your investment.
I wish the whole world were that simple.
Taranto ^,„
& ASSOCIATES, INC
Model I. Mod*l III and Modal 4 ■yaUms: Accounts Payable Accounts
Receivable. General Ledger. Inventory Control. Invoicing, Payroll
Model n. Iilodal 11/12/16, CP/M and IBM PC aystems: General Ledger,
Accounts Payable,' Purchase Order. Accounts Receivable (Open Item or
Balance Forward), PaytoU/Job Costing, Inventory Control
Post Office Box 6216. 121 Paul Drive, San Rafael CA 94903 Outside
California, toll free (800) 227-2868. In California. (415) 472-2670.
CP/M is a tiademaik of DiBUal Research Caiporaiion THS 80 and TBSDOS are liaderoarks of Tandy Corporaiion MS.'DOS is a t.ademark of Microsoft Corpo.aiion
^st>eUstotAdwiisef,onP8geX7 80 Micro. November 1983 • 211
TUTORIAL
Using Unix-Xenix— Part I
by James Hawkes
T
his is the first instalhnent of a new series
exploring the Unix-Xenix operating system
that gives 16-bit micros mainframe capabilities.
An enormous amount of Unix ihun-
der currently exists in the microcomput-
er trade press, but only a sprinkling of
microcomputer systems (including
Radio Shack's Model 16) actually use
this powerful multi-user, multi-tasking
operating system. This is bound to
change as micros become 16- and 32-bit
machines and owners want the compu-
tational power and operating system of
a mainframe. Anticipating that, I'll
provide an overview of the Unix system
from the perspective of a new user.
Unix, originally developed on mini-
computers, is now found on main-
frames and microcomputers. Because
of the operating system's popularity,
Unix clones are abundant: Idris, Co-
herent, and Unous to name a few. Mi-
crosoft calls its entry into the Unix
look-alike market Xenix. Radio Shack
distributes Xenix with its Model 16
under the name TRS-XENIX.
There is much to learn about the
Unix operating system: over 100 utili-
ties, a shell language, a sophisticated
language called C, and the responsibili-
ties required to maintain a multi-user
environment. I'll cover each facet of the
Unix s>-stem in upcoming articles, but
first some pros and cons and a short his-
tory of Unix development.
Unix Pros
The Unix operating system offers a
great deal of software. Its development
system contains in the neighborhood of
7 million bytes of code and costs ap-
proximately $700. Not a bad deal even
though an individual user is unlikely to
212 • ao Micro, November 1933
use all the features the system provides.
Software written with the Unix
system is portable. If you write soft-
ware, then you arc painfully aware of
the time required to convert programs
for different hardware. This problem is
especially troublesome if the software is
written in Basic, since most manufac-
turers create a dialect unique to their
machines.
For example. Quant Systems just fin-
ished converting a statistical package
from TRSDOS Basic to Microsoft Basic
5.0 for CP/M. This process required
approximately four months of tedious
and unpleasant labor even though the
Basics are very similar.
For programs written in C under the
Unix operating system, moving the
software to another hardware configu-
ration required only a few days' work at
most. 1 recently heard someone from a
large software house say he moved a
10,000-line program without having to
make a single change. Thai's portability.
Because it is written in C, a structured
high-level language, you can customize
it and tailor the operating system com-
mands to suit your own needs. For ex-
ample, if you think a command is too
cryptic to remember, you can change it
in a flash. If a command doesn't exist,
you can create it with existing off-the-
shelf utility programs. This is vaguely
similar to creating do-files in TRSDOS
but better because of piping, I/O inde-
pendence, and a host of programs to
glue together through what is called the
CsheU.
Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking
operating system. Although many
micro users enjoy the independence of
having their own systems, there is still a
strong need, especially in business, to
share data. Many still regard the time-
sharing envirofunent as the most effec-
tive means to accomplish this goal,
although networking is an increasingly
attractive alternative.
Excellent word processing tools are
available, including programs that
check grammar and literary style, as
well as the more mundane spelling
checkers and automatic index genera-
tors. However, one of the most exciting
aspects is its ability to direct your output
to a line printer or typesetter. You can
set type directly on many different type-
setters without modifying the text for
the peculiarities of the t\pesetter. And
since the system is designed for people
who write scientific articles, the word
processing capabilities also permit the
representation of complex equations.
Unix Cons
Unix has gone through a number of
different versions; each new version
correas perceived problems in the
system. The difficulty in discussing the
drawbacks of the system is thai it has
been commercially produced without
any real standards. Thus, problems in-
herent in one commercial ad^tation
are not always problems in another.
Two of the most frequently heard
complaints are the complexity of com-
mand statements and the unforgiving
nature of the command interpreter. In
the three operating systems 1 frequently
use (TRSDOS, CP/M, RSTS/E), none
of the command interpreters are espe-
cially forgiving if you incorrectly type in
a command. As for the complexity
problem, almost any system that pro-
vides enormous flexibility of operation
is inherently complex to use.
Two other complaints are the lack of
system security and the lack of record
and flic locking. These are important
considerations to potential busirKss
users. However, most (X>niineFcial ver-
sions of Unix successfully address these
problems.
Unix is also described as feature-
laden. The package includes so much
software that a potential purchaser
mi^t doubt the need for the entire
package. At least one commercial ven-
dor is unbundling the system and selling
the writing took or the Programmers
Work Bench as separate entities.
Another legitimate complaint is the
shortage of business software. The sys-
tem, new in the business environment,
will eventually receive serious attention
from business software vendors.
History of Unfai
In 1969 one of Bell Labs' employees,
Ken Thompson, tired of the opo^ing
system (more precisdy, the lack of an
operating system) he was u^g on the
PDP-7 minicomputer. He created Unix
to create a computing environment with
which Bell coiild pursue its program-
ming research.
At least one of Thompson's initial
nwtives for creating Unix was the desire
to implement a program to simulate
movement in the solar system. Because
the program required enormous
amounts of time on the mainframe sys-
tem, he deckled to move the program to
an infrequently used PDP-7. Because
no programming envirormient existed
on the PDP-7, he had to write and mod-
ify all his software on the mainframe,
punch it out on paper tape, and load it
into the PDP-7 for execution. If you
have done any programming, you can
imagine the frustration of such a cli-
mate. In his initial effort to develop
tools, Thompson wrote an operating
system, an assembler, and several utility
programs for the minicomputer (there
were no micros in 1969), and Unix was
bom.
Although micros had not yet arrived
in 1969, the "micro spirit" was very
much alive at BeD Labs. This spirit is
more or less the desire to control our
own computing destinies — to be free of
the bureaucrat. Any user of a large
system understands the frustration of
not being able to use system resources
when needed. It is ironic that Thomp-
son's initial effort on a small sin^user
system grew into today's large multi-us-
er Unix environment.
Thompson's colleague, Dennis Rit-
chie, took a langua^ Thompson had
devek)ped. made significant modifica-
tions, and called it C. Ritchie then
^ S»» U9t ot AOmVttn on ftg* 307
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My computer is:
n APPLE
n ATARI
□ IBM PC
n TRS-80
(Mods 1,2, 3. 4)
U CP/M {8" or 5%")
$0 Micro, November 7983 • 213
IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE
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SCIENTIFIC ENQINEERINQ
LABORATORIES
11 Neil Drive • Old Bathpage, NY 11804
Telephone: (516) 694-3370
■ Traaemaik of Tandy Corp. "^
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Engineering Laboraiorias and Tandy Corp. or
Radio Shack.
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^
rewrote the Unix operating system in C.
Thus, Unix is one of the first operating
systems written in a high-level language.
The system then moved to the PDP-11.
The first Unix system Bell used re-
quired about five man-years of work. It
included an assembler, Fortran, and
various utilities. During the initial years
people at Bell wrote generic programs
to help write other programs (boot-
striping at the software level). In the
ensuing years Unix grew into a software
colossus. 1 speculate that the current
version of Unix required hundreds of
man-years of labor.
Since 1969 the Unix system has gone
through continuing improvements. In
1978 Bell Labs released version 7 and in
1981 System III. In January 1983, they
armounced System V.
The commercialization of Unix has
been a slow process. At the beginning of
this decade commercial vendors took
Unix out of the academic setting and
transfwrted the system to the many
architectures designed — the Motorola
68000 for one.
Xenix
Thank goodness the people at Radio
Shack didn't develop their own multi-
user operating system for the Model 16.
Rumor has it that they tried. However,
at some point they decided to let Micro-
soft implement Xenix on the Model 16.
Everyone, including Radio Shack, will
benefit from this decision.
The operating systems we now see on
the Model 11/12/16 pale in size and func-
tion. As previously mentioned, the
Xenix development system contains
around 7 million bytes of code, at least
70 times more than that on either
TRSDOS or CP/M.
Xenix is Microsoft's adaptation of
the Unix operating system. After Tandy
"postponed" development of their
multi-user system they contracted with
Microsoft for a version for their Model
16. One of the problems that Microsoft
and other commercial developers of
Unix faced is the absence of several fea-
tures — such as record and file locking,
and the handling of flawed disk sec-
tors — which are mandatory in commer-
cial environments.
At about the same time Microsoft
developed Xenix, they were also work-
ing on PC-DOS or its generic form MS-
DOS. Microsoft continued develop-
ment on MS-DOS and in its latest
release (2.0) seems to have clearly moved
in the direction of Unix/Xenix. There is
even a shell language with pipes in the
new MS-DOS. Microsoft's apparent in-
tention is to make MS-E>OS compatible
with the Xenix shell. This raises some
interesting possibilities. Like the MS-
DOS applications being very portable to
Xenix and the Model 16 and vice versa.
This means we should see better soft-
ware in a more competitive environ-
ment, which is a boon to consumers.
Hiuilware Environment
Thompson and Ritchie, Unix's
authors, estimated in 1979 that Unix
can run on hardware costing as little as
$40,000. Things change fast in the mi-
crocomputer field. Radio Shack now
offers a three-user Xenix system for
about $12,000. In addition to a Mode!
16 or equivalent, the Radio Shack sys-
tem requires a minimum of 256K of
memory and a hard disk. Some of the
applications programs require the addi-
tion of a second memory board. It
would not be surprising to see some
manufacturer offer a 16-user box for
under $10,000 in the near future.
It is true that Unix and Xenix require
a substantial amount of computing
horsepower, but better horses seem to
be designed every year. For Unix-like
ports, Motorola's MC68000 is by far
the most frequent target CPU. In fact,
many compare the 68000 to Digital
Equipment's VAX series of super mini-
computers. Recently, Intel (80286) and
National Semi Conductor (16000) intro-
duced processors that they claim sur-
pass the 68000's capabilities. No matter
the claims and counterclaims, current
16-bit CPUs are at least in a class of the
nud- and late 1970b minicomputer CPUs,
and thus the operating software de-
signed for these systems appears to be a
natural transition for state-of-the-art
systems.
However, there is much more to a so-
phisticated architecture than the CPU.
Coinciding with CPU development was
a significant research effort in support
devices, especially in the area of memo-
ry management, floating p>oint proces-
sors, and input/output processors of-
fering more and more computational
power for less and less money. One of
the not-so-obvious reasons for this price
reduction is the nonproprietary market-
ing effort of the integrated circuit
(microchip) manufacturers. Two intelli-
gent, hard-working individuals with
sufficient background can produce a
complex system architecture in a fairly
short period of time, especially if the
individuals have atxess to a sophisti-
cated computer-assisted design work
station. ■
Contact James Hawkes at 25 Bain-
bridge Drive, Charleston, SC 29407.
214 • 80 Micro, November 1983
Three Good Reasons To Buy Software
From Mumford Micro Systems:
1. Ci^Uclllty. Mumford Mirro has been selling sofluare for the TRS-80 sintt- 1978. Nobody survives in tftis competilive
market for that long on poorly written st»ftware. Our best referentes are lliousands of satisfied and repeal customers, but if
you haven't spoken to one of them, our 10 day ni<tney-ba<-k guarantee might secure your confidence. Our rate of return?
Less than one in 200.
^. Price Quality software al exorbitant prices is no bargain. Don't be misled by our low prices. Mumford Micro is known
for true value in addition to high quality.
O. OGrVICC We are not distributors or "middle men." We are llie original producers of every package we sell. If you
have a problem with one of our programs, you can often call and talk to the author. On those occasions when a problem
cannot be resolved on the phone, prompt technical help is available from a programmer who is intimately familiar with the
program you purchased.
INSTANT ASSEMBLER
The Inslanl As&embLeT !s a p'^^vtHul assemblv language dei-eiopmcnt system for the
TRS'80 H you are a]rea<iv ati assenibiy language programmer, iB uriique design u/ill gre*»[Jy
increase your producnvirv H you are (ust getting started thete rs no better assembler to help
you learn machine language programming Some of its unique features ate immediale
assembly, wtiich delects syntax errors as source is entered, and a compact source formal thai
allows you lo write programs nearly three Pmes as large as other assemblers m the same
amount ol memory If will assemble lo disk, lape, or directly lo memory for immediate
debugging with the buih-in debugger, and also produces relocatable code modules that can
be saved on disk or tape and linked together in memory lot large or modular assemblies You
can quick^' su/itch from assembler to debugger without losing your source The built m
debugger will step though your programs one insttucQon at a Bme. showing each disossem
bled instruchon and its eHecl on the regislers and memory It will load or save botfi
(onveniiunal souTr.e fiies and its own corxiensed source format.
The Instant AisemtileT package ir^ludes six separate programs. The assembler itself
includes Ihe editor and built-in debugger The Linkir)g Loader is included in several versions
for different memon,' siies A stand-alone version of the debugger (MicroMind) ls also
induded MicTaMind can be relocated in memory and has commands lo single-step, se'
breakpoints, display or alter registers or memory, find bytes oi woids, disassemble lo screen
or printer, convert between hex and decimal numbers, and wnle SYSTEM tapes The Instant
Assembler comes wilh a compnihensive t>'j page instruction manual with many examples
Specify Model I or Model IH. TAPE INTASM 2.1 $39.95 on tape
Specify Model I or Model 111 DISK INTASM 2 1 $49.95 on disk
TELCOM
Mumford Micro otters two lelccomcnunicacons programs TELCOM I has most of the
features needed to communicate ivith bulleur boards. Erne share systems, or for file ttanslers
between rwo disk - based micros overmcxlenis or direct wire It is menu dnvenand extremely
simple lo use Functions include trarismit a disk file, receive a disk file, save received data on
disk, examine and modify UART parameters, S programmable log -on messages, automatic
checksum verification ot accurate transmission and reception, and many more user conveni-
ences Supports Ine prinleis lowercase chatacleis, XoniXoft protocol and program ma blc
character keys
TELCOM II IS an expanded vers>on of tho pro-am for the most demanding leiecommunica
nons applications The terminal mode now has a help menu and a large pnntci spooler for
high baud rates Krom within the lerminal mode you can k>ad disk files into the memory
buffer, type into the buffet ttansmil the buffer, or view the buffer or data that has already
scrofled off the screen It has 10 different pro^ammable messages that can each be sent with a
single command (or auto kigon or aulo diabng. and 5 different character translation tables
TELCOM II also irxJudes an error corteclion file transfer mode which is compatible with the
LYNC pro-am available on CP M systems and the IBM PC TELCOM II will exchange disk
files with any computer running this protocol (including another TRS-80 running TELCOM
11). and will automatkially detect and correct errors in transmission Files can be sent lo or
(etched Irom an unattended computer The extreme ease of use TELCOM 1 is known tor has
not been compromsed Reconfiguration of the pro^ammable features a done internally
from dear menus tor last, easy operation Both versions of TELCOM come with complete
instruction manuals, which are availalile separatety for $5 to help you decide which program
IS best suited lo your needs
Specify Model I or Model (11, TELCOM I $39 95 on disk
Specify Model I or Model IIL TELCOM 11 $69 95 or disk
MODEL I CLOCK MOD
The SK-Zdock modification allows CPU speeds to be switched between normal, an increase
ot 50% or 1(X}% OI a W^ reduction Speeds may be changed with a tog^ switch (not
includedl or on software command It can be configured lo return lo normal speed any lime a
disk is Bcfive and has provisions for adding an LED lo indicale when the computer is ncrt at
normal sf>eed It mounts inside the keyboard unit with only 4 necessary ennncctions and is
easily remcn.'ed if the computer ever needs service The SK-2 has been field proven by 3
vears ot use and comes fully assembled with socketed IC's and illustrated instructions
Model I onJy. SK-2 $24,95
DISK INDEX
DISK INDEX j-ill assemble a master index of your enlire program bbrary by automat>cally
reading the program names and free space from each disk The index may then be
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programs in k^ss than 50 secniKls and will find any program out at 2400 in less than 3
seconds Disks ui programs may be added or deleted manually, and the whole mdex or any
selected part may be printed on paper m several (ifferent totmals The iridex itself may also
be stored on disk lot fuluie access and update A 4SK machine will hold up to 2.55 disks and
over 2400 programs in each file, and you may build as many files as you need There is no
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Model 111 and catalog disks lor either machine regardless of which one is luntiiny it, though
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INSIDE LEVEL II
The Programmers Guide to the TRS-80 ROMS
INSIDE LEVEL II is a comprehtnsiv,^ reierente yuide to th,' Mmi,'! 1 and Model 111 ROMs
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tor number conversion, anthmeiic operations and mathematical functions, as well as
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tr>clud« updates for Model III, INSIDE LEVEL IE $15,95
DEMON DEBUGGER
DEMON (tor DEbugger and MONitorl is a sophisticated tool with which you can explore arid
debug machine language pro-ams It has two mocics ot operation In the STFP mode, il
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program one insTrucfion al a time, showing you the address, hexadecimal value, Zilog
mnemonic, re^ster contents and step counl for each instruction The I'J different STEP
mode commands include step, step to a branch, run m step mode al a variable rate, run for a
specified number o( steps, change fla^ ot regislers execute a CALL or RST set breakpoints
in RAM or ROM. and break when a number in a defined range appears m any double re^sler
The 26 commands in the MONITOR mode indude hex anthmetic hex to decimal conver
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disk, or tape k>ad memory (rom disk or tape wnle memory lo disk ot tape, full screen
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Specify Model I or Model III DEJtION S29 95 on t>pe ot disk
8748 ASSEMBLER
Assemble programs tor the complete Intel MCS-48 family of microcontrollers including the
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Quality softwar(> since 1978
80 Micro, November! 983 • 215
HARDWARE
Real-World Control— Part
by David Eagclhardt
Y
our Model m can give Fido some real competi-
tion in keeping an eye on your house. Fu^t
in a two-part series on real-worid control.
A popular item in electronics stores
today is the home controller — a device
that lets you operate household appara-
tus from a central location. Model III
owners already own the centerpiece of
the system, the computer controller.
With a real-time clock and the hardware
described here, you can put your com-
puter to work controlling a bursar
alarm and sprinkler system, as well as
your own real-world applications. It
might just make old Fido obsolete.
This two-part article introduces a
couple of ideas for a 16K Model III sys-
tem that utilizes the real-world interface
and real-time clock from the article
"Real World. It's About Time" (80Mi-
cro, March 1983, p. 342). If you have a
different interface or clock, most of the
information here still applies.
I include listings for each system with
detailed explanations on their functions
as certain parameters allow you to mod-
ify them if you require. Also included is
a program called CMDTBL that lets
you patch custom commands to the ex-
isting Basic command table.
This article, Part I, contains the sche-
matic diagrams, parts list, instriictions,
and test program that enable you to
build the hardware and test it. The ap-
plication programs will appear next
month in Part II.
The sprinkler and burglar alarm sys-
tems use input/output (I/O) pons to
sample and control the real world via
machine-language programs. I designed
both systems around a constructed
hardware board which I refer to as the
port 1/0 board. I use an S-100 plug-in
card as I designed the whole system
around the S-IOO plug-in card concept.
The S-100 card 1 use, made by Vector
Electronics, plugs into a Wameco
QMB-12 motherboard. Feel free to lay
the board out any way you like, espe-
cially if you build the circuit on some-
thing other than an S-100 card.
If you choose a different plug-in
card, it is probably smaller in physical
size. You can build the port I/O hoard
using smaller cards but you must split
up the total circuit. Using smaller cards
does not present any problems as you
can link them together using ribbon ca-
bles. You can easily adapt the required
signals to your bus configuration as 1 la-
bel the signals in the circuit schematics.
The Port I/O Board
Refer to Figs. 1, 2, and 3 for the sche-
matics of the port I/O board. It is the
heart of the system involving data I/O
and control. The sprinkler and burglar
alarm systems' machine-language pro-
grams control this board.
Interrupts and time control these two
programs. This is where the real-time
clock from the March article comes into
play. It supplies the required time and
interrupts needed for the two programs.
Main Decoding Section
The first and most impwrtant func-
tion of a port board is to decode the de-
sired ports when needed. Refer to Fig. 1
for the port board's main decoding sec-
The Key Box
Model m
16K RAM Cassette Basic
32K RAM Disk Basic
Assembl> Language
Editor/ Assembler
Hardware Project
216 • 80 Micro, November 1983
tion. Integrated circuits Ul, U4, and US
perform the major part of this decoding
function. Decoding is fairly simple and
allows you the capability of many de-
coded outputs.
Ul is a 74154 integrated circuit with a
primary function of decoding the need-
ed ports. It causes any one of its 16 out-
puts to go to a logical low state in re-
spect to its decoded input. Address lines
AO to A3, buffered and enabled through
U2— a 74LS367 tri-state buffer— control
Ul's output.
Since the Ul uses four address lines
as inputs, the combination of all four
circuits gives a total of 16 different out-
puts or address ports — zero to 15. Re-
member when you select the desired
port, the designated output line goes to
a logical low state. Use the rest of the
address lines to make the port selection
unique, and to turn on the 74154 (Ul)
only when you select it.
Address lines A4 to A7 complete port
decoding. The U4 circuit combines
these address lines to eventually give on-
ly one output which enables U 1 . The en-
able inputs of U 1 (EO and E 1 ) are active
low inputs. At the selection of pons ze-
ro to 15 address lines A4 to A7 are logi-
cal low. Since A4 to A7 are all ORed to-
gether, the resulting output is low and
turns on or enables Ul .
Remember that you want the decoder
to decode only when you select these
ports. To ensure this, use control signals
In and Out. Circuit U5a combines these
two signals and the result combines with
the output of U4d.
This combination turns on U2 via
U4c and allows the address lines to U I's
inputs. You may notice that data lines
DO to D5 go through a tri-state inverter
buffer and you enable the buffer with
an Out command. The data lines, in
conjunction with an individual port ad-
dress, activate specific devices.
Refer to Fig. 2. This schematic makes
up the output control section of the port
I/O board. The schematk may look
complicated but much of it is repeti-
tious. Notice at the bottom of the sche-
matic there is the Out command thai in-
cludes different port addresses.
Consider that section I of Fig. 2 con-
sists of the Out command with port I's
signal. Section 2 consists of the Out
command with port 2's signal and sec-
tion 3 consists of the Out command
with port 3's and port 4's signals. With
this in mind, consider that the output
section consists of three parts which are
identical in operation.
Notice the data signals on the left side
of the schematic. These data lines are
i>0»' ' lOf jS€D
L,
■iv
r.
J5
•
J
«
T
a
»
;
II
<•
•3
Oi I D4T» INPUTS
n f ON
Figure I. Port board decoding section.
common to all three sections. This
board uses the data signals in conjunc-
tion with the Out command and the de-
coded port to control a maximum of 16
external devices.
If you use all ei^t data lines you can
control up to eight devices with just one
port signal. In the case of the port I/O
board, ports 1 and 2 each have six con-
trolled outputs while ports 3 and 4 have
only two, due to space requirements. It
works out that when considering com-
ponent placement on the board, you
can use six data lines only for ports 1
and 2. It is interesting to note that if
each port uses all ei^t data lines for
control, there is a possible combination
of 1,024 different controllable ports
(128 times 8).
Hgure 5a is a close-up view for two
control outputs. This view is a break-
down of chips U6 and U14 in Fig. 2.
Notice that each set of chips consisting
of a 74LS32 and a 74LS73 controls two
outputs. As shown in Fig. 2, there are
eight pairs consisting of one 74LS32
and one 74LS73 which provide 16 con-
trollable outputs as shown.
The gates in Fig. 5a require synchro-
nized reception of the j^jpropriatc sig-
nals to cause the flip-flop in U14 to
switch. This flip-flop either turns on a
transistor as shown or runs directly into
another TTL/LS (transistor-transistor
logic) dcvKe. This is up to you. I show
the outputs controlling relays via a tran-
sistor which eventually controls sprin-
kler system zones and burglar alarm de-
vices.
The circuit operates as follows: When
you execute an OUT 1,1 command, the
required parameters consist of the port
number and value sent via address and
data lines. Address lines A0-A7 decode
port I (see Fig. 1) and send the data val-
ue from the CPU through the designat-
ed data line or lines depending on the
value. Remember from Fig. 1 the now
inverted data lines operate in an active
low state.
The appropriate port number (port 1)
ties to gates U6a and U6c which are at
an active low state. Soon after, data line
EX) goes to a low stale because you sent
a value of 1 to this port. These two sig-
nals combine through U6a whose out-
put combines with the Out signal via
U6b. If all the signals are logically low
at the same time, the output of U6b
goes to an active low and triggers one of
U14's flip-flops which turns on an ex-
ternal device.
U 14 is a dual JK flip-flop triggered by
a clock pulse input from an active fall-
ing edge signal. This means that each
time the output of U6b goes to a low
state, the flip-flop triggers its ahemaie
state. For this to happen, you must tie
the JK inputs together to a 5-volt sup-
ply. To shut off the device send out the
80 Micro, November 1983 • 217
same OUT 1,1 command. All 16 con-
trollable outputs operate by this method.
Notl<^ the resistor (Rl) and capacitor
(CI) in Figs. 2 and 5a. These two com-
ponents initiate a power-up time delay
that allows time for all of the flip-flops
to reset themselves. Resetting the flip-
flops on start-up requires an active low
agnal. At the first supply of power CI
acts like a dead short for an instant.
At this instant, all of the flip-flops re-
set before CI charges up through Rl to
the 5-volt power supply level. I feel this
is a required feature to prevent external
devices, like an alarm siren, from acti-
vating when you turn on the power.
As I mentioned earlier, you can apply
the outputs of the 74LS73 flip-flops to
transistors or other TTL/LS devices.
Figure 5a shows relays being controlled.
I use a transistor to drive the relay be-
cause the 74LS73 doesn't have the pow-
er capability to do it alone. The relays I
control also control the sprinkler system
zone valves and the alarm devices for
the burglar alarm system.
Figure 4 is the schematic of the sys-
tem relays. Notice the six outputs la-
beled 1-6. These are the same outputs
decoded from Fig. 2. The outputs
shown in Fig. 4 (with relays) pertain to
port 1, with activating bits of 1, 2, 4, 8,
16, and 32. So, to turn on sprinkler zone
3, the command in Basic is OUT 1, 4.
Zone 6 is OUT 1 , 32. An Out command
of OUT I, 63 activates all the relays.
The activate bit table in Fig. 4 gives
you an idea of what data value you need
to control the designated relay. (See
Table 2 for the master bit table on all
I/O control.) Use spare outputs
depicted at the lower-left comer for fu-
ture control points.
I bought my relays from a local elec-
tronics surplus store. Potter & Brum-
field manufaaured the relays (part
numbers R10-E1-X2-V185 or RlO-El-
E2-V185). They are double-pole, dou-
ble-throw (DPDT) relays. Basically, for
the sprinkler system, any DPDT relay
with a contact rating of at least 1 amp
sufficiently covers all types of sprinkler
valves.
Depending on the alarm devices you
use for the burglar alarm system, rate
the relay contacts for at least 2 amps.
Radio Shack sells a relay that works for
all the above apphcations and is ap-
proximately the same physical size as
those I use (Radio Shack part number
275-206). These relays should carry a
12-volt rating.
Notice the diodes across each coil of
the relays. The diodes eliminate most of
the noise generated by the deenergized
relay coil. Relay coils can generate volt-
age spikes of thousands of volts. Voltage
spikes can cause major damage when in-
duced into electronic circuits, so I high-
ly recommend that you install diodes.
Make sure you install them with reverse-
biased polarity as shown in Fig. 4.
I use DPDT-rated relays for a specific
purpose. To do a control to a certain re-
lay, I need to verify whether it is on or
off. I use the extra set of contacts to in-
dicate the condition of the relay. I wire-
ground one side of the relay contacts
and run the other side to an input point
on the port I/O input section.
Notke the close-up view of the extra
set of contacts in the lower-right comer
of Fig. 4. I show the extra contacts only
on relay 6 but it is the same for all the
relays. I will discuss more on the extra
set of contacts in the input section.
Port I/O Input Section
To see what the real world is doing,
you must be able to sample inputs
somehow. The port I/O input section
fulfills this requirement and Fig. 3 de-
picts this section. Since 1 use four ports
to control the real world, 1 also use four
ports to sample it. Sample through
74LS367 tri-state buffers that you turn
on with the combination of the port val-
ue and INP (input) command.
Each port samples up to eight differ-
ouTPur » I
OUTPUT •;
OUTPUT a;
tXlTBUI • 7
OUTPu' #8
Output *i
fCU'PJT
'OUTPU'
lOU'PU'
OUTPUT •lO,
■ OUTPUT # M
■ OUTPUT #i;l
OUTPUT • t I
■ OUTPUT #5
OUTPUT as
ICE
M T"»u l"J '
1114 THitlJ U7I
'CONTINUES
TO
FIG *
21ft • 80 Micro, November 1983
Figure 2. Pon board output control section.
Now First For Any Dos .
• •
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80 Micro, November 1983 • 219
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GOOjrO
UiJ TO U2T
PIN le
PiW 8
U2!
Pin 14
Pin 7
NO'E
THEM SWITCHES
ctwTACTs fon
IMC SI»H|iHKLER
S'SIE" (SEE
f»5 41
TO EXPiWSIO*! •MTEHFACE -MTa IWOTS
Figure 3. Port board decoded input section.
ent points with the INP command.
Each 74LS367 tri-state buffer inputs six
points each and spli'ts these up between
four and two input enable lines. Pin 1
envies the four-input group and pin 15
the two-input group. Wkh a combina-
tion of 6 pius 2 and 4 fJus 4, you can ob-
tain eight inputs for each port using two
chips.
Port 1 samples the sprinkler system
and burgiar alarm system relays. Since I
currently use only six relays, I need only
one tri-state buffer to obtain these ex-
ternal readings. Figure 3 shows this at
bottom right.
The circuit works as follows: The two
signals that read the ports conast of the
INP command signal and the decoded
port signal. Refer to Fig. 5b for a close-
up view of orK sectiton of U22 in Fig. 3.
liie tri-st^e buffer requires an active
k)w on either pin 1 or pin 15 to activate
the appropri^e inputs. At the coirxn-
dcnce of the INP and port agnal, the
tri-state turns on and the data line corre-
sponding to that particular input reads
dther a bgical hi^ or logical low.
NotKe in Fig. 3 that I tie together all
data lines to the computer. Since the
74LS367S are tri-state buffers, the com-
puter only reads the activated port as all
other ports are deactivated and in a high
impedance state. Also notice that I label
each port's input to a data line X, Y, or
Z. This labeling keeps track of the in-
puts mixed up due to the two and ax
combinations.
The resBtors on the tri-state g^es are
pull-up resistors. If you do not ground
the inputs, the computer senses a logical
hi^. In normal operation with every-
thing off, a value of 255 (decimal) re-
turns with an INP conmiand.
When you close a relay or switch to
ground, thjtf data Une is k)w and the
INP value is smaller than 255. The best
way to see whkh data line or lines you
want to ground is to perform a PRINT
255 - INPPQ, where X is the port num-
ber. The printed value shows exactly
220 * 90 Micro, Novmbf 1963
ACTIVBTE SIT TABLE
(PORT
1)
an VALUE
1
'
4
B
16
J?
HELH »
1
2
^
4
5
6
OUTPUT* I y
OUTPUT H^
OUTPUT • ! >
OUTPUT #2 y
OUTPUT •*>
ALAR** BUZZER I
RS •J73-055 'i'
THESE OUTPUTS CAN BE
USED TO CONTROL UOftE
iRCtAYS USING TRANStSrOHS
1 OR JUST HUN tJlRfCTLI INTO
I TTL on L5 LOGIC
RUN WIR£S
TO US7, ,
•THESE CONTACTS ON ALL
THE BELAYS B'LL BE
USED TO VERIFY OPEN OR
CLOSURE OF The RELav
iTSELF
NOTE
'(ELAYS MUST BE WOT
(RADIO SiaCK •Z7S-206 OR EOUIV )
DI0DE5 ABE R S •a76-'l04
Figure 4. Sprinkler head and miscellaneous control circuitry.
what corresponding data line or lines
are at ground potential.
The extra relay contacts run to U27's
inputs (Fig. 3) and read the relay status
of the sprinkler and burglar alarm sys-
tems. Input ports 2 and 3 sample points
for the burglar alarm system. Port 4 is
for future applications. I don't use port
zero because the Alpha Jo^ick uses
this port.
Here I split the functions of a port.
Even though 1 use ports 2 and 3 for bur-
glar alarm inputs, I can still use the out-
puts for something other than a burglar
alarm system. Remember the eight pos-
sible controllable outputs assigned to
each port. You can use these outputs to
control a train set, or whatever, as long
as there is no requirement for relay sta-
tus sampling.
Port I/O CoDstnictioii
Since all of the integrated circuits are
either TTL or LS, don't worry about
static charges as you do with CMOS
chips. Refer to Fig. 6 for board layout
OUT PORT •
I RELAY
(contacts
T
,; lOOXfl
'OweH-UP «!f T
Figure 5a. Partial breakdown of output section.
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m\ ERROR DC
PLUG YOUR MOD II
DISC EXPANSION UNIT INTO THE
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In mv opinion all uses o' oMer Model ii s s'toivW
gel a SeeBee as cheap msufjnce agains' the dresOea
Boot E'ror R H Voung. EOiiof'Pubiisher
TwcVSuleen Jan-FeC 1983
SeeBee peiforms ds 'epiesenied fts d Oeiier mouse
!'3P C fl Perelmar.
P'Oduci Review. 80 Micro July 1983
•Totally sotlware Iransparenl
•Run your disl" e«pansion unit o"ly when needed
•Eliminate ruined system diskettes
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PLEASE SPECIFY IF YOU ALSO HAVE A HARD DISK
SYSTEMS ENHANCEMENT
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INDIANAPOLIS. IN 46240 —^
317-844-8817 ^^m
iiViva el Scripsit espanoM!
Vive la difference!
Turn your TRS-80' into a bil-
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our hard/soft kit.
Use your Scripsit* or Super-
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" Full foreign keyboard
• All accented characters on
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• All program/user interaction
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Our bilingual hardware kit main-
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ram.
Models II, 12, 16 $350.00
Models III, 4 $250.00
SQCflTflfl
SOCATRA Inc.
4255 avenue de Counrai
Montreal, Qu6bec
Canada H3S 1B6
(514)735-7079
■Trademarks ol Radio-Sfiack
A division ol Tandy Corp
80 Micro. November 1983 • 221
Figure 5b. Partial breakdown of input section.
and component placement. Be sure to
use sockets for all integrated circuits
and transistors. For hookup wire, I use
wire-wr^ from Radio Shack. This wire
comes in various colors and is easy to
work with if you use a wire stripper.
I recommend colored wire-wrap be-
cause if a problem arises with the cir-
cuitry, it is easier to troubleshoot and
locate problems. It also makes con-
struction easier. I use the blue for ad-
dress lines, yellow for data lines, green
for control signals, and red for power.
In regard to all of the control signals,
I use the standard S-100 bus designa-
tions as my guideline. You can obtain
this list from various manufacturers of
S-100 products or with the purchase of
the Wameco QMB-12 motherboaixl. If
you use something other than the S-100
design, the placement of these signals is
at your discretion. If you use smaller
boards to construct the port I/O board,
use the 16-pin DIP (dual in-line pack-
age) Jumper (Radio Shack part number
276-1976) to link the boards together.
I mounted all of the pull-up resistors
(30 of them) for the port data inputs on
the port 1/0 board. You can mount
them as I did or mount them in 14- or
16-pin component carriers which look
like IC sockets with no top. It is easier to
mount them on the board next to the
power supply. This makes it so the
MOTE
US TO Ull ■ T»LSJJ
Ul* 10 u;i ■ 'tL57 J
u;)TOUJS. T»LS)S7
01 TO SIS ■ IfiiOB
Photo I. Relay box.
external device has only to supply a
ground.
When you complete the construction,
check your circuits carefully for wiring
errors, opens, and shorts before you ap-
ply power to the board. If you decide to
mount the 5-volt regulator on the card
as I did, be sure to measure the voltage
before you plug in the integrated cir-
cuits. This is a good rule to follow at all
times.
If the voltage is less than 4.9 volts,
add a 75 microfarad (/tF) electrolytic ca-
pacitor on the regulator's input lead.
This boosts regulation to approximately
5 volts. Be sure to install .01 /aF capaci-
tors between the power and ground pins
of each integrated circuit as a filter.
HEUT
CONIBOL
OUTPUTS
POBT ?
POUT INPUT
SOCKET |iG OIKI
POffT a
1
£
E 4_>
*
Pl»<« 2
UZ7
Figure 6. Port I/O layout.
Sometimes when ICs switch at high
speeds, they generate noise that the .01
fiF c^acitors help filter out.
RefatyBox
Now that you've finish«i the port
I/O board you must interface the relays
to the port board. The cable exits the
top center of the port board (labeled RC
#1 in Fig. 6) and connects to the relay
box as shown in Photo 1. This 14-wire
ribbon cable supplies control for 12
relays, 12 volts, and ground to the relay
box. I obtain the 12 volts I need for re-
lay supply from the bus via one of the
S-100 card edge connectors.
I use a 14-pin socket in the relay box
as shown into which I plug the ribbon
cable. Take the 12-volt line and make a
common cormection to one side of the
relay coils for all the relays. Run each of
the relay control signals from the ribbon
cable to the other side of each relay coil.
When you turn on the transistor, it sup-
plies the ground needed to actuate the
relay. Remember to put the noise-sup-
pression diodes across the relay coils.
The relay contacts that I use for
sprinkler control run out via two pins
within the cormector shown. This pro-
vides complete electrical isolation from
the external hardware, especially the
sprinkler system valves which operate at
approximately 28 volts ac.
If you use the 12-volt supply internal
to the relay box for an alarm or buzzer,
you need only one output pin instead of
two. For heavy current devices, I use
large cormectors mounted on the back
222 • 80 Micro, November 1983
After 2 years of extensive research and development
— 7K XYZT Computer Dimensions, inc Is proud to announce
niEE
TM
the NEW INTERACTIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
NICE is nothing lesj than a com[M-ehcnsive integration of ill computing facilities -
including DOS, numerous utilities, application programs, even games combined with
menus, database, screens, libfarics, reports - an interactive environment friendly
to the first time user and the sophisticated systems intergrater aliice. If you know
what a turbo-charger can do for an auto engine, that is what NICE does for a
computer. Clearly, it is the most exciting news to come along in software for the
microcomputer
DO YOU KNOW HOW TO BOOT YOUR SYSTEM?
THEN YOU KNOW HOW TO TURN YOUR COMPUTER
INTO THE MOST POWERFUL USER FRIENDLY BUSINESS MACHINE!!
NICE makes development and using software - EASY. Based on a new concept this
state-of-the-art software gives you the interactive power until now found only on
mainframes, but at micro prices. Put a powerful menu-driven command structure
at your fingertips! Run word-processors, spell-checkers, spread-sheet programs,
utilities, application programs without remembering command sequence or
constantly checking the manuals. Everything you need is on the screen. Create
your own applications and add them to the system - use menus, relational files,
customized screens, special forms. In a matter of hours, you zip through the
programming projects you usually expected to take months. All thanks to a
modular, consistently designed system.
IS YOUR WORDPROCESSOR WORKING?
THEN THOSE SCREENS OUGHT TO BE IN YOUR SYSTEM !
Using a computer should not be difficult - no more complicated than driving a car.
With NICE you are no longer required to know all of the intricate internal
operations of the computer. Creation of all types of screens, menus, inquires and
reports or customized forms is as simple as writing a letter - type it on your
word-processor, save it to disk, and it is ready for use. You don't have to be a
programmer - just a computer user.
It's NICE for you!
NICE system consists of:
Interactive Control & Programming Language (ICPL) $150.
Menu and Screen management facilities (MSF) $75.
Database facility (DBF) $75.
Forms and Report Writer (FRW) $75.
Library Support Option (LSO) $75.
Minimal NICE configuration — ICPL+MSF+LSO.
Minimal hardware requirements — 2 disk TRS-80® mod l/lll. System is compatible
with NEWDOS/80*-LDOS«-DOSPLUS*-MULTIDOS« floppy or hard disk.
Check, M.O.. COD , VISA. XYZT Computer Dimensions, Inc. - '^
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^^^^H ^v 3^ Order by Mail or Check Your Local Dealer
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME!
nicEJ
Sa» List 0/ AOMfTisefs on Page XT
80 Micro. November 1983 ■ 223
10 REM •*** BASIC LISTING NUMBER 1 **•*
20 REM ••** PORT ACTIVATE AND STATUS READ SECTION ****
30 REM
40 CLS
50 OUT23fi,16 ' •**• TURN ON INTERNAL BUS •*•*
60 INPUT"ENTER PORT NUMBER - "jP
70 INPUT'ENTF.R ACTIVATE BIT VALUE =";AB
80 OUT P,AB
90 FOR I=1TO10:NEXT ' •*•• RELAY CONTACT TIME DELAY •••*
100 PV= 255-INP(P)
110 PRINT'PORT VALUE READ BACK IS " ; PV
120 GOTO 6
130 REM
140 REM •*•• PORT INPUT TEST SECTION •***
150 REM
160 CLS
170 OUT236,16 ' **•• TURN ON INTERNAL BUS ****
180 INPUT'ENTER PORT NUMBER TO SCAN UNTIL BREAK KEY IS HIT";P
190 PRINT 255-INP(P) ;
200 GOTO 190
210 END
Program Listing. Port lest program.
of the relay box instead of the small
connector pins. This way you can inter-
face the relay box for external control.
I use the ground signal that runs to
the relay box to sense the relay status via
the extra set of contacts. Connect the
ground to one side of the rontacts and
equalize all the relays from which you
want status. I send the other side of the
contacts back to the port board's input
section. A ribbon cable cormects the re-
lay status inputs from the relay box and
plugs into the socket labeled pin 2 in
Fig. 6.
I use the socket labeled pin 1 in Fig. 6
for port 2's and 3's burglar alarm in-
puts. A ribbon cable plugs into this
socket. The other end of this cable con-
nects to a switch block that I use to at-
tach the burglar alarm switches. 1 use
barrier strips that Radio Shack sells
(part number 274-670). You can obtain
these strips from electronics surplus
stores as well.
I use quite a bit of ribbon cable, and I
find it expensive to buy with 14- or
16-pin connectors on each end. So I
purchase the connectors themselves and
buy the ribbon cable from an electron-
ics surplus store at a fraction of the re-
tail cost. As it turns out, I can build each
jumper at about one-fourth the retail
price and I can make them specific
lengths.
Spectra Strip manufactures self-strip-
ping and self-locking connectors (part
number 805-1401-001 for the 14-pin
connector and 805-1601-001 for the
16-pin connector).
Hardware Oieckoul
Once you construct and hook up all
Ul
74154
U2,LI23-U27
74LS367
m
74LS368
U4.U6-U13,U22
74LS32
US
74LS08
UI4-U2I
74LS73
Rl
lOk ohm 'A wait
CI
50;J^@25Velecirolytic
Caps (Filter)
.01 mF @ 25V disc
R (Figure 3)
4.7k ohm % watt
Quantity of 30
R (Figure 4)
100k ohm '/* wall
Quantity of 6
Tnosigtors
2N5308
Quantity of 16
Relay Diodes
R.S. W76-1104
Quantity of 16
Rday9(16)
R.S. #275-206 or equivalent
Sirei
R.S. #49-525
Buzzer
R.S. #273-055
Mbc: Suitable enclosure for the relays, wire-wrap, IC
sockets, hardware, PC board, ribbon cable
with connectors.
If used: Wameco QMB-12 motherboard
Vector 8802-1 S-lOOcard
TaNe !. Port I/O board and relay parts list.
of the hardware, test it for normal oper-
ation. The Program Listing is a very
short and limited Basic program that 1
use to test ail available relays for opera-
tion. The program asks you the port
number and data value to send out. The
data value is the same as the activate bit
that differentiates each relay control
within the same port. Refer to Table 2
for the aaivate bit codes.
Run the Basic program and answer
the port question with a value of I.
Look at Table 2 for the corresponding
bit that activates the desired relay. Press
the enter key and listen for the relay to
switch. Read the relay port lo see if the
relay switches.
The time delay routine at line 90 al-
lows time for the relay to switch. Other-
wise, the INP command reads the state
of the relay prior to activation. If the re-
lay is turned on, the value read back and
printed should be the same value you
sent to activate the relay. Performing
the same command turns the relay off
and the program displays a value of ze-
ro on the screen.
Run the above test for all of the re-
lays. Once the relay operates correctly,
test the INP command for ports 2, 3,
and 4. You check port 1 when you read
the relay status. Run line 160 of the list-
ing to test the INP function. If you have
no grounded inputs, the value read back
should be 255.
Line 190 subtracts the value from 255
to show the actual data line that is put to
ground. If you tie each data line starting
from DO to D7 to ground and you lift
them, one at a time, the program prints
values 1, 2, 4, 8. 16, 32, 64, and 128.
Run line 160 to test all the prorts. The
program scans the selected port until
you hit the break key to stop the pro-
gram. If ports 2, 3, and 4 check out, you
have a totally functional port I/O board
and relay box. ■
Write to David Engelhardt at 10221
W. Wist Place. Bmomfield. CO 80020.
Real- World Control— Part II will
cover applications programs for the
controller and will appear in 80 Micro 's
December issue.
1
2
ActKale Bits
4 8 16
32
Port 1
#1
#2
#3
#4 #5
#6
Port 2
tn
#8
#9
#10 #11
#12
Port 3
Port 4
#13
#15
#14
#16
-
UNUSED
Note: #'s refer to control output numbers in
Fig. 2.
Table 2. Master activate bit table.
224 • 80 Micro, November 1983
for the TRS-80 from Micro-Mega
The Original GREEN SCREEN
The eye-pleastng Green-Screen fits over the front ol your
TRS-80 Video Display and gives you improved contrast with
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graphics like those featured by more expensive CRT units
Don't contuse the Original Green-Screen with a pjece of thin
iilm stuck to the face of your video tube, such as that adver-
tised by others The Original Green-Screen is mounted in a full
frame perfectly matched to the color and texture of the
TRS80 Video Display It is attached with adhesive strips
which do not mar your unit in any way.
The full frame design of the Original Green-Screen "squares
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overall appearance of your system.
(Specify whether for hAodel I or Model III)
THE GREEN-SCREEN $15.95
Add $1 50 for postage and handling.
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A WIBASIC" %.
igy "WITTSOFT INTEGER BASIC " H^
GENERATE MACHINE CODE USING BASIC!
Macfiine code runs hundrefls of limes taster than BASIC ■ Dul is dillicull and
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speed Z80' rnacUme code'
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WIBASIC isti t a palcn to disi< basic i is a fully interactive memory
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lufictiofis usmg integers and strings Imcludmg multidimension arrays'! but
does NOT use tioatmg pomt ooerations or functions It is NOT suitable lor busi-
ness or scientific programming but could be used to generate USfl routines to run
with such programs
UNDERSTANDABLE
Over too pages otdocumenlalion coverall aspects of the system From a Step
by step walMhrough of a sample p'ogrammmg session to modular programming
techniques iryQ program chaining tor advanced users We ve even documented the
subroutine entry addresses lo allow assembler ofogrammers lo compme compiled
and assemtjled programs'
AVAILABLE
On unprotected disk with manual for TRS80* I/Ill $09a93
Add S5 (Overseas SIC) Postage 4 Handimg
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TO ORDER -337
Send Check or Money Order Credil Card orders include acct number and e»p
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See Ust ot AOMftlsen or Page 307
80 Micro, November1983 • 225
PUT YOUR
TT?S-80*
DM CONTROL
Interface your TRS-80 to out-
side devices. Learn with the
projects in TRS-80 as a Con-
troller. You can use your
computer to control lights,
switches, and even a small
computer you build yourself.
All it takes is a minimum
knowledge of electronics and
programming. Circuits are
simple. Most programs arc
fewer than fifteen lines long.
The instructions are clear and
fully illustrated with photo-
graphs, schematics, and
figures.
Jerr>' O'Dell has designed
these projects to be
both easy and
inexpensive. You
don't need disk
drives, plotters,
digitizers or
other fancy
units.
You don't have to be
an expert and you
don't have to be rich.
All vou need is a TRS-80
Model III with 16K RAM. Level
II BASIC, and a few other
parts that you will no doubt
find useful at a later date. (Vou
can also use a Model I. with
the conversions provided in an
appendix.) The components
you'll need are all readily
available.
The book begins with a de-
scription of the Model III and
7.80 and all the chips, circuits,
prototyping boards, and other
devices used in TRS-80 inter-
facing. There are also helpful
suggestions throughout for ex-
panding the projects into more
complex applications.
Jerrv-W. O'Dell. Ph.D.. is a
psychology professor at Elast-
em Michigan University. He
has published many articles,
including several in 80 Micro
and the Encyclopedia for
the TRS-80.
BK7394 $ 1 2.97 soflcover
7 by 9 approx. 176 pp.
ISBN 0-88006-061-1
Way-ne Green Books 1983
Credit card orders call TOLL-FREE
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BOOKS 1983
RETAIL CATALOG.
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UNBTT
226 • 80 Micro, November 1963
YOUR TRS-80
NEEDS HELP
It needs software before it can do anything. And good software
is as valuable as any piece of hardware you can buy.
The Encyclopedia for the TRS-80* is a ten-volume
reference series with over 200 programs for the
Model I, Model III, and Color Computer In each
volume, you'll find:
* Business
* Hardware
"Education
* Interfacing
* Games
* Tutorials
* Graphics
* Utilities
Photographs, schematics, and program listings
provide the essential detail you need for pro-
gramming and tinkering.
Save Time running the programs once you have
them. Encyclopedia Loader provides direct load-
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and debugging These ten 30-minute cassettes
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Don't put up the white flag! Loaders and soft-
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TRS-80 with Encyclopedia for the TRS-80* and
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80 Micro, Nowmber 1983 • 227
TUTORIAL
Basic, Faster and
Readable— Part
by John Corbani
(The first two parts of this series ap-
peared in June, p. 104, and July, p.
200.— Eds. J
Basic loops are among the most ele-
mentary of programming techniques,
yet they seem to cause a lot of confu-
sion. An inefficiently designed Basic
loop deprives the user of the technique's
full time-saving potential. This month
I'll explain how you can use loops to im-
prove program speed and flexibility.
In general, loops are sections of code
that repeat according to some predeter-
mined set of conditions. The conditions
can be the number of times through the
loop or any Boolean test (where the op-
erators = , >, and < are applied to
variables or constants).
Loops that execute based on the
number of iterations have the form:
(!) 10 FOR A =0 TO 5
20 PRINT A
30 NEXT A
40 PRINT "ENDING VALUE IS" A
50 STOP
Line 10 defines the value of variable A
at the start of loop execution. Unless
otherwise specified in the For state-
ment, the loop's step increment is one
and the polarity positive.
Line 20 performs any useful func-
tion. If the purpose of the loop is only
to mark time, you don't have to have an
operand in this line.
Line 30 increments the loop variable
using the indicated step and compares A
to the limiting value. If the loop has not
exceeded its limit, line 30 continues exe-
228 • 80 Micro, Novemtwr 1983
Improve the speed and
flexibility of your
Basic loops with these
simple, time-saving tips.
cution at the end of the For statement in
line 10. Naming the loop variable in line
30 isn't necessary, but it's a good prac-
tice when you nest many loops and
might get confused.
When the program satisfies the con-
ditions of the loop, program flow pro-
ceeds to the statement following the
Next command. The loop variable (A
here) maintains its last value. When
program execution reaches line 40 in the
above example, the value of A is 6.
The listing below illustrates an alter-
n^ive form of the same loop when writ-
ten in one line to count backward. The
final value of A in this case is - I .
(2) 10 FORA = 5TO0STEP-IiPRINT
A: NEXT: PRINT "ENDING
VALUE IS" A: STOP
The second Basic type of loop has the
form:
(3) 10 A-0
20 PRINT A
30 A = A+1:IFA<5THEN20
40 PRINT "THE ENDING VALUE
IS" A
50 STOP
This loop performs the same function
as the first example, but il does so more
slowly. In loops 1 and 2, Basic For...
Next statements allow the program to
count and compare at machine-lan-
guage speed. This is at least an order of
magnitude faster than the interpreted
version in example 3. The advantage of
loop 3 is that you can perform non-nu-
meric tests.
The example below illustrates a key-
board polling loop using A$ as the test
variable.
(4) 10 AS = INKEYS:
IFAS = " "THEN 10 ELSE
IF AK> "B" THEN 10 ELSE
PRINT AS;: GOTO 10
This loop performs one or two tests
on A$ and prints a B if A$ is a B. No
matter what the character, execution
loops back to the start of line 10. This
kind of loop allows unlimited testing
and break -out at any point in the loop.
Breaking Out of a Loop
You shouldn't leave a For.. .Next
loop in the middle of its count. You
gain extra speed by storing all the
loop information in an area of memory
caUed the slack. The program removes
data in the st^k after executing the
final Next of the loop. If the loop never
reaches its natural end, that data re-
mains in memory. If you have enough
of these leftovers, they can fill memory
completely, crashing your program.
This doesn't mean that you can't
lit. in oiTEXAS
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■?02
break out of aFor...Nexl loop, but you
have to know how to do it properly.
The example below provides for a
timed response to the Go command.
(5) 10 PRINT "GO": FOR A = 0TO 1(30
20 AS = INKEY$: IFAS<>""THEN
A = 101
30 NEXT
40 IF A =102 THEN PRINT "FAST"
ELSE PRINT "SLOW"
This loop increments A at every Next
to provide timing. If A exceeds 100, the
loop clears the stack at line 30. A can
reach its final value by incrementing
according to the instructions in line 10
or by being jumped to a high value as in
line 20.
The value of A determines how the
program terminates the loop. Using the
k)op variable to determine multiple exits
can sometimes save many variables.
A companion technique provides an
indefinite loop with a quick escape:
(6) 10 PRINT "GO": FOR A = 0TOl
STEPO
20 AJ = INKEYJ; IFA$<>""THEN
A = 4
30 NEXT
40 PRINT "FINALLY OUT"
A loop like this saves you from writ-
ing a lot of GOTO statements in a com-
plex parsing routine. To use it, set A to
a series of integers starting at 1 and use
the statement ON A to point to subrou-
tines as required.
Loop Tests and Execution Speed
All of the examples given so far make
their final loop test at the end of the
loop. All programs execute at least
once, even if the controlling variable ex-
ceeds the limit at the start of the routine.
This causes undesirable con.sequences in
some instances, but the solution is sim-
ple: Instead of putting a loop test in the
body or at the end of a loop, make your
tests before the loop executes to deter-
mine whether or not the loop is neces-
sary to the program. Loop 7 runs much
faster than loop 8 for any value of B:
(7) 10 IF B>100 THEN 40 ELSE FOR
A=lTO10
20 PRINT AJ(A)
30 NEXT
40 STOP
(8) 10 FORA = lTO10
20 IFB>100THEN A = 20ELSE
PRINT A$(A)
30 NEXT
40 STOP
Speed is always the name of the game
in interpreted software, and the variables
used in the loops and in the various tests
can make a big difference. The fastest
loop possible consists of a sin^e-Iine
program using a single-character integer
variable counting with an implied step
of one.
Loop 9 illustrates this principle.
(9) 10 FORAW = ITO10:NEXT
20 FOR A = 1 TO 10: NEXT
30 FOR AB* = BC TO DE STEP 1.5
40 NEXT AB#
Line 10 is the first to call A*^o, an in-
teger variable. It occurs at the top of the
variables list and is available immediate-
ly. The small integer limits convert as
quickly as most interpreters can find a
variable in a variables list. Here I've
eliminated all spaces and combined the
entire loop into a single statement.
A program processes line 20 more
slowly because A is the second variable
in the variables list and is single-
precision.
Lines 30 and 40 are slower yet, with
two-character, double-precision vari-
ables. I use a floating point number for
the step size, include a lot of variables,
and extend the loop over two lines.
The loop itself may be resp>onsible for
only a small part of the total time delay
involved in executing a routine. Test
sequences are critical. Use as many
characters in a test line as possible, and
work from the most probable to the
least probable result. Use If.. .Then...
Else statements wherever possible. As
indicated above, design loops so that
you can break out of them as fast as pos-
sible. The loop below illustrates a routine
that handles yes/no repbes easily.
(10) 50 PRINT "PRINTOUT'(Y/N) ":
GOSUB 100
60 ON \% GOTO 80. 90
70 PRINT "TIMED OUT": STOP
80 PRINT "PRINTING": STOP
90 PRINT "NO PRINT": STOP
100 FORA'?'b=-500TO -1
110 AS = rNKEY$:
IF AS- ""THEN 120 ELSE
IFA$ = "Y" OR A$="y" THEN
A^B=0EI5E
IF AS = "N" OR AS = "n" THEN
A«<=l
120 NEXT: RETURN
Line 50 prompts you, line 100 sets up a
fast loop, line 1 10 wastes no time on un-
necessary tests, and line 120 increments
everything one last time and returns.
230 • 50 Micro, November 1983
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Line 60 lets the program fall through
on zero, and shunts the program to line
80 or 90 if the variable is 1 or 2. This loop
provides a clean and fast timed response.
Finally, you can use the speed inherent
in a loop to reduce the time necessary in
performing conventional math func-
tions. Say you want to use POKE
graphics to chaw a vertical line from the
third character in the first screen line to
the third charaaer in the 15th line. Let
YS=I and YF = 15 (start and finish).
XP delineates the X poation. S is the ad-
dress of the upper left comer of the
screen and VL is the character code for a
vertical line.
The listing below shows the variations.
(11) 10 CLS:DEF1NTA-Z: YS = 1:YF=15:
XP = 3:S=15360:VL = 191
20 roRY-YSTOYF:POKES +
XP +(Y-1)'64,191:NEXT
30 XP = 5
40 X = XS + S:FORY = X + (YS-l)*M
TOX + (YF-l)*64 STEP 64:
POKEY, 191: NEXT
50 GOTO 50
Line 40 performs two multiplication
functions; line 20 involves 15.
Line 30 moves XP so you can see the
EPSON
GRAPHICS
RHDDRniNE UT 200 PPT
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FROM YOUR
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